Presentation "bioindicators". Bioindication methods Changes at the cellular level
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Municipal budgetary educational institution "Torbeevskaya secondary school No. 1" II school research conference "Think globally - act locally" Research topic: "Environmental quality assessment by bioindication method"
Completed by: Didenko A. O., student of grade 9 “b” Supervisor: Mishina Elena Alexandrovna, teacher of biology rp. Torbeevo 2016
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As such organisms, lichens, insects, aquatic animals - hydrobionts, microorganisms, plants and plant communities - phytobioindicators are used.
Bioindication - assessment of the state of environmental parameters with the help of living objects - bioindicators.
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Research hypothesis. In the middle of the 19th century, the Finnish scientist V. Nyulander drew attention to the species poverty of the lichen flora in the industrial areas of a large city compared to the agricultural outskirts. Subject of study: determination of the quality of the natural environment (degree of air pollution) in the village of Torbeevo by bioindication by lichen flora. Purpose: To determine the general state of the ecological situation in the village of Torbeevo as a result of studying the lichen association of the village.
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Tasks: - to get acquainted with the method of lichen indication as a method of ecological research; - determination of the types of the main groups of lichens found in the village; - describe the habitats of lichen indicators; - to identify the level of awareness of students of school No. 1 about the environmental situation in the Torbeevsky district; - to identify the state of the air basin of the village based on the results of lichen indication.
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Based on the research, it will be possible to identify lichen zones, which will make it possible to judge the degree of air pollution: lichen desert - the complete absence of lichens, the most disadvantaged areas with the most polluted air basin. competition zone - lichen flora is poor. normal zone - a sufficient number of lichens, prosperous areas with the cleanest atmospheric air: forests, groves, parks, etc.
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There is another sign of lichen division, the most important for lichen indication - according to sensitivity to atmospheric pollutants: Medium sensitive. These include, for example, some types of parmelias (furrowed, rocky) and cladoniums (powdery, fringed). Highly sensitive. These include usnei (crested, lush), gray-gray cetraria, unsmoothed cladonia, swollen hypohymnia, wall xanthoria (goldwort).
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The representatives of the lichen association examined by me grew: In a deciduous grove In the residential zone of the village near residential buildings, shops, in the administrative zone. In the central part of the village, where the highway and shops are located On the northern and western outskirts of the village of Torbeevo, where the natural environment is practically not affected by anthropogenic impacts In the eastern village outskirts (where the highway leading to the village is located) at the entrance to the village. On the southern edge of the village.
Characteristics of the study area.
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Research methods. 1. Theoretical methods: analysis and synthesis of literature data at the initial stage of the study - the study of special literature on the theory of the issue; designing results and processes for achieving them at various stages of prospecting work; 2. Empirical methods: observation; comparison; questioning-dialogue method (questionnaires); 3. Mathematical methods: mathematical and statistical processing of data obtained during the study, data visualization method (diagramming, tables).
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No. of lichen species Lichen species Abundance, 1-5 points Group (type) of lichen Thallus size, cm (min – max)
1 Hypogymnia 5 Epiphyte 1 – 5
2 Xanthoria wall, goldfish (Xantoria) 5 Epiphyte 3 - 6
3 Parmelia (Parmelia) 5 Epiphyte 1.5 - 7
4 Physcia 4 Epiphyte 2 – 4
5 Cetraria 5 Epiphyte 1 – 8
6 Cladonia 4 Epigeum 1 – 4
7 Peltigera 4 Epigeus 3 – 9
8 Cetraria 4 Epigeum 1 – 7
9 Hypohymnia 5 Epixyl 1 – 5
10 Wall xanthoria 5 Epixil 4 – 8.5
11 Parmelia 5 Epixyl 1 – 6
12 Parmelia 3 Epilith 2 – 6
13 Cetraria 3 Epilith 1 – 9
14 Fiscia 4 Epilit 2 – 8.5
Table number 1. Types of lichens growing on the territory of the village of Torbeevo
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Table number 2. Tree species with epiphytic lichen indicators.
