Subject object goal means results. Results of creative activity. Information. The Ministry of Education in our country controls the activities of all educational institutions in the country

Activity- this is a specifically human activity, regulated by consciousness, generated by needs and aimed at the knowledge and transformation of the external world and the person himself.

The main feature of activity is that its content is not entirely determined by the need that gave rise to it. The need as a motive (motivation) gives impetus to activity, but the very forms and content of activity determined by public goals, requirements and experience.

Distinguish three main activities: play, teaching and work. aim games is the "activity" itself, not its results. Human activity aimed at acquiring knowledge, skills and abilities is called teaching. is an activity whose purpose is the production of socially necessary products.

Activity characteristics

Activity is understood as a specifically human way of an active relationship to the world - a process in which a person creatively transforms the world around him, turning himself into an active subject, and the phenomena being mastered into an object of his activity.

Under subject here we mean the source of activity, the actor. Since, as a rule, a person shows activity, then most often it is he who is called the subject.

object call the passive, passive, inert side of the relationship, on which the activity is carried out. The object of activity can be a natural material or object (land in agricultural activities), another person (a student as an object of study) or the subject himself (in the case of self-education, sports training).

To understand the activity, several important characteristics of it should be taken into account.

Man and activity are inextricably linked. Activity is an indispensable condition for human life: it created man himself, preserved him in history and predetermined the progressive development of culture. Therefore, a person does not exist outside of activity. The reverse is also true: there is no activity without a person. Only man is capable of labor, spiritual and other transformative activity.

Activity is the transformation of the environment. Animals adapt to natural conditions. Man is able to actively change these conditions. For example, he is not limited to collecting plants for food, but grows them in the course of agricultural activities.

Activity acts as a creative, constructive activity: a person in the process of his activity goes beyond the boundaries of natural possibilities, creating something new that did not previously exist in nature.

Thus, in the process of activity, a person creatively transforms reality, himself and his social ties.

The essence of activity is revealed in more detail in the course of its structural analysis.

The main forms of human activity

Human activity is carried out in (industrial, household, natural environment).

Activity- active interaction of a person with the environment, the result of which should be its usefulness, requiring a person to have high mobility of nervous processes, fast and accurate movements, increased activity of perception, emotional stability.

The study of a person in the process is carried out by ergonomics, the purpose of which is the optimization of labor activity on the basis of rational consideration of human capabilities.

The whole variety of forms of human activity can be divided into two main groups according to the nature of the functions performed by a person - physical and mental labor.

Physical work

Physical work requires significant muscle activity, is characterized by a load on the musculoskeletal system and functional systems of the body (cardiovascular, respiratory, neuromuscular, etc.), and also requires increased energy costs from 17 to 25 mJ (4,000-6,000 kcal) and more per day.

Brainwork

Brainwork(intellectual activity) is a work that combines work related to the reception and processing of information, requiring tension of attention, memory, and activation of thinking processes. Daily energy consumption during mental work is 10-11.7 mJ (2000-2400 kcal).

The structure of human activity

The structure of activity is usually represented in a linear way, where each component follows the other in time.

Need → Motive → Purpose → Means → Action → Result

Let's consider each component of the activity one by one.

Need for action

Need- this is a need, dissatisfaction, a feeling of lack of something necessary for a normal existence. In order for a person to begin to act, an awareness of this need and its nature is necessary.

The most developed classification belongs to the American psychologist Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) and is known as the pyramid of needs (Fig. 2.2).

Maslow divided needs into primary, or innate, and secondary, or acquired. These, in turn, include:

• physiological - in food, water, air, clothing, warmth, sleep, cleanliness, shelter, physical recreation, etc.;
• existential- safety and security, inviolability of personal property, guaranteed employment, confidence in the future, etc.;
• social - desire for belonging and belonging to any social group, team, etc. The values ​​of affection, friendship, love are based on these needs;
• prestigious - based on the desire for respect, recognition by others of personal achievements, on the values ​​of self-affirmation, leadership;
• spiritual - focused on self-expression, self-actualization, creative development and the use of their skills, abilities and knowledge.
• The hierarchy of needs has been changed many times and supplemented by various psychologists. Maslow himself, in the later stages of his research, added three additional groups of needs to it:
• cognitive- in knowledge, skill, understanding, research. These include the desire to discover new things, curiosity, the desire for self-knowledge;
• aesthetic- the desire for harmony, order, beauty;
• transcending— a selfless desire to help others in spiritual self-improvement, in their desire for self-expression.

