What group of fertilizers do green manures belong to? Types of fertilizers and methods of their application. Fertilizer sawdust
It is impossible to grow a beautiful and productive garden without fertilizers, but they must be used wisely. The optimal composition may vary depending on the season, species and age of the plant. Therefore, if you want to solve the problem easily and quickly, it is best to buy fertilizers where the widest selection is presented. For example, in chain of hypermarkets OBI. With the help of master consultant Olga Kostyukova, we figured out what types of fertilizers you need to buy in order to fully meet the new season.
Basket 1: Basic (preplant) fertilizers
The first fertilizer that you need to buy in the spring is mandatory - pre-planting. It is necessary to fill the soil before sowing and planting any crops. The consumption here is one of the largest, so it is better to take several packages of the same or different types at once.
The easiest and cheapest option is to use one universal complete fertilizer for all plants, which includes nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Inexpensive and since ancient times popular with professionals and amateurs types: azofoska, nitrophoska, ammofoska. They contain a basic set of batteries.
An improved version of the universal mineral fertilizer is branded complex formulations. In addition to the three main nutrients, they usually contain trace elements, sometimes humic additives that improve soil structure.
Fertika. Spring Summer"- fertilizer for the main filling of the soil and spring-summer top dressing, contains nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and trace elements, suitable for all horticultural crops.
As a rule, for most plants, the soil is filled with one universal fertilizer, because it is too troublesome to create optimal conditions for each flower, tree, vegetable. But for some cultures, it is still worth choosing a special nutrition program. This is usually done if you have favorite ornamental plants or want to get the maximum yield.
Many manufacturers produce special fertilizers that take into account the special needs of certain groups of plants.
For example, fertilizers for conifers, hydrangeas, rhododendrons usually have a slightly increased acidity, close to the needs of these crops. The composition of fertilizers for beets includes an increased dosage of boron, and sometimes magnesium, roses need a lot of copper for resistance to fungal infections. These are just some examples, of course, there are actually many more features in the nutrition of each plant.
The cost of special fertilizers is usually higher than universal ones. In addition to the main nutrients, they may include trace elements, additives that balance the level of acidity, growth stimulants. Also in this group there are long-acting fertilizers. Their granules are covered with a slowly soluble coating, so the effect of fertilizing lasts the whole season, and there is no need for top dressing.
Basket 2: Fertilizers for top dressing
During the season, plants need additional top dressing with fertilizers. Fruit and berry crops consume a lot of nutrition during the laying of flower buds, greenhouse cucumbers and tomatoes without top dressing will not have enough nutrients to form several waves of fruiting. Almost any plant, especially flowering and fruiting plants, develops better if they are periodically fed. The nutrient content is so high that sometimes it exceeds the capabilities of the root system: the plant hardly has time to absorb food from the soil, especially in cool weather.
Therefore, fertilizers for top dressing should not only be balanced, but also easily absorbed by plant tissues. Most often, fertilizers for top dressing are produced in the form of instant powders or in liquid form. They are introduced in the form of a solution. Moreover, plants can not only be watered, but also sprayed with fertilizer: foliar dressings are very quickly absorbed by plant tissues and are highly effective.
Powders are affordable, have a long shelf life, and are conveniently stored. Most often, powder fertilizers for dressings are universal - their composition is suitable for growing any crop.
"Polygro universal" ("Green pharmacy gardener") - fertilizer includes nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium and trace elements. Convenient dosage: the sachet is diluted in a bucket of water.
"Fertika Lux" is a popular water-soluble fertilizer with essential nutrients and trace elements.
"Humate +7 iodine" ("August"), in addition to traditional mineral components, includes humic acids, sulfur, and iodine. Activates plant immunity.
Liquid fertilizers for top dressing are universal and specialized for certain types of crops. They may also include additional components: stimulants, rare elements, acidity regulators. The composition is selected depending on the type of culture.
"Biocin" - a special top dressing for roses, contains a natural stimulator of plant immunity, nourishes roses and reduces their incidence of powdery mildew, rust, spotting.
"Fertika Crystal for garden flowers"- the composition of this fertilizer stimulates the laying of strong flower buds, activates flowering.
"Biohumus for roses" this top dressing very well complements the action of mineral fertilizers. It contains nutrients in the form of organic compounds.