No. of tree species Tree species Altitude group Trunk diameter (min – max), cm Tree height (min – max), cm Inhabited parts; height (in m) of the main and individual occurrence of lichens
1 White acacia 1 45 - 98 7.5 - 29 Trunk, large branches; up to 7, up to 15
2 Warty birch 1 47 – 71 18 – 26 Trunk, large and small branches; up to 9, up to 18
3 Tree willow 3 27 - 45 0.8 - 2 Trunk, branches; up to 0.5, up to 1
4 Ash-leaved maple 1 23 – 45 9 – 20 Trunk, branches; up to 9, up to 11
5 Black poplar 1 69 - 203.5 17 - 21 Trunk, branches; up to 10, up to 16
6 Aspen 2 43 – 51 5 – 7 Trunk, large branches; up to 4.5, up to 6
7 Rowan ordinary 3 21 - 44 3 - 6 Trunk, branches; up to 9, up to 18
8 Willow pear 3 25 - 31 0.9 - 2.5 Trunk, branches
9 Forest apple tree 3 6 - 11 0.5 - 2.5 Branches; up to 0.5
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Willow tree
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ash-leaved maple
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Poplar black
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wild apple tree
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Warty birch
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White acacia
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Mountain ash
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willow pear
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Calculation of the occurrence rate of lichens R – occurrence rate of lichens A – number of trees on which a lichen group is noted B – total number of examined trees R = A / B 100% Occurrence rate: Less than 5% - very rare, 5 - 20% - rare, 20 - 40% - quite often, 40 - 60% - often, 60 - 100% - very often.
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Lecture No. 5. Methods and basics of bioindication Discipline "BIOLOGICAL MONITORING" Zuev I.V. ©slide 2
Biological monitoring Biotesting Bioindication Chronicle of nature (background monitoring) Toxicology Standardization system Structure of biological monitoring Ecotoxicology
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The most frequently cited and, at the same time, the most ideologically vague area of ecology is a set of methods called “bioindication” (Shitikov et al., 2003). Bioindication is a set of methods and criteria for assessing the quality of the environment based on the reactions of living organisms and their communities in natural conditions. Bioindication is the determination and detection of biologically significant anthropogenic loads based on the response of living organisms to them directly in their habitat. Bioindication is a method for detecting and evaluating abiotic and biotic factors in a habitat using biological systems. Bioindication - assessment of the quality of the habitat and its individual characteristics according to the state of its biota in natural conditions. Bioindication is a method for determining the quality of the habitat of organisms by the species composition and indicators of the quantitative development of bioindicator species and the structure of the communities they form. Bioindication is an assessment of the quality of the environment according to the state of certain representatives of its population - biota, carried out by observing them, without active (experimental) interference in natural processes.
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Key Points Bioindication – the field of both Ecology and Biological Monitoring Assessed Habitat Quality and Habitat Factors The response of living organisms is used as an evaluation parameter Real situation assessment, not experiment* * - active bioindication
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Bioindication as a science? - special terminology - special laws Ecosystem / environment Bioindicator - an individual-group of individuals of the same species or community, by the presence or condition of which, as well as by their behavior, natural and anthropogenic changes in the environment are judged Information about the object of the system Information about the system Ecology General systems theory, systems ecology/biology
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Ecosystem/environment Diversity of biological variables characterizing the bioindicator Specific responses Non-specific responses Diversity of natural factors Diversity of anthropogenic factors Diversity of environmental quality criteria Bioindication problems
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significant multidimensionality of environmental factors and measured parameters of ecosystems; strong interdependence of the entire complex of measured variables, which does not allow to single out in its pure form the functional relationship of two individual indicators F(y,x); the non-stationarity of most of the information about objects and the environment; the complexity of carrying out the entire complex of measurements in the same coordinates of space and time, as a result of which the processed data have extensive gaps. The task of bioindication is poorly formalized; for this reason, banks of long-term data on observations of natural ecosystems have been formed; A number of methods and mathematical models for the integral assessment of the state of complex systems of various types have been developed and tested, which, in the terminology of A.P. Levich and A.T. Terekhin, to carry out “search for determination and recognition of patterns in the multidimensional space of environmental factors to highlight the boundaries between the areas of normal and pathological functioning of ecosystems”; hardware and software information computer technologies are being developed that make it possible to analyze the necessary arrays of environmental data; there is a huge amount of informal knowledge of highly qualified specialists, partially concentrated in methodological developments [Environmental monitoring.., 1995; Mokrov and Gelashvili, 1999]. Solutions
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The first direction of work on bioindication is utilitarian work, in the field of general ecology. Bioindicators as a cheap analogue of an analytical instrument. Attention is not focused on anthropogenic factors. ... A squirrel builds a nest low - it will be a frosty winter, high - wait for warm weather ... ... If early in the morning the bees go together to honey collection - it will be a clear day, they sit on arrival boards - it will rain ...