According to Maslow, in order to satisfy higher, spiritual needs, it is necessary to first satisfy those needs that occupy a place in the pyramid below them. If the needs of any level are fully satisfied, a person has a natural need to satisfy the needs of a higher level.

Motives of activity

Motive - a need-based, conscious drive that justifies and justifies activity. The need will become a motive if it is realized not just as, but as a guide to action.

In the process of forming a motive, not only needs, but also other motives are involved. As a rule, needs are mediated by interests, traditions, beliefs, social attitudes, etc.

Interest is a specific reason for action that determines. Although the needs of all people are the same, different social groups have their own interests. For example, the interests of workers and factory owners, men and women, youth and pensioners are different. So, innovations are more important for pensioners, traditions are more important for pensioners; Entrepreneurs have rather material interests, while people of art have spiritual ones. Each person also has his own personal interests, based on individual inclinations, sympathies (people listen to different music, go in for different sports, etc.).

Traditions represent a social and cultural heritage passed down from generation to generation. We can talk about religious, professional, corporate, national (for example, French or Russian) traditions, etc. For the sake of some traditions (for example, military ones), a person may limit his primary needs (changing safety and security for activities in high-risk conditions).

Beliefs- firm, principled views of the world, based on the worldview ideals of a person and implying a person's willingness to give up a number of needs (for example, comfort and money) for the sake of what he considers right (for the sake of preserving honor and dignity).

Settings- the predominant orientation of a person to certain institutions of society, which are superimposed on needs. For example, a person may be oriented towards religious values, or towards material enrichment, or towards public opinion. Accordingly, he will act differently in each case.

In complex activities, it is usually possible to identify not one motive, but several. In this case, the main motive is singled out, which is considered to be driving.

Activity goals

Target - it is a conscious idea of ​​the result of activity, anticipation of the future. Any activity involves goal setting, i.e. the ability to set goals independently. Animals, unlike humans, cannot set goals themselves: their program of activity is predetermined and expressed in instincts. Man is able to form his own programs, creating something that has never been in nature. Since there is no goal-setting in animal activity, it is not an activity. Moreover, if the animal never presents the results of its activity in advance, then the person, starting the activity, keeps in mind the image of the expected object: before creating something in reality, he creates it in his mind.

However, the goal can be complex and sometimes requires a series of intermediate steps to achieve it. For example, to plant a tree, you need to purchase a seedling, find a suitable place, take a shovel, dig a hole, place the seedling in it, water it, etc. Ideas about intermediate results are called tasks. Thus, the goal is broken down into specific tasks: if all these tasks are solved, then the overall goal will be achieved.

Funds used in activities

Facilities - these are techniques used in the course of activity, methods of action, objects, etc. For example, to learn social science, you need lectures, textbooks, assignments. To be a good specialist, you need to get a professional education, have work experience, constantly practice in your work, etc.

The means must match the ends in two senses. First, the means must be proportionate to the end. In other words, they cannot be insufficient (otherwise the activity will be fruitless) or excessive (otherwise energy and resources will be wasted). For example, one cannot build a house if there are not enough materials for it; it is also pointless to buy materials several times more than you need to build it.

Secondly, the means must be moral: immoral means cannot be justified by the nobility of the end. If the goals are immoral, then all activity is immoral (on this occasion, the hero of F.M. Dostoevsky's novel "The Brothers Karamazov" Ivan asked if the kingdom of world harmony is worth one tear of a tortured child).

Action

Action - an element of activity that has a relatively independent and conscious task. An activity is made up of individual actions. For example, teaching activity consists of preparing and giving lectures, conducting seminars, preparing assignments, etc.