"Pokon For Long Blooming Roses"- fertilizer contains a complex of microelements, selected taking into account the special needs of roses.
Basket 3: Microfertilizers
This group of fertilizers is usually not used in the garden all the time, but they need to be on hand in case the plants lack one or another nutrient. In too rainy or hot summers, when peat or acid-regulating additives are added to the soil, plants may have problems absorbing one or another element. Then it is added additionally in the form of microfertilizer. For example, in cold weather, the need for plants in copper increases; in humid and hot summers, many crops begin to lack iron or magnesium. On some types of soils, one or another microelement may be chronically lacking. It is very useful to fertilize with microelements if the garden is on sand.
"Micro mix" ("August") is a universal fertilizer mixture - it will help out with any metabolic disorders in plants.
"Boric acid"- used to prevent heart rot in beet root crops, the formation of weak and underdeveloped buds in apple trees and strawberries.
"Magnesium sulfate", or Epsom salt, has many beneficial properties for plants. Magnesium is involved in the synthesis of sugars. It contributes to the accumulation of sugar in the heads of late cabbage, beet roots, berries and fruits. Increases the absorption of boron by plants.
"Zinc sulfate" - indispensable for root crops, increases the content of ascorbic acid in vegetables and fruits.
"Microelement Fertilizer Additive"("Buy Fertilizers") improves acidic soils and not only supplies plants with trace elements, but also makes them more accessible to plants.
Basket 4: Lawn Fertilizers
A green lawn requires a special approach to nutrition. Lawn grass grows almost all season long and loses a lot of nutrients with the cut. The lawn has higher requirements for nitrogen content in fertilizers, but it also responds well to the introduction of trace elements that give the grass disease resistance and intense color. Lawn fertilizing is most often applied dry, since it is quite difficult to evenly fertilize a large area with liquid fertilizer.
Basket 5: Autumn fertilizers
At the end of the season, fertilizers with a high content of phosphorus and potassium are used to prepare the garden for winter. They contribute to the maturation of tissues in perennial plants, increase their frost resistance.
Potassium nitrate and potassium monophosphate are very popular - inexpensive and easy to use top dressing. Potassium monophosphate quickly dissolves in water, it can be applied with irrigation.
Superphosphate is also often used for autumn feeding of strawberries, fruit trees and shrubs. But universal autumn fertilizers are most convenient to use: they can fertilize all plants in the garden at the end of summer.
"Fertika Autumn" - contains all the main nutrients (with a predominance of phosphorus and potassium) and a set of trace elements to increase the winter hardiness of plants.
"Bona Forte Autumn" - fertilizer for liquid autumn dressings. Can be used on any plant, but especially useful when winterizing flower beds, roses and other flowering shrubs.
Despite the huge amount of fertilizers produced by modern industry, understanding their use is not so difficult. You don't have to spend a lot of time searching if you come to the OBI hypermarket: here you can buy everything you need in one place at an affordable price. A competent master consultant will help you choose the best fertilizer for any purpose.
High soil fertility is a guarantee of good harvests. There are many methods to preserve and increase soil fertility. Nowadays, both professional and amateur, growing plants is impossible without the use of additional dressings, the vast majority of which are all kinds of fertilizers.
Many summer residents make the mistake of not using any, even those of natural origin, fertilizers. Fertile soil is capable of producing abundant crops, however, over time, its resource is depleted and it becomes problematic to obtain even an average crop without fertilizers. In any case, in order to prevent both soil depletion and excessive oversaturation of plants with minerals, two rules must be observed:
- Annually alternate crops throughout the garden or summer cottage.
- Know and comply with the norms of fertilization per unit area for a particular crop.
organic fertilizers
These fertilizers have existed and will always exist. Being renewable substances of natural origin, they have the most beneficial effect on the soil. They transform the structure of the soil, normalize the vital activity of microorganisms in it.Technologies for applying organic fertilizers have been developed by mankind for thousands of years. Depending on the type of soil, various types of organic fertilizers are applied. With the appropriate approach, rich crops can be obtained on the soil of any composition and any quality.