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The second area of work on bioindication is a description of the actual state of a biological object, with a fuzzy reference to anthropogenic factors. The background is often used as a measure of comparison. Samples were taken within the city of Krasnoyarsk from four test sites (SP), different in terms of atmospheric pollution, three of which are areas prone to groups of pollutants that are quite specific, due to the location of industrial enterprises on them: KrasCHPP (a zone of heavy industrial pollution), Sverdlovsky district, the adjacent territory of the KrasPharma medical preparations plant (intense emissions of biological pollutants) and the area of the Bridge Square (intense emissions of vehicle exhaust gases). The territory of the Roev Ruchey park was taken as a clean (control) area. Thus, the introduction of the calculated parameter A makes it possible to quantify the comparative level of atmospheric pollution in different areas of the city, which makes it possible to effectively use the method of registering thermally induced changes in the zero fluorescence level for bioindication.
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The third line of work on bioindication is a description of the functional relationship between a biological variable and a factor / factors Identification of one or several environmental factors Collection of field data of biota in a wide range of variation of the studied factor Evaluation of the indicator significance of a species or group of species Status of a biological object, Y y1 y2 y3 y4 Status of a factor ,X x1 x2 x3 x4
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Toxicology Bioindication Dose-response study Possibility of modeling Possibility of dose-response assessment Lack of ecological realism Difficulties in formalization Difficulties in dose-response assessment Complete ecological realism MAC EFL (environmentally acceptable exposure levels) Bioindication is NOT an inexpensive substitute for physical chemical methods control!
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The fourth line of work on bioindication is the development of environmental quality standards based on a priori judgments or/and the identified relationship between factors and the response of bioindicators. The fifth direction of work on bioindication is the assessment of the quality of the environment according to the developed standards "Rules for monitoring the quality of water in weirs and watercourses" [GOST 17.1.3.07–82]
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Evaluation of the reaction of biological objects Evaluation of physical and chemical factors Possibility of direct control of the source of pollution Clarity in the formulation of the problem and interpretation of monitoring results Obtaining results in clear quantitative units High accuracy of measuring indicators Possibility of automating the process of obtaining data currently not present in the biota. Possibility of assessing extremely small doses of substances Possibility of assessing the effects of synergism and antagonism, a complex of factors Relative cheapness of methods Ecological monitoring methods Physical and chemical monitoring methods Bioindication
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Bioindicator - a group of individuals of the same species or community, by the presence or condition of which, as well as by their behavior, natural and anthropogenic changes in the environment (sensitive and cumulative) are judged. Biological variables - any trait, property or function of an organism (bioindicator), population, ecosystem The lower the rank of a biological variable used as a bioindicator, the more frequent and specific conclusions about the effects of environmental factors can be, and vice versa. Levels Steps Molecular-cellular Organismic Supraorganismal Lower Molecules of the same class Tissues Populations Medium Organoids, cells Organs, their systems Biocenotic complexes Higher Cells Organisms Biocenoses
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Action of the damaging substance (factor) Acute Chronic Material cumulation Functional cumulation Sensitive bioindicator Cumulative bioindicator
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Principles for the selection of bioindicators (biological variables) Fundamentality of the biological impact Efficiency of biological measurements Economic feasibility Fundamentality of the biological impact Efficiency of biological measurements Existence of a relationship between the variable and the variables of growth, reproduction, survival of individuals, populations and ecosystems The nature of the relationship between the response of the variable and the actual pollution The nature of the relationship between the variable and the responses at the highest and lowest levels The intensity of the acting factor causing the observed response of the variable The specificity of the response to the factor that caused it The limits of change in the value of the acting factor causing the observed effect The possibility of the variable returning to its original value after the termination of the action of the factor that caused it response Ease of detection of signal excess over the natural background Accuracy of response measurement
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Organism and suborganismal structures chemical composition of cells; composition, structure and degree of functional activity of enzymes; structural and functional characteristics of cellular organelles; cell sizes, their morphological characteristics, activity level; histological indicators; pollutant concentrations in tissues and organs (cumulative bioindicators); the frequency and nature of mutations, carcinogenesis, deformities; physiological and anatomical indicators of the body
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Evaluation of the developmental stability (homeostasis) of living organisms Stability: Morphological Genetic Physiological Biochemical Immunological Background monitoring Local monitoring Evaluation of the stability of morphological development (the most simple and efficient approach) Determination of the frequency of occurrence of phenodeviants - deviations in development Determination of the magnitude of fluctuating asymmetry of bilateral morphological features (Zakharov et al. , 2000).