The German sociologist Max Weber (1865-1920) singled out the following types of social actions:

• purposeful - actions aimed at achieving a reasonable song. At the same time, a person clearly calculates all means and possible obstacles (a general planning a battle; a businessman organizing an enterprise; a teacher preparing a lecture);
• value-rational- actions based on beliefs, principles, moral and aesthetic values ​​(for example, the refusal of a prisoner to transfer valuable information to the enemy, saving a drowning person at the risk of his own life);
• affective - actions committed under the influence of strong feelings - hatred, fear (for example, flight from the enemy or spontaneous aggression);
• traditional- actions based on habit, often an automatic reaction developed on the basis of customs, beliefs, patterns, etc. (for example, following certain rituals in a wedding ceremony).

The basis of activity is the actions of the first two types, since only they have a conscious goal and are creative in nature. Affects and traditional actions can only exert some influence on the course of activity as auxiliary elements.

Special forms of action are: deeds - actions that have a value-rational, moral value, and deeds - actions that have a high positive social value. For example, helping a person is an act, winning an important battle is an act. Drinking a glass of water is a common action that is neither an act nor an act. The word "act" is often used in jurisprudence to refer to an action or omission that violates legal norms. For example, in the legislation "a crime is an illegal, socially dangerous, guilty act."

Result of activity

Result- this is the final result, the state in which the need is satisfied (in whole or in part). For example, the result of study can be knowledge, skills, the result -, the result of scientific activity - ideas and inventions. The result of the activity can be itself, because in the course of activity it develops and changes.

The development of society is the result of human activity. In the process of activity, the formation and self-realization of the personality takes place.

Activity is a kind of activity aimed at changing and transforming the natural and social world.

A person in the process of activity is included in diverse relationships in the sphere of public life.

Differences between human activity and the behavior of other living beings.

· Human

1. Not only adaptation, but also the transformation of the natural and social environment.

2. Not only expediency, but also goal-setting, the ability to go beyond experience.

· Other living beings.

1. Adaptation to existing natural conditions.

2. Expedient behavior directed by instinct.

Only a person is inherent in such a form of activity as activity. Which is not limited to adaptation to the environment, but transforms it.

Activity structure:

Any type of activity assumes the presence and interrelation of the following components.

A person (subject) with his goals, means, actions, result of activity.

· Subjects and objects of activity.

The subject is the one who directs the activity.
The object is what the activity is aimed at.
The object of activity can be material things or processes, other people or social groups.
For example: for a politician, the object of activity can be the whole society of a certain country.

Purpose, means, action, result.

The goal is an image of the future result, which is developed in the mind, to achieve which the activity is directed.
For example: in the head of an artist, before he begins to paint a picture, there must be a preliminary mental image of it. In accordance with the goal, the means of activity are also chosen.

In any activity, the goal is to achieve a certain result with the help of the means chosen by the subject.
For example: a peasant sets himself the goal of getting a harvest by working on the land with the help of his means - tools of labor.

Good activities are also broken down into separate actions, which are stages of the overall program of activities. In general, all this is quite clear, since we are all constantly engaged in one or another type of activity.

Motives of activity:
Motives are motivations for activities related to needs.

· Needs.

A need is a perceived need by a person for what is necessary to maintain his life and develop his personality.

There are different classifications of needs. Usually they are divided into material, social and spiritual, respectively, according to the three main aspects of man as a biosocial and spiritual being. There is also talk of real and imaginary needs, because in today's consumer society, advertising and the media "ignite" the needs and desires of people, prompting them to seek possession of things that they often do not need.

There are also more detailed classifications. The famous American psychologist Abraham Maslow proposed to distinguish between primary and secondary needs.
The primary ones are:

· Physiological needs: reproduction, food, clothing, shelter, rest, etc.;

Needs for security and stability of existence (Maslow called them "existential" - from the Latin "existentia", meaning existence): in the stability of living conditions, employment and income security, confidence in the future.

Secondary, higher needs include:

social needs in communication with other people, in friendship, in attention to oneself, etc.;

Prestige needs for respect and recognition from others, in achieving a high social status;

Spiritual needs for self-expression, creativity, self-realization.