For the cultivation of sandy soil, peat fertilizers are preferred. Peat has water-saving properties, which allows it to retain moisture near the roots of plants. Compost is also suitable for sandy soils. Both peat and compost allow not only to enrich the soil with the necessary organic elements, but also to improve its structure.
For clay soils, the use of manure is preferable. Traditionally, manure is spread over the entire area in late autumn, to be dissolved by melted snow in late spring and mixed with the ground during plowing or digging the garden before the start of the new season.
Even chernozems require the application of organic fertilizers, since the useful substances and microorganisms contained in them and ensuring the rapid growth of plants run out over time. Optimal for black soil is a combination of manure, compost and bird droppings. In addition, plots of land with black soil should rest every five years, that is, either light green manure should be planted on them, or nothing should be planted at all, leaving the land “fallow”.
There are also a number of commercially produced organic groundbaits. As a rule, these are specially created concentrates of acids and organic additives necessary for plants. Consider the most popular of them:
- "Gumi" is a concentrate, which contains guamine substances, which are accelerators of plant cell growth. It is used at the initial stages of plant growth to gain green mass. The product also includes plant protection products against certain pests.
- "Baikal" is one of the most popular means for improving soil organic matter. It consists of lactic acid bacteria, means of strengthening the immune system of plants and sorbents of heavy metals.
- "Bio Master" is a universal composition containing a whole complex of organic components made on the basis of sapropel. Sapropel is a perennial silt deposits in water bodies. Means based on it significantly improve both the structure and the biochemical composition of the soil.
Mineral fertilizers
All types of mineral fertilizers produced by the industry can be purchased at stores specializing in the sale of goods for the garden or summer cottage. Undoubtedly, in comparison with organic fertilizers, they are a compromise, since they cannot completely replace the entire organic or mineral composition of natural fertilizers. However, their price and wide distribution make them quite attractive in both individual and industrial agriculture. Like organic fertilizers, mineral fertilizers can be applied to the soil both in dry form and in the form of liquids - solutions or substrates.The classification of mineral fertilizers includes three main families of substances:
- nitrogen;
- phosphoric;
- potassium.
Nitrogen fertilizers are used to increase the green mass of the plant; they are divided into nitrates, carbamides and cyanamides. Nitrates include ammonium and sodium nitrate. Ammonium nitrate is one of the most popular types of modern mineral baits. In some crops, when using ammonium nitrate, the yield increases by an average of 1.5 times in the first year after their introduction. In addition, this type of fertilizer allows plants to be less exposed to various fungal diseases. At the same time, the use of all types of ammonium nitrate on alkaline soils is not recommended.
The application rates of ammonium nitrate depend on the time of feeding. So, for example, when top dressing is applied before sowing, the norms are from 10 to 20 g per sq.m.; and when feeding already adult plants, this rate decreases to 1-2 g. An important feature of this saltpeter is its ability to react with the soil at relatively low temperatures. To do this, it is scattered directly into the snow at the end of winter or at the beginning of spring.
Sodium nitrate is also mainly used on acidic soils. It contains less nitrogen than ammonia, and its application rate is slightly higher - from 30 to 40 g per square meter. It is forbidden to use sodium nitrate for fertilizing black soil or soil in greenhouses and greenhouses.
The highest concentration of nitrogen (up to 45%) is contained in nitrogen urea or urea. It must be applied not to the surface, but directly to the soil and immediately covered, because when interacting with air, part of the nitrogen evaporates and the fertilizer loses its properties. However, it is often used in liquid or dissolved form, because in this way it quickly reaches the roots of plants and does not interact with air. This type of fertilizer is suitable for all types of crops and has practically no restrictions on the composition of the soil.
The application rates of urea depend on the crops for which it is used:
- for vegetables - from 5 to 15 g/sq.m.;
- trees and shrubs - from 10 to 20 g/sq.m.;
- tomatoes, beets - no more than 20 g / sq.m.;
- cucumbers, legumes - no more than 10 g/sq.m.
Phosphorus fertilizers.
Various types of phosphate fertilizers contribute to the rapid development of plants and strengthen their root system. The classification of phosphate fertilizers is as follows:- simple superphosphate;
- double superosphate;
- phosphorite flour.
Double superphosphate is characterized by a high content of phosphorus and is used when nothing needs to be added except for phosphates (double superphosphate does not contain calcium compounds and other impurities). Application rates - two times less than that of simple superphosphate.