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Populations Indicators of uneven spatial distribution of individuals (the simplest characteristic 2/ Rate of absolute change in population density Rate of absolute change in population biomass Rate of relative change in population density rN = , where Rate of relative change in population biomass rB = , where Specific birth rate b = Nb Specific mortality d = Nd Realized share of the "biotic potential" of the species Population production rate Static characteristics (at time t) Number (total number of individuals in the population) Density (number of individuals per unit volume or per unit area) Biomass (total mass of individuals per unit volume or per unit area) The average weight of an individual (the ratio of biomass and density (the simplest characteristic of the size-weight structure) The ratio of the density of individuals of different sexes (the simplest characteristic of the sex structure of the population) Indicators of uneven spatial distribution of individuals
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Dynamic characteristics (over a period of time Δt = t2 t1) Rate of absolute change in population density and biomass Rate of relative change in population density of population biomass » species, i.e. the maximum value of fertility realized by this species under ideal conditions Population production Population production rate
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Multispecies biosystems Ecosystems Communities (plankton, benthos, soil fauna, phytocenosis, etc.) Bioindicator indicators of the community Structural, static Functional, dynamic
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Species diversity (number of species in a community); Abundance indicators (abundance and biomass); The ratio of total abundance indicators: species (species diversity) or larger taxa; representatives of different nutrition strategies (trophic structure); individuals with different sizes, weights (size-weight structure); species with different coenotic strategies (for example, r- and K-strategists; violets, patients and explerents); species with different sensitivity to influences (eury- and stenobionts); species with different behaviour. Structural and static indicators of the community
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Functional and dynamic indicators of the community Indicators of the dynamics of the static characteristics of the community Ecological and physiological indicators of the community change in any static characteristic X (density, community biomass, diversity indices) ΔXΔt = X2 – X1 for the studied period of time Δt = t2 – t1; the rate of absolute change in the values of the static characteristic dX/dt ≈ (X2 – X1)Δt 1 at time t; rate of relative change in static characteristic values rX = (dX/dt) Community (or ecosystem) exchange costs R = Primary production Secondary production Ratios of production, degradation and biomass P/B and P/R coefficients Specialty "Medical ecology" biological
indication.
Environmental fundamentals
bioindication.
Bioindication
Bioindication is an assessment of the state of the environment withusing living objects.
Living objects (or systems) are cells,
organisms, populations, communities.
They can be used to evaluate
abiotic factors (temperature,
humidity, acidity, salinity, content
pollutants, etc.), and biotic
(well-being of organisms, their populations and
communities).
Bioindication
Bioindication should be understood asecological research method,
allowing with
biological systems with a certain
establish the main
qualitative and quantitative
habitat characteristics.
Bioindication
The main task of bioindication is the developmentmethods and criteria that could
* adequately reflect the level of anthropogenic
impacts, taking into account the complex nature
pollution;
* diagnose early disorders in the most
sensitive components of biotic
communities.
in a real ecological situation
isolated action of a stressor
exists - there is only a joint action
complex of factors
according to the results of toxicological laboratory
tests on living organisms set MPC
for more than 1000 chemical compounds.
number of pollutants that can affect
on the ecological state of the biota
alone, or in combination, exceeds
a million titles.
Scope of bioindication
Bioindication does not answer the question ofthe nature of the pollutant or
mixtures.
bioindication methods are usually used up to
chemical analysis, which allows
rapid assessment of the natural environment and identify
"hot spots" indicating the most
contaminated areas.
In areas where bioindication methods
any deviations were found, and the studied
the environment is characterized as toxic,
it is necessary to establish analytically
reasons for this phenomenon.
Bioindication levels
intracellular reactions (biochemical,physiological);
body reactions (anatomical,
morphological, biorhythmic,
ethological);
population-dynamic changes
(fluctuations in structure, abundance, density
populations);
changes in natural communities (state
producers, consumers, decomposers);
biogeocenotic level (stress
impact on biogeocenoses);
landscape changes.
Bioindication at the cellular and subcellular levels
Bioindication at these levels is based on narrowwithin the flow of biotic and
physiological reactions.
Its merits lie in its high
sensitivity to violations that allow
detect even low concentrations
pollutants, and identify them quickly.
It is at these levels that the most
early detection of environmental disturbances.