At the same time, Maslow believed that a person moves to higher needs when his primary and simpler needs are more or less satisfied.

social attitudes.
The general orientation of a person to a certain social object expresses a predisposition to act in a certain way with respect to this object (family, career, belief, idea, etc.).

· Belief.
A stable view of the world, ideals, principles and the desire to embody them.

· Interests.
Interests - this is the desire to transform those social conditions that make the objects of need further. Interests aimed at making needs achievable, direction of interest: by means of public life, economic, spiritual, social, political.
Interests are very important not to be confused with needs.
The interests of people are to preserve or change or transform all those conditions in which they are.

Interest types:

· Individual.

· Group.

· Public.

· Conscious and unconscious in activity.

For understanding social life, the question of social activity, of various types of social actions, is important.

The German sociologist Max Weber identified four main types of social action:

· Purposeful rational action, which is performed with a clear and rational consideration of the goals and means to achieve them. Examples of such actions might be those of an entrepreneur or research scientist.

Value-rational action is also a rationally deliberate action. But the main thing in it is not the achievement of a result, but the conviction of the need to fulfill one's duty, the desire for an ideal, for a higher value (religious, moral, etc.). This can be called the most valuable action. (For example: such an action is performed by the captain when he is the last to leave a sinking ship, guided not by a sense of self-preservation, but by a sense of duty.)

· A traditional action that is performed out of habit, according to custom, according to ritual. (For example: the methods of labor of peasants or artisans in medieval society, which were transmitted by tradition and did not change for centuries.)

· An affective action that is performed under the influence of strong affects and feelings and is not accompanied by a sober, rational calculation. (For example: a mother in a fit of anger may hit her beloved child.)

Weber also argued that as societies develop historically, the proportion of purposeful rational activity increases in them. This type of activity is becoming more and more common in economics, politics, government, and even family life. What Weber called "the rationalization of the world" is taking place.

Conclusion: a person's life is actually his activity, that by nature a person is an active being, because through activity he creates the conditions of his life and the world of culture, creates himself and his consciousness. No wonder they say that the best way to understand a person is by his deeds.

· Activities.

Activity:

1. Spiritual.

· Theoretical (production of spiritual values).

· Practical (preservation and development of spiritual values ​​and as a result of this change in people's consciousness).

2. Material.

Other classifications are also possible.
Any classification is relative.

Activity:

1. Spiritual (change in people's consciousness, cognitive activity, prognostic activity).

2. Practical (transformation of objects of nature and society).

Activity can be divided into constructive and destructive:

· Creative - the whole man-made world, the whole culture, the whole second nature.

Destructive - not only houses are destroyed, but also connections, ideals, trust and others.
Destruction can be not only as a result of war, but also as a result of economic activity.

Man, human society cannot exist without activity. It is she who forms a person as a person, contributes to the fact that he satisfies his needs. What is an activity, what types of activities exist? Consider this.

What is an activity?

Activity is a process of active transformation of reality by a person and knowledge of the world, including society and himself, in order to satisfy his needs.

Activity structure

• Subjects of activity, that is, who performs the activity (person, groups of people, government agencies, organizations)
• Objects- to whom or what the activity is aimed at (nature, natural materials, objects, phenomena and processes in society, people, groups, society as a whole, spheres of public life, the internal state of a person.)
• motive activities, that is, what motivates a person to perform actions (needs, interests, beliefs, ideals, emotions, drives, social attitudes).
• Target activity - the presence of a conscious image of the result of the activity, to achieve which it is aimed.
• Facilities - that is, methods, methods, objects that are used to achieve the goal.
• Process activities – actions, actions aimed at achieving a result.
• Outcome activity - the result, the product of the activity for which it was performed.

Thus, activity structure is:

Object-subject-motive - goal - means - process (actions) - result

All human activity is a series of constant actions.

Action - it is a process that aims to achieve the desired result.

Based on the motives of the action, there are (according to Weber M):

• Targeted having a clearly thought-out and rationally set goal.
• Value rational , are characterized by the fact that a person believes in the value, the necessity of his activity.
• affective- due to the emotional state of a person, when feelings prevail over reason.
• Traditional They are based on long-term habits.