The most common potash fertilizer is potassium chloride. It is brought into the ground in the fall before digging it for the winter. At the same time, the chlorine contained in the fertilizer, which is harmful to plants, is washed out into the deeper layers of the soil and its effect on the plant is minimized. The application rate of potassium chloride is 20 g per sq.m.
Potassium sulfate is a fertilizer that is optimal for plants lacking potassium. It is ideal for melon crops. It can be used both for autumn digging and for regular top dressing. Application rate - 20-30 g per sq.m. when digging and about 10 g per sq.m. when feeding.
In addition, there are types of mineral fertilizers that combine several components discussed above. For example, nitrophosphate consists of a mixture of phosphate and ammonium nitrate. The content of phosphorus and nitrogen in it is the same and it can be used instead of the simultaneous application of these two fertilizers. It is an ideal fertilizer for clay soil. Application rates of nitrophosphate are from 10 to 20 g per square meter. meter.
Three-element nitrophoska includes nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. This is the most commonly used tool for beginner gardeners, because it is easy to use and contains all the components necessary for plants at once. Nitrophoska application rates - from 10 to 30 g per sq. meter depending on the culture.
Every summer resident knows that without fertilizers it is impossible to obtain stable rich harvests. Fertilizers help plants to ripen much faster, make the fruits juicy and healthy, and contribute to the accelerated restoration of the soil. There are many varieties of mixtures, each of which differs in its composition and specific application. In this article we will consider the main types of fertilizers, their advantages and features of use.
Whether you're growing plants on your windowsill or have your own yard and garden, using fertilizer is an integral part of the process. To increase soil fertility, many substances are used, which are determined by the initial composition of the soil, the variety of the plant that you are going to grow, climatic conditions and your financial capabilities.
The main task of all fertilizers is to replenish the supply of missing substances in the soil for crop growth and crop maturation. Often, the earth needs several important elements at once, so special nutritional complexes are created aimed at comprehensive enrichment.
There are two main groups of fertilizers:
- Mineral.
- Organic.
Each of them is divided into a lot of subspecies depending on the substances used (nitrogen, manure, potassium, sulfur, etc.). The scheme "Types of fertilizers", set out below, clearly demonstrates all the diversity and multidirectional compositions:
Mineral fertilizers
Fertilizers are components of inorganic nature and are actively used in agriculture for several reasons. Firstly, you can buy them in almost any store, and the low cost allows you to choose an option for any wallet. Secondly, mineral fertilizers have a quick positive impact with a wide range of coverage. Thirdly, they are quite compact, and it is very convenient and inexpensive to transport them.
The composition of such "fast" dressings contains substances that do not have a carbon base. Typically, inorganic fertilizers contain various mineral compounds, such as acids, salts or oxides. Distinguish between simple and complex fertilizers. In simple ones, there is only one active component. They have a clearly directed effect. Complex ones are more versatile and are able to cope with several problems at once, for example, enrich the soil with many useful substances.
nitrogen fertilizers
Nitrogen blends have excellent diffusing properties, allowing them to quickly dissolve in liquids.
Such fertilizers are usually applied to the ground in early spring or late winter. During this time, they manage to give the earth most of the useful components even before the plants begin to develop. But this general rule is far from suitable for all cases, so individual conditions should be taken into account when preparing a concentrated composition.
Ammonia fertilizers
Ammonia top dressings include more than 30% nitrogen. They are not recommended to be applied to podzolic soils, since there are not enough cations in the composition to nitrify nitrogen. This, in turn, negatively affects the beneficial characteristics of ammonium nitrate.
Saltpeter is perhaps the best fertilizer for potatoes. Since it is grown in large volumes, a lot of top dressing is required. The cost of saltpeter is quite low, which makes it possible to provide top dressing of the entire territory without significant costs. At the same time, the yield increases by 40-50% already in the first year after soil cultivation, the immunity of potatoes is strengthened (tolerates frosts, drought, is less affected by insects and diseases).