This level of bioindication is the most complex,
requiring special equipment
Changes at the cellular level:
changes in biomembranes (especially theirpermeability);
change in concentration and activity
macromolecules (enzymes, proteins, amino acids,
fats, carbohydrates, ATP);
accumulation of harmful substances in the cell;
violation of physiological processes in the cell;
change in cell size.
Color change
(non-specific
reaction to
various
stressors):
chlorosis, necrosis
leaves
Bioindication at the organism level
Macroscopic changes in plantspremature wilting;
Defoliation (effect of SO2, chlorides);
Changing the size of organs (elongation of needles under
action of nitrates);
Change in the shape, number and position of organs
(under the action of radioactive exposure);
Changing the direction of the form of growth and branching
(changing the direction of growth of dandelion roots
when changing the level of groundwater, thinning
crowns at gas-smoke pollution);
Growth changes (changes in radial
growth of tree trunks, growth in length
shoots and leaves).
1. Population density - quantity
individuals of a species per unit area or
volume
Lichen coverage area is good
correlates with the concentration of sulfur
gas in the air.
Populations can increase density
weeds, halophytes and other resistant
to the anthropogenic pressure of species.
Population-dynamic changes in plants
2. Age structure of populations, the ratio between young,breeding and old individuals:
population rejuvenates if mortality
increases and developmental stages shorten
(noted in hay meadows, compared with
unmowed, on city lawns, in
ground vegetation after
thinning forests);
population ages if disturbed
renewal.
Population-dynamic changes in plants
3. Ecological structure of populationsNatural populations usually consist of
several ecotypes - groups of individuals,
adapted to different environmental conditions.
Ecotypes Contribute to Population Survival
when changing habitat conditions.
In the face of negative influences
the spread of resistant
their displacement of sensitive ecotypes
1. Population density
For bioindication, it is important that this indicator exceeds
normal limits:
a) population decline:
reduction in population density of granivorous birds in
as a result of mass poisoning with mercury-containing
compounds, in Sweden in the early 1950s;
organochlorine compounds (DDT) have led to
reduction in populations of diurnal birds of prey;
b) population growth:
black-headed gulls in Central Europe due to
eutrophication of cultural landscapes;
sucking herbivorous insects (mostly aphids)
under the action of exhaust gases (reasons - a decrease
enemies, as well as physiological and biochemical
changes in host plants under the influence of pollutants).
Population-dynamic changes in animals
2. Population dynamicsThe amplitude of oscillations usually increases
population density:
dung and compost springtail species in
city: seasonal peaks may
be shifted to other dates (in the city where
average annual temperature is higher than in
nature, a few degrees, springtails
have an early spring peak, as in more southern
zones).
Population-dynamic changes in animals
3. Spatial structureDistribution of individuals in space
usually becomes more mosaic,
because animals concentrate on
less disturbed areas.
The placement of individuals is disturbed,
characteristic of natural populations.
Bioindication at the biocenotic level
Communities (or biocenoses) - a set of speciesplants, animals, microorganisms and fungi
a specific habitat.
To describe communities use:
total number,
species richness and diversity,
view structure,
ecological structure (spectra of life forms,
biotope groups),
change in indicators over time.
1. Total strength
1. Total strengthUsually falls, and if rises, then for
counting the very few
species resistant to disturbance.
For example, in a city the number of birds
support flocks of doves, sparrows,
Crow.
There are a lot of insects in the fields
achieved through bursts of numbers
pests.
2. Species composition and diversity of communities
With a weak disturbance of the environment, the number of species
grows as the community becomes
"open" to species of other communities,
becomes more ruderal and synanthropic
types.
Further strengthening the impact
accompanied by the loss of rare and
species susceptible to disturbance.
3. Species structure
3. Species structureAll species in the community can be divided into 4 groups:
a) numerous - dominants,
b) less numerous - subdominant,
c) few
d) rare species.
Distribution of species by abundance groups in
natural and disturbed community differs
In case of violation in the community, the “reserve
strength” – groups of small and rare species.
Sometimes, these groups are distinguished using not
abundance, but biomass, occurrence or
projective cover, as in plants, but general
the pattern is preserved.
4. Spectrum of life forms
4. Spectrum of life formsIn case of violations, there is a replacement of some
life forms by others.
With recreational load in the community
springtails start to disappear groups
litter life form, but
soil and surface-dwelling groups are preserved.