Activities

1.Material (practical):

• Material and production(transformation of nature, creation of wealth)
• Socially transformative(activities to transform society)

2. Spiritual

• Cognitive(knowledge of the world, society, man)
• value orientation(the formation of a worldview, the attitude of people to phenomena occurring in the world around them, ideals, values, the meaning of life)
• predictive(foresight, planning for the future)

Forms of activity

1. Labor

Work- this is a type of activity that is aimed at creating material and spiritual products to meet certain needs of a person and society.

Characteristic features of labor as a type of activity

• expediency (necessity, necessity)
• The presence of goals aimed at achieving a certain result.
• Availability of knowledge, skills, abilities to perform certain actions.
• Usefulness (that is, the results of the activity must really satisfy the needs)
• Personal development (labor transforms the person himself, forms the moral qualities of the individual)
• Focus on results and getting it.
• Transformation of the world, society and man himself.

Types of labor

• Physical - characterized by the fact that there is a load on the human body, on its musculoskeletal system.

Physical labor can be: manual, mechanized, work on the assembly line, automated.

• Mental - associated with the processing, assimilation of information, requires tension of attention, memory, activation of thinking processes.
• Mixed - work that requires a combination of both physical and mental effort.

1. A game

A game- this is a type of unproductive activity for which the process itself is important, and not the result.

A game for a child is one of the ways of knowing the world; a game for adults is both recreation, entertainment, and at the same time, business games help to model the type of behavior in a given situation, for example, when applying for a job.

Characteristic features of the game as an activity

• Conditional situation
• The presence of certain rules for a particular game
• The use of objects that replace real ones (for example, for a child, a doll is her daughter)
• Peculiar goals (satisfying the need for rest, communication, the formation of certain skills of business conversation, and others)
• The game contributes to the development of the moral qualities of the individual, the formation of certain skills and abilities.

1. Teaching (study)

Doctrine- a type of activity, as a result of which a person learns the world, society, himself, acquires the knowledge, skills, skills that he needs for successful life.

Types of teaching

• Organized (it is carried out in educational institutions: school, university, etc.)
• unorganized (it is carried out as a by-product of the main activity)
• self-education (self-acquisition by a person of knowledge and teachings, which is based on personal interest).

Characteristic features of teaching as a type of activity

• Contributes to the development of the individual, the formation of his worldview.
• At the heart of the teaching is the development of the experience of previous generations.
• Forms professional knowledge and skills that allow you to successfully perform activities.
• Promotes the assimilation of values ​​and norms of national and world culture.

Human activity has features:

• Purposeful, conscious nature, that is, it always has a goal and is aimed at achieving a result.
• The planned nature of the activity, that is, it also represents a certain structure.
• Systematicity, that is, activity, is a long, daily process.
• Productivity is the focus of activity on obtaining results.
• Transformative character - activity changes the surrounding world, society and a person.
• The social character, that is, the activity is the result of the centuries-old labor of mankind, it is a product of history.

It should be noted that the activity can be creative in nature.

What is creativity?

Creation- this is any human activity (spiritual or material), as a result of which something qualitatively new appears, which did not exist before and has value for the whole society. The main criterion for creative activity is uniqueness her result.

The mechanism of creative activity:

• combination already existing ways and methods of activity in another version.
• Availability imagination , that is, the ability of a person to create sensual and mental images in his mind.
• Fantasy capable of creating bright, unusual images.
• Intuition - knowledge, foresight, the appearance of which cannot be explained.

The difference between human activity and animal activity

Features of human activity	Animal Activity Traits
The presence of a goal, conscious motives, the use of the necessary means and methods, their rational choice to achieve the goal.	The activity is based on needs based on instincts, there is no set goal, there is no choice of means and methods, only the use of natural material, all actions are programmed by nature, animals do not create, do not produce anything new, they only use what nature has given.
Activities are characterized by systematic, a set of special operations.	Only movement, no action. There is no systematic activity.
Human activity is productive, a person not only uses what nature creates, but also creates, transforms the world, society and himself.	The activity of animals is always of a consumer nature, they do not create anything new, they do not change anything around themselves and in themselves.
Human activity is the result of the development of society, the assimilation of the experience of previous generations.	The activity of animals is the result of their biological evolution.
A person joins the activity as a result of socialization; from birth, the ability for it is not given to a person.	The activity of animals is genetically predetermined, inherent in them by nature.