A unique feature of ammonium nitrate is its ability to act on soil that has not yet been warmed by the sun. Some experienced summer residents scatter it directly on the unmelted snow at the end of winter. She can feed grapes and various berry bushes (gooseberries, currants) in March-April so that the plants do not feel a nitrogen deficiency. In this particular case, saltpeter is even better than organic additives, which can only "work" in warm soil.
Important: ammonium nitrate is explosive, therefore, precautions should be taken during operation and storage. Protect it from overheating and foreign matter.
Nitrate fertilizers
Saltpeter is sold in the form of white peas. It is used to enrich any non-saline soils, except for chernozem. The nitrogen content in the nitrate composition is insignificant - up to 17%. For this reason, a special technology should be used to release it - scatter fertilizer over the fallow until spring plowing. Saltpeter has time to release a sufficient amount of nitrogen for crop germination and at the same time does not lose useful characteristics due to interaction with air.
Important: nitrate fertilizers are strictly forbidden to be used in greenhouses. Also, they are not recommended for long-term storage, as they lose their useful properties.
If your site has light soil, sodium nitrate should be applied in early spring using the row method. If heavy loam, processing is carried out in the middle of autumn. Today in the domestic market you can find only one type of saltpeter - "Sodium saltpeter technical grade CX".
Amide fertilizers
Amide fertilizers are created mainly from nitrogen and, depending on the additional substances, have different effects.
There are several varieties:
potash fertilizers
There are several types of potash fertilizers, depending on the percentage of potassium in the composition:
- Potassium chloride contains the highest concentration of potassium - 50%. It should be applied in the autumn during digging, since chlorine will go into the lower layers of the soil, and its effect on plants will subsequently be minimal.
- Potassium sulfate is intended for crops with severe potassium deficiency. It does not contain powerful impurities like chlorine, magnesium and sodium. This fertilizer is best suited for feeding cucumbers. The percentage of potassium is 46%.
- Potassium salt is a small crystals of "rusty" color and is used to feed all varieties of berry crops. It is added to the grant before autumn plowing at the rate of 150-200 g per sq. m.
Phosphate fertilizers
Types of phosphate fertilizers:
- Simple superphosphate is an inorganic mixture containing 20% phosphorus anhydride. Considered the best mix for any phosphorus deficient soil. It should be added depending on the moisture content of the soil. If the ground is very wet, simple superphosphate can be applied as groundbait as the plants grow.
- Double superphosphate is a fertilizer with a higher concentration of nutrients than in simple superphosphate. It is more economical because it does not contain ballast components like CaSO4, as in the previous case. The phosphorus content can vary from 32% to 46%.
- Phosphorite flour - the standards for the production of this fertilizer have not changed for more than 40 years. It is used to increase the resistance of plants to negative environmental changes on acidic soils, improve winter hardiness. Contains at least 19% phosphorus and about 35% calcium.
Complex fertilizers
The composition of complex inorganic mixtures includes many useful components that can bring plants back to life, strengthen their immunity, and develop fertility.
Types of complex fertilizers:
organic fertilizers
Compositions obtained as a result of natural organic processes (faeces, peat, vegetable humus, bird droppings, etc.) are called organic. Such fertilizers contain a colossal concentration of nutrients in various ratios, so they must be used in small doses so as not to harm the plants.
manure fertilizer
The most popular and affordable fertilizer. Depending on its quality and soil characteristics, a portion of addition to the soil can be 6-10 kg per square meter. m. Often, manure is used with compost or diluted with water.
Slurry fertilize plants during the growing season. It should be diluted with water 1:5, and in order to improve the efficiency of the fertilizer, a little superphosphate should be added (about 40 g per 10 l).
Bedding manure is formed by mixing liquid and solid excretions of livestock. It helps to significantly improve the physical and chemical characteristics of the earth, making, for example, a sandy layer more stable or clayey - loose. It also reduces the acidity of the earth and normalizes its water and aerobic regimes. The value of bedding manure is determined by the animal that produced it, the quality of the feed, and the method of storage. The waste products of horses are considered the best fertilizer, followed by sheep, followed by cows and pigs.
fertilizer compost
Compost is obtained as a result of the decomposition of a variety of organic debris - leaves, peel, husks, fish bones, meat, etc. Many summer residents make compost pits on their site, where they put waste mixed with earth in layers, after which they leave everything to rot for a year or longer. Every year, all layers must be shoveled to obtain a uniform, high-quality compost.
fertilizer humus
Humus looks like a dark brown friable mass and is obtained as a result of the decomposition of manure. The characteristics of the fertilizer distinguish it from other types, since humus contains the greatest amount of useful elements. Accordingly, it has the highest fertilizer performance. However, in order for the humus to retain its useful qualities, it must be stored properly. The best option is to stack the fertilizer in piles. A 25-cm layer of peat should be laid on dense soil, then manure should be poured out and compacted into piles about 2 m thick. Then covered with earth 25 cm.
