The history of the development of the planet earth. Origin of the Earth (From the Big Bang to the Origin of the Earth) When did the planet form?

This question will be answered by the leading theory, which is commonly called the "protoplanetary hypothesis". According to her, small space objects flew into each other, which is why they were connected. This is how the giants of our planetary system were formed, including the "gas giant" Jupiter. The very process of planet formation is very interesting and has not yet been fully unraveled.

It all started with the birth of our luminary - a star named the Sun.

The above theory says that about 4.6 billion years ago there was practically nothing but gas and fine dust in the place of our planetary system. These components form nebulae, which astrophysicists often talk about in modern times. An example of such objects is the Orion Nebula.

Once, according to planetary scientists, an event occurred that changed the pressure in the central part of the nebula. Perhaps this event was a "supernova" explosion or the passage of a massive space object in the immediate vicinity. In any case, after this event, the nebula disintegrated, and a disk formed in its center. The pressure in the central part of the disk increased so much that the hydrogen atoms began to contact each other, and quite closely. Prior to that, they quietly coexisted and freely moved in the cloud. Contact between hydrogen atoms caused them to fuse and turn into helium. Thus, a solar “embryo” was formed, which later became the center (core) of the star.

To form, the luminary needed about 99% of the cosmic building material that was located around it. But 1% of the matter was still free. It was from it that the planets were born, about which we now know almost everything.

Universal chaos

Despite the fact that at an early stage of formation our planetary system was in chaos, the planets were formed at an enviable rate. Gaseous substances and cosmic fine dust quickly gathered into "clots". The luminary was already so hot then that it evaporated any ice that was next to it. Gradually, the planets were born and acquired their present form. Those objects that were located closer to the luminary became stony, and those objects that were as far as possible from it became gaseous.

According to many theories, our planetary system originally had more components. Small objects constantly crashed into large ones, after which they became part of them. There is even an opinion that once an object comparable in size to the planet Mars was imprinted into our Earth. Why this "space bombardment" took place, scientists cannot understand to this day. Perhaps the reason for this was the "gas giants", who constantly disturbed the others with their presence. Flying by, they knocked "dwarf planets" out of orbit, which then crashed into larger objects.

Can we assume that today all the planets of the solar system have formed

One should not think so, since in the above planetary system there are still objects that theoretically could become planets. For example, the asteroid belt located between the giant Jupiter and Mars. If the gravity of the first planet would have been less strong, perhaps the asteroids would have formed into a solid space object. In addition, comets, meteorites and other objects constantly fly through our system. Astronomers call them "cosmic bricks" and for good reason.

Theories like the one above can be trusted, as astronomers test them multiple times with modern technology, computer simulations. Before offering a theory, experts create several computer models. In each of them, events develop differently. An acceptable option will be considered the one whose result is as close as possible to reality.

Approximately 4.54 billion years ago, our planet appeared. Scientists cannot accurately describe all the features of its formation, but the generally accepted theory of the birth of the Earth has numerous scientific confirmations.

At first, there was a huge molecular cloud in place of the solar system. It split and a protosolar nebula was formed from one of its parts, which began to shrink under the influence of gravity. In the core of the nebula, thermonuclear reactions began, from which our Sun was formed.

The young star was surrounded by a dense protoplanetary cloud consisting of gases and dust. In this gas and dust formation, local centers of attraction began to form, protoplanets (planetesimals) were born.

Protoplanets collided, attracted the remains of gas and dust matter. As a result, the Earth, Mars, Neptune, Venus, etc. were formed.

How the planet appeared: video

How the Earth Formed: An Educational Video for Kids

Another eight hundred million years passed and life was born on the cooled Earth.

The history of our planet still holds many mysteries. Scientists from various fields of natural science have contributed to the study of the development of life on Earth.

It is believed that the age of our planet is about 4.54 billion years. This entire time period is usually divided into two main stages: Phanerozoic and Precambrian. These stages are called eons or eonoteme. Eons, in turn, are divided into several periods, each of which is distinguished by a set of changes that have taken place in the geological, biological, atmospheric state of the planet.

1. Precambrian, or Cryptozoic- this is an eon (time interval of the development of the Earth), covering about 3.8 billion years. That is, the Precambrian is the development of the planet from the moment of formation, the formation of the earth's crust, the proto-ocean and the emergence of life on Earth. By the end of the Precambrian, highly organized organisms with a developed skeleton were already widespread on the planet.

The eon includes two more eonotemes - katarche and archaea. The latter, in turn, includes 4 eras.

1. Katarchaeus- this is the time of the formation of the Earth, but there was still neither the core nor the earth's crust. The planet was still a cold cosmic body. Scientists suggest that during this period there was already water on Earth. The Catarchean lasted about 600 million years.