Communication

In science, there is no consensus on whether communication is a separate form of activity or accompanies other types. But in any case, communication is also an activity that allows a person to become a person, helps in mastering knowledge, skills, and facilitates any kind of activity.

Communication - this is a special form of interaction between people, establishing relationships, contacts, connections between them.

Language is an important means of communication verbal communication), although a large place is occupied by gestures, facial expressions, posture ( non-verbal communication).

Communication functions

• socializing - the formation of personal qualities.
• Translational - in the process of communication, a person receives information, knowledge and experience are transferred from generation to generation
• emotional - through communication, you can understand the feelings, emotions of a person, his attitude towards the interlocutor.
• Identification - attribution of a person to a particular group of people, identification with them or, conversely, opposition)
• Integrative that is, communication brings people together.

Types of communication

• Between two real subjects (person-person, person-group)
• Between a real subject and an illusory one (a person is an animal, a person talks to an animal, thinking that it understands the meaning of his words)
• Between a real and imaginary partner (internal dialogue of a person with someone, for example, with a boss)
• Between two imaginary characters (for example, a conversation of literary characters, it is only imagined by the reader in the process of reading a book)

Communication should be distinguished from communication.

Communication is a polysemantic word. It is derived from lat. “I make common, connect, communicate). Therefore, in some situations, communication is the blue words for “communication” (for example, at school they develop communication skills and skills of schoolchildren).

However, in the Social Science course, the meaning of the word is somewhat different - the transfer of information unilaterally, without feedback (for example, the media). Therefore, when answering the USE questions, keep this in mind: when communicating, feedback is possible immediately, the exchange of emotions, evaluating information, and when communicating, that is, receiving information, for example, while watching the TV show "Today", the viewer only perceives information, but at this moment does not have the opportunity to express an opinion, for example, to the announcer. Therefore, there is no feedback during communication.

That's the theme "Activity". As you can see, it is voluminous, there is a lot of terminology, often there are questions related to this topic at the exam.

I want to end the lecture with the words of the great Russian writer Leo Tolstoy: "In order to achieve goals, you have to at least go. So go to your goal, act, use all possible means and methods, but achieve your goal - pass the exam successfully. This is what I sincerely wish for all of you!

Melnikova Vera Alexandrovna

In the structure of activity, one should distinguish between the subject and the object of activity.

The subject is the one who carries out the activity, the object is what it is aimed at. The subject of activity can be a person, a group of people, an organization, a state body.

The object can be natural materials, various objects, spheres or areas of people's lives.

Human activity has the following structure:

Need;

Facilities,

Actions,

Result.

Simplified, the structure of human activity can be represented as follows. in a simple way:

Need- this is a need experienced and realized by a person for what is necessary to maintain his body and develop his personality. In other words, need- this is a need for something A need is usually directed to some object (for example, hunger is a need for food). Needs can be divided into three groups (according to L.N. Bogolyubov):

- biological, or natural, physiological(the need for food, water, respiration, heat exchange, movement, self-preservation, the preservation of the family and other needs associated with the biological organization of man);

- social, generated by society (self-realization, self-affirmation, public recognition of the merits of the individual);

- ideal or spiritual(to know the surrounding world as a whole and in its particulars, to realize one's place in it, the meaning and purpose of one's existence).

This classification is not the only one in the scientific literature. The American psychologist A. Maslow identified the following needs:

- physiological: in the reproduction of the species, food, breath, clothing, housing, rest, etc.;

- existential(from Latin "existence"): in the security of one's existence, the constancy of the conditions of life, confidence in the future;

- social: in social ties, communication, affection, caring for others and attention to oneself, participating in joint activities with others;

- prestigious: in self-respect, respect from others, recognition, achievement of success and appreciation, career growth;

- spiritual: in self-actualization, self-expression. According to Maslow's theory, the first two types of needs are primary (innate), the next three are secondary (acquired).