Fertilizer bird droppings
Bird droppings contain a very high concentration of nutrients. It can be applied to any type of soil, while bird droppings are much more effective than even the highest quality manure. It should be added as evenly as possible. If it is necessary to make a liquid top dressing of an individual plant, dilute the litter in water in a ratio of 1:10. Store in exactly the same way as in the previous case, however, it will be useful to add peat and sod in a 1: 2 ratio.
Peat fertilizer
An excellent natural fertilizer saturated with nitrogen. The main drawback of peat is the lack of potassium and phosphorus, so it is recommended to mix it with inorganic fertilizers, feces, manure or slurry. Peat is used to fertilize plants and to enrich the land.
Fertilizer sawdust
Wood sawdust is an excellent loosening material. They retain moisture and air well, enriching the soil. They should be applied when digging along with inorganic fertilizers, dosing 3 buckets per 1 sq. m. If you do not add mineral mixtures, sawdust can mineralize and take all the nitrogen from the soil, lowering its fertile characteristics. Accordingly, when digging, mineral fertilizers with a high proportion of nitrogen should be added.
The rational use of several types of fertilizers at once will help you get excellent yields of any crop every year without the risk of soil depletion.
Everyone who uses their personal plot for harvesting has at least heard about the benefits of fertilizers. But not every gardener thinks about the real use of useful substances, and if he does, he does not always use it. Of course, in open areas of the garden, subject to proper crop rotation and plant changes, there are already enough organic residues and nutrients - these are insects, plant waste, and rainfall moisture. But such structures as a greenhouse are a space where, if not sterile, then a very closed and limited atmosphere in the natural circulation of substances reigns. Here, for high-quality growth and fruiting, plants need fertilizers - their types and characteristics will be described in our article. For example, nitrogen is very important for vegetables. There are three types of nitrogen fertilizers- amide, ammonia and nitrate. More details will be given below. Now let's talk about what mineral fertilizers are.
Mineral fertilizers are usually used along with organic fertilizers. The name of fertilizers speaks for itself - they contain minerals. There are many minerals needed by plants - copper, zinc, potassium, phosphorus, nitrogen, and so on - almost everything that can be found in the periodic table.
Depending on the type of soil, plants lack one or another element. Simple mineral fertilizers contain one mineral, complex - several. The most common mineral fertilizers are nitrogen, potash and phosphorus. Phosphorus is superphosphate, bone meal, thermophosphate and some others. They are added to the soil for digging in autumn or early spring. This is due to the fact that due to their poor water solubility, they reach the roots for about 2 months. When fertilizing the soil with phosphorus additives, it should be remembered that they cannot be combined with lime.
We will single out nitrogen fertilizers as a separate topic, since their importance is great precisely at the beginning of the growth of the future crop.
Types of nitrogen fertilizers
Nitrogen is found in both organic and inorganic substances. In industry, it is produced mainly by processing synthetic ammonia. Mineral nitrogen fertilizers are divided into three main groups.
- Amide are urea, combinations of urea with formaldehydes, calcium cyanamide; well accepted by all vegetable crops.
- Ammonia - ammonium chloride, sulfate and ammonium bicarbonate; gratefully these include long-ripening plants such as onions, cabbages, tomatoes and cucumbers.
- Nitrate - sodium, potassium and calcium nitrates. Suitable for plants with a short ripening period - radishes, dill, parsley, lettuce, early cabbage.
When using nitrogen fertilizers, it is important to remember that excess nitrogen is very harmful to humans, animals and the environment. It is necessary to strictly adhere to all the recommendations indicated on the fertilizer packaging!