Bioindication at the ecosystem level
The ecosystem level involves the study
circulation of matter and energy flows.
The circulation of substances is carried out at
the participation of the stock of biogenic elements,
producer organisms, consumer organisms and decomposer organisms.
Among the various indicators of ecosystems for
bioindications are of interest
trophic structure and succession
changes. Trophic structure
Violation of the ratio between blocks
producers, consumers, decomposers.
For example, near the color factories
metallurgy, located in the taiga zone,
bedding thickness reaches 20 cm, exceeding
the norm by 3-4 times.
This is due to the oppression of soil
invertebrates that speed up the process
destruction of plant debris. 2. Successions are natural changes
communities from simple and unstable to
complex and sustainable.
Anthropogenic press violates
natural course of successions.
First of all, the final ones suffer
stages - mature climax communities do not
are being formed.
For example, during forest reclamation of dumps
coal mining industry
planted trees do not form true
forests. In general, environmental disturbances on the coenotic and
ecosystem levels lead:
to simplify the structure of communities and ecosystems;
disruption of internal connections (between species,
ecological groups, ecosystem blocks and
etc.), i.e. community self-regulation mechanisms
and ecosystems.
Bioindicators
Bioindicators are biological objects(from cells and biological macromolecules to
ecosystems and biosphere) used for
assessment of the state of the environment.
Bioindicators - organisms or communities
organisms whose vital functions are
closely correlated with certain factors
environment that can be used to evaluate them.
Bioindicators
Criteria for choosing a bioindicator:quick response;
reliability (error<20%);
simplicity;
monitoring capabilities (permanently
an object present in nature).
Types of bioindicators:
Sensitive - responds quickly tominor deviations of indicators
from the norm.
accumulative - accumulates
impact for a certain time without
manifest violations.
Bioindicators
Characteristics of bioindicators:Specificity: at low specificity
bioindicator responds to various factors, with
high - only one
Sensitivity: low
sensitivity bioindicator responds only
for strong deviations of the factor from the norm, with
high - to insignificant.
Requirements for bioindicators
accumulation of pollutants should notlead to the death of organisms;
the number of organisms must be
sufficient for selection, i.e. without affecting them
reproduction;
in case of long-term observations
perennial species are preferred;
bioassays must be genetically
homogeneous;
ease of sampling should be ensured;
Requirements for bioindicators
relativespeed of testing;
bioassays should provide
sufficiently accurate and reproducible
results;
bioindicators should be of the same age
and be characterized, if possible,
close properties;
range of measurement errors (according to
compared to classical or reference
testing methods) should not exceed
20-30%;
I. Bioindicator
manifests later
certain time
sudden and strong
reaction,
ongoing
some time after
what stops
react to
pollutant.
Types of sensitivity of bioindicators depending on time
II. Bioindicator inflow
long
time linearly
responds to
impact
increasing
concentration
pollutant. III. Bioindicator
reacts with
moment
appearance
violated
impact with
the same
intensity in
flow
long
time. IV. After
immediate
strong reaction
at the bioindicator
observed her
attenuation,
sharp at first
then
gradual. V. Under the influence
pollutant
reaction
bioindicator
gradually
everything becomes
more intense
however, reaching
maximum,
gradually
fades out. VI. Reactions and types
repeatedly
are repeated
arises
oscillation
bioindicator
parameters.
Forms of bioindication
Depending on the responsesystem on the action of one or another factor,
There are 2 types of bioindication:
registering: allows you to judge
the impact of environmental factors on the state
individuals of a species or population
accumulation bioindication: uses
property of living organisms to accumulate certain
other chemicals.
Forms of bioindication
Specific: living system changescan be associated with a specific environmental factor
(high concentration of ozone in the air
causes the appearance on the leaves of tobacco (varieties
Bel W3) silvery necrotic spots.
Non-specific: various environmental factors
evoke the same response (decrease
number of soil invertebrates at
various types of soil pollution, with
trampling, during drought and other
reasons).
Forms of bioindication
NON-SPECIFICbioindication
Factors
environments
Reaction
living system
environments
SPECIFIC
bioindication
Factors
environments
BUT
BUT
B
B
IN
G
α
IN
G
Reaction
living system
environments
α
Forms of bioindication
If the anthropogenic factor actsdirectly on the biological element, then
it is a direct bioindication
(silver spots on tobacco leaves appear
from the direct action of ozone).