Human needs are manifested in the motives of activity. motive(from the French “motivating reason, reason for any action”) - an incentive to activity associated with the satisfaction of a need, a perceived reason that determines the choice of actions and deeds. Psychologists understand the motive as that which induces human activity, for the sake of which it is performed. Motives can be:

Needs;

Social attitudes;

Beliefs;

Interests;

Hobbies and emotions;

people's ideals.

Along with needs, the most important motive is social attitudes- the general orientation of a person to a certain social object, expressing a predisposition to act in a certain way with respect to this object (for example, a person is either disposed to create a family, or not disposed).

The most important role in the motives of activity is played by beliefs- stable views on the world, ideals and principles, as well as the desire to bring them to life through their actions and deeds.

In the formation of motives for activity, a special role is played by interests(something objectively significant, necessary for an individual, group or society).

Interests are associated with ideals. The social ideal is an image of a perfect society, which reflects the interests and aspirations of a particular social group.

Target- a conscious image of the anticipated result, the achievement of which is aimed at human activity (for example, at first an image appears in the artist's head, then it materializes). When the goal is defined, its achievement or failure of the activity depends on the means.

Facilities- a set of elements necessary to achieve the goal. The means must match the end.

Any activity consists of separate actions.

German sociologist M. Weber (1864-1920) developed a classification of actions based on dependence on their motives

Let's read the information.
Activity human - a type of human activity aimed at the knowledge and creative transformation of the world around, including himself and the conditions of his existence.

Activity structure

1. subjects of activity may be:

• Human
• a group of people
• organizations
• government bodies

2. objects of activity can be:

• nature and natural materials
• items (things)
• phenomena, processes
• people, groups of people, etc.
• spheres or areas of people's lives
• internal state of a person

3. the motive for activity can be:

• needs
• social attitudes
• beliefs
• interests
• attraction and emotions
• ideals

4. the purpose of the activity is the formation of a conscious image of the expected result, the achievement of which is aimed at.
5. means of activity may be:

• material and spiritual tools (objects, phenomena, processes), i.e. everything that, due to its properties, serves as an instrument of action.

6. process of activity - actions aimed at achieving the goal.
7. result of activity - the result (product) that the subject aspired to.

Consider examples of subjects and objects of activity .

Subject	An object
Scientists are monitoring the Earth.
A person consciously trains his body, hardens it.
The Ministry of Education in our country controls the activities of all educational institutions in the country.
Ministry of Education	Educational institutions
The coach teaches the athlete to skate.
	Athlete

Types of actions (classification according to M. Weber depending on the motives of actions)

Action type	Characteristic	Individual Behavior
Purposeful	Rationally set and thoughtful goal	The action is aimed at the goal, means and side effects of its actions.
Value-rational	Based on a conscious belief in the value of a certain action, regardless of its success	Follows his beliefs about duty, dignity, beauty, piety, etc. (for example, the captain is the last to leave a sinking ship).
affective	Due to emotional state	Action under the influence of passion, the desire to immediately satisfy the need for revenge, pleasure, devotion, etc. (for example, a person in a fit of passion, hatred, anger or inspiration, horror or a surge of courage).
Traditional	Based on a long habit	An automatic reaction to habitual irritation in the direction of a once-learned attitude (for example, a peasant goes to the fair at the same time as his fathers and grandfathers).

Consider 2 points of view to the question "... is it possible, having set a noble goal, to use dishonest means?"
1. This is how the Renaissance thinker Nicolo Machiavelli answered this question: “The actions of all people, and especially sovereigns, from whom you cannot ask in court, are concluded by results, so let the sovereigns try to maintain power and win. Whatever means are used for this, they will always be considered worthy and approved, for the mob is tempted by visibility and success. He believed that in order to achieve the goal, one can deceive, "if necessary, do not shy away from evil."
2. There is another point of view: not any measures are suitable for achieving a noble goal, but only noble ones. A good end cannot be achieved by unworthy, unkind means. Unkind means lead to the fact that the result differs significantly from the goal: it also becomes unkind. The centuries-old experience of mankind convinces us of the validity of these conclusions. Let's complete online tasks(tests).