Organic fertilizers - their types and characteristics
They are considered the most natural and safe, as they are of natural origin. Organics gives the soil numerous nutrients, improves its structure, develops the activity of beneficial microorganisms. organic - their types and characteristics deserve special attention. They are very important in, as they provide greenhouse land with carbon dioxide. It is used in four main types: bird droppings, manure, humus and peat. All varieties are used as compost - in combination with mineral fertilizers, plant residues, peat. They are often entered as .
One of the most budgetary and effective fertilizers, especially in the countryside, is manure. All the most important substances are contained in it in optimal concentration. In addition, manure improves the structure of the soil, and, decomposing, gives carbon dioxide and helps plants absorb the necessary elements. Fresh manure is brought to the garden in the fall and dug up, and the one that has overgrown can wait until spring. In spring, it is advisable to use fresh manure to warm the earth, since its temperature reaches 70 0.
Bird droppings are also a very valuable fertilizer. It is several times larger than manure, rich in minerals and trace elements. Due to such a high concentration, it should be introduced into the soil in a very dosed manner. About half a liter of litter is diluted in 10 liters of warm water and the plants are watered with a solution.
Humus - decomposed remains of plants, leaves, roots, manure. This is ideal for growing seedlings.
Peat is a highly acidic additive, so it is mainly used as one of the components of compost.
Types of potash fertilizers
Potassium in fertilizers is most often found in combination with other elements. It increases the keeping quality of fruits, increases the resistance of plants to diseases, and contributes to the full ripening of the crop. There are potash fertilizers with and without chlorine. Chlorine-containing products include potassium chloride, potassium sulfate and potassium salt. These additives are used in the fall to avoid the harmful effects of chlorine on plantings. For nightshade, potash fertilizers without chlorine are chosen. Neutralize soil acidity caused by chlorine by pre-lime application.
Types of liquid fertilizers
In liquid form, many fertilizers have a milder effect on plants, are absorbed more easily and more fully, and are distributed more evenly in the soil. Liquid can be both organic and solutions of synthetic fertilizers.
Organic liquid fertilizers are used in the form of infusions of herbs, mullein, special starter cultures from certain foods (onion, garlic, pepper, yeast, sugar, bread - there are many folk recipes).
Chemical liquid fertilizers are divided into nitrogen and complex. All of them are solids dissolved in water.
Types of fertilizers and methods of their application- the topic is very broad. Focus on the characteristics of the soil of your site, the crops you grow and, of course, common sense - everything is good in moderation!
To get a rich harvest, we suggest that you keep this quick fertilizer reminder.
Soil acidity
The acidity of the soil is important for the absorption of fertilizers. For the growth and proper development of plants, the pH should be at the level of 6.5.
In alkaline soils, where pH > 7, elements necessary for plants are poorly assimilated: phosphorus, iron, zinc, manganese.
Acidic soils with pH = 4-5.5 hinder the absorption of calcium, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus and sulfur.
pH scale
To determine the pH using an analyzer, you need to make several holes throughout the area, fill them with distilled water and, each time wiping the probe, measure the indicators. Next, calculate the average, which should be guided.
You can determine the acidity of the soil without equipment using vinegar and soda. To do this, you need to collect land in two containers. Pour vinegar into one, distilled water into the other and pour soda on top. If the reaction went in the first container, the earth is alkaline, if soda hissed, it is acidic.
You can neutralize the acidity of the soil by adding wood ash, slaked lime, ground limestone, shell rock or chalk. Application rates: 250-600 g/m2 depending on soil type.
You can acidify the soil with organic matter. But for heavy clay soils, ferrous sulfate, sulfur and ammonia fertilizers are used according to the manufacturer's instructions. The introduction of organic fertilizers to acidify clay soils will have the opposite effect.
ORGANIC FERTILIZERS
These are natural natural fertilizers of plant or animal origin. In addition to changing the structure of the soil, they have a positive effect on its chemical composition, enriching the soil with elements necessary for plants.
Manure
Under the general term "manure" lies a variety of organic fertilizers. This fertilizer enriches the earth with calcium, potassium, nitrogen, manganese, sulfur and phosphorus.
IMPORTANT! Do not use fresh manure, as in the process of decay it releases substances that are harmful to plants.
In rotted form, manure is suitable for most horticultural crops.