2. Archaea covers a period of 1.5 billion years. During this period, there was no oxygen on Earth yet, deposits of sulfur, iron, graphite, and nickel were being formed. The hydrosphere and the atmosphere were a single vapor-gas shell that enveloped the globe in a dense cloud. The sun's rays practically did not penetrate through this veil, so darkness reigned on the planet. 2.1 2.1. Eoarchean- this is the first geological era, which lasted about 400 million years. The most important event of the Eoarchean is the formation of the hydrosphere. But there was still little water, the reservoirs existed separately from each other and did not yet merge into the world ocean. At the same time, the earth's crust becomes solid, although asteroids are still bombarding the Earth. At the end of the Eoarchean, the first supercontinent in the history of the planet, Vaalbara, is formed.

2.2 Paleoarchaean- the next era, which also lasted approximately 400 million years. During this period, the core of the Earth is formed, the magnetic field strength increases. A day on the planet lasted only 15 hours. But the oxygen content in the atmosphere increases due to the activity of bacteria that have appeared. The remains of these first forms of the Paleoarchean era of life have been found in Western Australia.

2.3 Mesoarchean also lasted about 400 million years. In the Mesoarchean era, our planet was covered by a shallow ocean. Land areas were small volcanic islands. But already during this period, the formation of the lithosphere begins and the mechanism of plate tectonics starts. At the end of the Mesoarchean, the first ice age occurs, during which snow and ice form for the first time on Earth. Biological species are still represented by bacteria and microbial life forms.

2.4 Neoarchean- the final era of the Archean eon, the duration of which is about 300 million years. Colonies of bacteria at this time form the first stromatolites (limestone deposits) on Earth. The most important event of the Neoarchean is the formation of oxygen photosynthesis.

II. Proterozoic- one of the longest time periods in the history of the Earth, which is usually divided into three eras. During the Proterozoic, the ozone layer first appears, the world ocean reaches almost its present volume. And after the longest Huron glaciation, the first multicellular life forms appeared on Earth - mushrooms and sponges. The Proterozoic is usually divided into three eras, each of which contained several periods.

3.1 Paleo-Proterozoic- the first era of the Proterozoic, which began 2.5 billion years ago. At this time, the lithosphere is fully formed. But the former forms of life, due to the increase in oxygen content, practically died out. This period is called the oxygen catastrophe. By the end of the era, the first eukaryotes appear on Earth.

3.2 Mesoproterozoic lasted approximately 600 million years. The most important events of this era: the formation of continental masses, the formation of the supercontinent Rodinia and the evolution of sexual reproduction.

3.3 Neo-proterozoic. During this era, Rodinia breaks up into about 8 parts, the super-ocean of Mirovia ceases to exist, and at the end of the era, the Earth is covered with ice almost to the equator. In the Neoproterozoic era, living organisms for the first time begin to acquire a hard shell, which will later serve as the basis of the skeleton.

III. Paleozoic- the first era of the Phanerozoic eon, which began approximately 541 million years ago and lasted about 289 million years. This is the era of the emergence of ancient life. The supercontinent Gondwana unites the southern continents, a little later the rest of the land joins it and Pangea appears. Climatic zones begin to form, and flora and fauna are represented mainly by marine species. Only towards the end of the Paleozoic does the development of land begin, and the first vertebrates appear.

The Paleozoic era is conditionally divided into 6 periods.

1. Cambrian period lasted 56 million years. During this period, the main rocks are formed, the mineral skeleton appears in living organisms. And the most important event of the Cambrian is the appearance of the first arthropods.

2. Ordovician period- the second period of the Paleozoic, which lasted 42 million years. This is the era of the formation of sedimentary rocks, phosphorites and oil shale. The organic world of the Ordovician is represented by marine invertebrates and blue-green algae.

3. Silurian period covers the next 24 million years. At this time, almost 60% of living organisms that existed before die out. But the first cartilaginous and bone fish in the history of the planet appear. On land, the Silurian is marked by the appearance of vascular plants. Supercontinents converge and form Laurasia. By the end of the period, ice melting was noted, the sea level rose, and the climate became milder.

4 Devonian is characterized by the rapid development of various forms of life and the development of new ecological niches. Devon covers a time interval of 60 million years. The first terrestrial vertebrates, spiders, and insects appear. Land animals develop lungs. Although fish still dominate. The kingdom of flora of this period is represented by ferns, horsetails, club mosses and gosperms.