If bioindication becomes possible
only after a change in state under the influence
other directly affected elements,
talk about indirect bioindication (action
herbicide canopy change
decline in locust numbers and growth
number of aphids). DIRECT BIOINDICATION
Factors
environments
BUT
INDIRECT BIOINDICATION
Reaction
living system
α
Factors
environments
BUT
Reaction
living system
B
α
Bioindication of the state of aquatic ecosystems
The oligochaete index (OI) was firstproposed by Goodnight and Whatley in 1961
mass development of oligochaetes - indicator
descent of household waste.
the ratio of the number of oligochaetes
worms to the total number of zoobenthos in
body of water
Classification of taxa of large organisms in relation to water purity (three-level assessment of the degree of pollution)
Taxa 1stgroups
Mayfly larvae
Larvae (nymphs)
stoneflies
Taxa 2nd
groups
Mosquito centipede larvae
Dragonfly larvae
crayfish
Larvae
vislofly
Larvae
caddis flies
Bivalves
shellfish
Taxa 3rd
groups
Mosquito larvae (wash)
Mollusks
leeches
amphipods
water donkeys
shellfish
(coils and
meadows)
midge larvae
Oligochetes Group 1. These organisms die in
dirty water. Their predominance is a sign
very clean water.
Group 2. These organisms can
exist in varying degrees of water
pollution.
Group 3. These organisms survive
even in very dirty water.
Water quality assessment is carried out as follows
pollutedwater - 90% of organisms and more
belong to the 3rd group of indicators.
Slightly polluted water (satisfactory
quality) - from 11 to 30% of organisms in the sample
belong to the indicator taxa of the 1st and 2nd
groups.
Clean water - 30% or more organisms per
sample belong to the indicator taxa of the 1st
groups.
The Mayer index uses the confinement of various groups of aquatic invertebrates to water bodies with a certain level of pollution.
Inhabitants of the purewater, X
stonefly larvae
Mayfly larvae
Caddisfly larvae
Vislofly larvae
Bivalves
shellfish
Medium organisms
sensitivity,
Y
amphipod
Crayfish
Dragonfly larvae
Larvae of mosquito weevils
clams-coils
Mollusks
inhabitants
polluted
reservoirs, Z
Caller mosquito larvae
leeches
water donkey
Prudoviki
midge larvae
Small-bristle
worms
Representatives of indicator organisms of each group
1st group: larvaecaddis flies
2nd gr. : amphipod The Woodiwiss index takes into account immediately
two parameters of the benthic community:
general diversity of invertebrates
the presence of organisms in the water
belonging to "indicator" groups.
With an increase in the degree of pollution
reservoir representatives of these groups
disappear from it in roughly the same order
in which they are shown in the table.
Table. Representative species-indicators
Assessment of the state of atmospheric air Types of damage and drying of needles
a) needles without spots (KP1), no dryplots (KU1); b) needles with
few small spots
(KP2), no dry areas (KP1);
c) needles with a large number of yellow and
black spots (KP3), the tip has shrunk to
2-5 mm (KU2); d) a third has shrunk
needles (KU3); e) dried up more
half the length of the needles (KU4);
e) all needles are yellow and dry (KU4).
KP - damage class (necrosis),
KU - needle drying class.
"Soil Pollution" - Science Cafe "Climate Change - Education Change". Botanical (phyto) Soil-zoological Biochemical (enzymatic) Microbiological. An indicator of the reaction is marginal chlorosis on the leaves. The bioindicator method allows: Plants serve as a good indicator of changes in the environment caused by anthropogenic pollution.
"Soil Formation" - The role of organisms in soil formation. Filling out the contour map. Get to know the inhabitants of the soil. On the minerals of the Ivanovo region. Soil map of the Ivanovo region. Various representatives of the kingdoms of wildlife are involved in the process of soil formation. S.N. Vinogradsky made a discovery in favor of microorganisms.
"Soils" - Topic: "The mechanical composition of the soil and the structure of the soil." Didactic goals of the project. Author: teacher of geography of the 1st qualification category Smirnova Larisa Vladimirovna. The creative name of the project: "The soil cover of our country." Author. 4. Didactic materials: test, crossword, didactic cards No. 1, No. 2, No. 3 5. List of materials used.
"Soil Care" - Snow. Digging. Shovels. Garden scissors. Ripper 3-tooth. Topic 6. Gardening equipment. Rippers. Soil-cultivating tool. Tree care tools. Shrub pruners. Braids Sickles of a pitchfork. Brush cutters. Rake welded 14 teeth. Garden knives. Hoe. Bayonet. Sovkovskaya.