5. Carboniferous period often referred to as carbon. At this time, Laurasia collides with Gondwana and the new supercontinent Pangea appears. A new ocean is also formed - Tethys. This is the time when the first amphibians and reptiles appeared.

6. Permian period- the last period of the Paleozoic, which ended 252 million years ago. It is believed that at this time a large asteroid fell to Earth, which led to significant climate change and the extinction of almost 90% of all living organisms. Most of the land is covered with sand, the most extensive deserts appear that have only existed in the entire history of the Earth's development.

IV. Mesozoic- the second era of the Phanerozoic eon, which lasted almost 186 million years. At this time, the continents acquire almost modern outlines. A warm climate contributes to the rapid development of life on Earth. Giant ferns disappear, and angiosperms appear to replace them. The Mesozoic is the era of dinosaurs and the appearance of the first mammals.

The Mesozoic era is divided into three periods: Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous.

1. Triassic period lasted a little over 50 million years. At this time, Pangea begins to split, and the inland seas gradually become smaller and dry up. The climate is mild, the zones are not pronounced. Nearly half of land plants are disappearing as deserts spread. And in the realm of fauna, the first warm-blooded and terrestrial reptiles appear, which became the ancestors of dinosaurs and birds.

2 Jurassic covers a gap of 56 million years. A humid and warm climate reigned on Earth. The land is covered with thickets of ferns, pines, palms, cypresses. Dinosaurs reign on the planet, and numerous mammals have so far been distinguished by their small stature and thick hair.

3 Cretaceous- the longest period of the Mesozoic, lasting almost 79 million years. The split of the continents is practically coming to an end, the Atlantic Ocean is significantly increasing in volume, and ice sheets are forming at the poles. An increase in the water mass of the oceans leads to the formation of a greenhouse effect. At the end of the Cretaceous, a catastrophe occurs, the causes of which are still not clear. As a result, all dinosaurs and most species of reptiles and gymnosperms became extinct.

V. Cenozoic- this is the era of animals and Homo sapiens, which began 66 million years ago. The continents at this time acquired their modern shape, Antarctica occupied the south pole of the Earth, and the oceans continued to grow. Plants and animals that survived the catastrophe of the Cretaceous period found themselves in a completely new world. Unique communities of lifeforms began to form on each continent.

The Cenozoic era is divided into three periods: Paleogene, Neogene and Quaternary.

1. Paleogene period ended approximately 23 million years ago. At that time, a tropical climate reigned on Earth, Europe was hiding under evergreen tropical forests, and deciduous trees grew only in the north of the continents. It was during the Paleogene period that the rapid development of mammals takes place.

2. Neogene period covers the next 20 million years of the planet's development. Whales and bats appear. And, although saber-toothed tigers and mastodons still roam the earth, the fauna is increasingly acquiring modern features.

3. Quaternary period began more than 2.5 million years ago and continues to this day. Two major events characterize this time period: the Ice Age and the advent of man. The Ice Age completely completed the formation of the climate, flora and fauna of the continents. And the appearance of man marked the beginning of civilization.

It is so nice to know that the planet Earth turned out to be the most suitable for various forms of life. There are ideal temperature conditions, enough air, oxygen and safe light. It's hard to believe that this never happened. Or almost nothing but a molten cosmic mass of indeterminate shape, floating in zero gravity. But first things first.

Explosion on a global scale

Early theories of the origin of the universe

Scientists have put forward various hypotheses to explain the birth of the Earth. In the 18th century, the French claimed that the cause was a cosmic catastrophe resulting from the collision of the Sun with a comet. The British claimed that an asteroid flying past the star cut off part of it, from which a number of celestial bodies subsequently appeared.

German minds have moved on. The prototype of the formation of the planets of the solar system, they considered a cold dust cloud of incredible size. Later it was decided that the dust was red-hot. One thing is clear: the formation of the Earth is inextricably linked with the formation of all the planets and stars that make up the solar system.

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How the age of the earth was determined

Today, astronomers and physicists are unanimous in their opinion that the universe was formed after Big Bang. Billions of years ago, a giant fireball exploded into pieces in outer space. This caused a gigantic ejection of matter, the particles of which possessed colossal energy. It was the power of the latter that prevented the elements from creating atoms, forcing them to repel each other. This was facilitated by the high temperature (about a billion degrees). But after a million years, space has cooled down to about 4000º. From that moment, the attraction and formation of atoms of light gaseous substances (hydrogen and helium) began.

Over time, they clustered into clusters called nebulae. These were the prototypes of future celestial bodies. Gradually, the particles inside rotated faster and faster, building up temperature and energy, causing the nebula to contract. Having reached the critical point, at a certain moment a thermonuclear reaction was launched, contributing to the formation of the nucleus. Thus the bright sun was born.

The emergence of the Earth - from gas to solid

The young luminary possessed powerful gravitational forces. Their influence caused the formation of other planets at different distances from accumulations of cosmic dust and gases, including the Earth. If we compare the composition of different celestial bodies in the solar system, it will become noticeable that they are not the same.

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Secrets of the Earth

Mercury is primarily made up of a metal that is most resistant to solar radiation. Venus, Earth have a rocky surface. And Saturn and Jupiter remain gas giants because of the greatest remoteness. By the way, they protect other planets from meteorites, pushing them away from their orbits.

Formation of the Earth

The formation of the Earth began according to the same principle that underlay the appearance of the Sun itself. This happened about 4.6 billion years ago. Heavy metals (iron, nickel) as a result of gravity and compression penetrated into the center of the young planet, forming the core. The high temperature created all the conditions for a series of nuclear reactions. There was a separation of the mantle and the core.

24. Formation of the planets of the solar system

There are many hypotheses regarding the origin and formation of the planets of the solar system. I will dwell on one of them, since it is closest to reality. It was expressed by the Soviet scientist, academician Vasily Grigorievich Fesenkov. He suggested that the planets might be of "solar origin".

All right. Planets are formed from matter ejected by a star during its heating as a result of the radioactive decay of heavy chemical elements in its composition.

The giant planets differ from the terrestrial planets only in the huge thickness of their atmosphere. Under it there should exist the same solid bodies of planets as the planets of the terrestrial group.

The terrestrial planets are a product of the ejection of the Sun in a cooler state compared to an earlier and hotter state, when the ejection of matter “for” the giant planets took place. The earlier Sun contained more heavy elements. Consequently, the substance from which the giant planets were formed contained more heavy elements. Therefore, the processes of radioactive decay in the bowels of the giant planets were more intense. As a result, they accumulated more "energy" - that is, they warmed up more. Therefore, their chemical elements are in a more rarefied state of aggregation.

The terrestrial planets formed from the material ejected by the Sun in later epochs of its existence. The Sun by this time had already lost a significant part of its heavy chemical elements - the source of "energy" - radioactively decayed to lighter elements. Therefore, the matter of the planets of the terrestrial group was less rich in heavy elements in comparison with the matter "for" the giant planets. Hence - the lower intensity of the processes of radioactive decay in the terrestrial planets and less accumulated "energy". And therefore a denser state of aggregation.

All planets heat up and cool down at the same time.

They heat up due to the release of "energy" during the processes of radioactive decay of heavy elements. And also by receiving the "energy" radiated by the star into outer space.

The planets cool down for the same reason as all other celestial objects - due to the radiation of "energy" into outer space.

The radius of all planets increases towards the equator and decreases towards the poles. And the gravitational field decreases towards the equator, and increases towards the poles. The reason is the additional heating of chemical elements due to the "energy" received from the Sun. Solar "energy" is integrated into the "slots" of the elements, leading to additional shielding of the nuclei of the elements and a decrease in their mass. A decrease in the mass of an element is an increase in its Attractive Force and a decrease in its Repulsive Force. That is why closer to the equator the planet "swells" more and its gravitational field (Gravity of Attraction) is less.

Not only the planets, but all other celestial bodies heat up and cool down at the same time.

Planets are always younger than stars. Stars are younger than the cores of galaxies. Nuclei of Galaxies - nuclei of Supergalaxies. Nuclei of Supergalaxies - nuclei of Supersupergalaxies. Since the beginning of their existence, older celestial bodies have been heating up more than younger ones, since there were still many heavy chemical elements in their composition that did not have time to decay. New heavy elements are no longer being created in the Universe. And all existing ones arose at the same time and therefore began to disintegrate at the same time.

The processes of radioactive decay on the Sun are more intense than on any other celestial body in our solar system.

Initially, after separating from the core of the Galaxy, our solar system was a single body. The planets didn't exist yet. This body revolved around the nucleus of the Galaxy in internal galactic orbits. This body - a single body of the solar system perceived the radiation of the galactic core, caused by the processes of radioactive decay occurring in it. These processes are taking place there and now.

Stars are born during volcanic activity in the cores of Galaxies, planets - during volcanic activity in the depths of stars. Nuclei of Galaxies are born from the nuclei of Supergalaxies. However, moons orbiting planets are not the product of planetary volcanic activity. They are emissions of matter from stars.

The sun is the main primary source of "light" in our solar system. In the bowels of the moon, the processes of radioactive decay are still weak and all the released "energy" is absorbed by its own elements. Therefore, the Moon shines by reflected and transmitted solar "light".

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