"Tillage" - Harrowing can be independent or carried out simultaneously with plowing. Sometimes some surface treatment techniques are used instead of the main ones. 1. Absence of flaws 2. Compliance with the established depth 3. Lumpiness of the field surface. And now let's repeat the past! Each processing step performs one or more technological operations.
"Soil destruction" - Soil protection measures. Furrowed, or jet, erosion. Gray forest soils. Everyday wind erosion. Mudflows. water erosion. Dust storms. accelerated erosion. Bog soils. Through the soil passes the interaction of the lithosphere with the atmosphere. irrigation erosion. Chernozems are the most fertile on the territory of Mordovia.
Total in the topic 22 presentations
Jalilova Natasha, Timofeeva Elina
Environmental bioindicatorsEnvironmental bioindicators
One of the security problems of the XXI century. is the detection of air pollution and its neutralization. This can be done with the help of biological indicators, which can be used as lichens. In comparison with precise analytical methods, lichen indication makes it possible to assess the long-term average state of the air environment in a short time without the use of expensive instruments.
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"The importance of lichens in nature and in human life"
One of the security problems of the 21st century is atmospheric pollution and its neutralization. This can be done with the help of biological indicators, which can be used as lichens. In comparison with analytical methods, lichen indication allows, in a short time, without the use of expensive instruments, to assess the long-term average state of the air environment. One of the security problems of the 21st century is atmospheric pollution and its neutralization. This can be done with the help of biological indicators, which can be used as lichens. In comparison with analytical methods, lichen indication allows, in a short time, without the use of expensive instruments, to assess the long-term average state of the air environment.
Plan of research work: 1. Introduction 2. Origin of lichens. 3. General characteristics. 4. Lichen as a symbiotic organism. 5. Lichens as soil pioneers. 6. Bioindicators of the environment. 7. General importance of lichens. 8. Research, the scheme of the work carried out and its analysis.
The origin of lichens It is assumed that lichens found in the Mesozoic, Cenozoic eras, more than 200 million years ago. Great Theophrastus in the 4th-3rd centuries. BC, first described lichens. Carl Linnaeus described 80 lichens, calling them "poor peasant vegetation."
Lichens are divided in appearance: scale foliose bushy
fruticose lichens
scale lichens
leafy
general characteristics
Lichens as soil pioneers
Lichens do not have any special organs for extracting moisture from the substrate, but absorb it with the entire thallus. Lichens as bioindicators of the environment.
The meaning of lichens
Research work on the study of atmospheric pollution by the method of bioindication (lichen indication - the study of air pollution with the help of lichens Explanation: the study is carried out by "passive monitoring", the frequency of occurrence of lichens is taken into account. BIOINDICATORS, organisms, the presence, absence or state of which serve as indicators of natural processes or changes in the environment.
The purpose of the work: - to establish the relationship between atmospheric pollution and the number of lichens - to study the nature of lichens in our city. - on the basis of the results obtained during the research work, to draw a conclusion about the purity of the air in the city of Bavly.
Stages of work: the map of the city was divided into sectors, the distribution of scale lichens on the roofs and walls of houses, on tree trunks was considered. determined the density of their distribution made a conclusion about air pollution by city sectors
1 sector - the lower part of the city 2 - microdistrict 3 - the central part of the city 4 - the northwestern part of the city
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Table of the results of the analysis of the research work Sector No. Study of 10 roof coverings, by lichen growth Sector name by lichen growth. Number of points (on a 5-point system) 1 out of 10-7 normal zone 4 2 out of 10-3 Zone of extinction of lichens 3 3 out of 10-6 Normal zone 4 4 out of 10-9
The practical significance of the work is due to the possibility of using the results obtained in biology lessons, as well as for solving the environmental problems of the city.
list of references: A.A. Fedorov. Plant life. - In 6 volumes - T. 3. M .: Education, 1977. Kamensky A. A., Kriksunov E. A., Pasechnik V. V. "General biology 10 - 11 cells" Ed. Bustard M. 2009 Kuznetsov V. N. "Reference and additional materials for the lessons of ecology" Ed. "Drofa" M. 2002CHENOLOGICAL RESOURCES http://nature.vspu.ru/lichens/index.htm Web Directory: Lichen Information System (information system on lichens) http://www.sbg.ac.at/pfl/projects/ lichen/index.htm
Our native land!!! Thanks for attention