Cow dung contains a lot of potassium, calcium and nitrogen. They bring it in the fall for deep digging 3-4 kg / m 2.
Rabbit manure and bird droppings are rich in nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus. It is embedded in the ground in autumn at 300-400 g / m 2.
Horse, sheep and goat manure is a source of nitrogen and potassium, has a short decomposition time and high heat transfer, which makes it a valuable fertilizer for greenhouses. They bring 4-6 kg / m2, embedding in the ground during autumn or spring digging.
Pig manure is useless. There are few nutrients in it, and it itself can cause various infections.
Ash
Wood ash contains phosphorus, potassium, manganese, magnesium, molybdenum, zinc, sulfur and large amounts of calcium. Ash contributes to the growth and proper development of plants, improves their winter hardiness, and also helps to absorb nutrients. Suitable for fertilizing almost all types of fruit and vegetable crops. Application rates: 300-500 g/m 2 . Ash cannot be used for blueberries, rhododendrons and azaleas.
Peat
Peat makes the soil breathable and comfortable for plant growth. For these purposes, low-lying peat with a high degree of decomposition or treated with lime is used. Peat is rich in humus. The use of peat is justified only in the case of infertile soils. Peat is introduced after digging, interfering with the topsoil, or used as mulch throughout the season. Application rate: 4-8 kg/m 2 .
Mineral fertilizers
These are products of the chemical industry. Useful substances in them are in a concentrated state. Mineral fertilizers are divided into simple and complex (complex).
SIMPLE FERTILIZERS
nitrogen fertilizers
Nitrogen fertilizers significantly increase yields and make plants resistant to pests and some diseases. This type of fertilizer is suitable for all crops except legumes. Nitrogen mineral fertilizers, especially their nitrate form, contribute to the accumulation of nitrates in the soil.
Nitrogen urea, better known as urea, is the leader in nitrogen content among nitrogen fertilizers. It contains up to 45% of this substance. Urea is added only deepening, otherwise the nitrogen will begin to evaporate. Application rates depend on the plant - for example, 10 g / m 2 is enough for cucumbers, 20 g / m 2 for tomato and pepper.
Ammonium nitrate contains up to 35% nitrogen. They bring it in advance, even before the soil thaws, at the rate of 15-20 g / m 2.
cyanamide contains 19% nitrogen. They bring it into the still frozen soil due to the slow decay.
sodium nitrate contains up to 17% nitrogen, but it is well absorbed even in acidic soils. Saltpeter is added at 30-35 g/m 2 . Suitable for feeding plants with a formed root system.
Phosphate fertilizers
Simple superphosphate contains up to 25% phosphorus, double superphosphate - about 50%. A month before the introduction of superphosphate, ash is introduced into the soil. The norm for seedlings is 30 g / m 2, in greenhouses - up to 100 g / m 2.
Phosphorite flour used in acidic soils. Increases the plant's immunity to pests and cold weather. In addition to phosphorus, this fertilizer is rich in calcium. Bring it in the fall, before frost. Consumption - 50 g / m2. Phosphorus fertilizers are especially necessary for flowering plants.
Potash
Potassium chloride is suitable for potatoes, beets and almost all cereals. They are introduced into the soil during autumn digging. During the winter, chlorine is washed away, leaving useful potassium in the ground. Application rates - 25 g / m 2.
Potassium sulfate contains up to 50% of the active substance and, unlike potassium chloride, does not contain chlorine. This is one of the favorite cucumber fertilizers. It is applied during spring digging at the rate of 30 g/m 2 .
COMPLEX FERTILIZERS
Nitrophosphate (nitroammophoska) It contains three main substances: nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus. Their exact ratio depends on the manufacturer. The use of nitrophosphate not only cures plants, but also prevents the development of diseases such as scab, black leg, powdery mildew. The increase in yield when using this complex can reach 70%. The taste of fruits is improved. For potatoes and vegetable seedlings, it is enough to add 20 g / m 2, strawberries require up to 40 g / m 2.
Nitrophoska- This is a slightly different version of the nitrophosphate formula. This fertilizer complex is based on the same phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen.
Ammophos contains potassium, magnesium and phosphorus. This complex is also for greenhouses. Increased resistance of plants to diseases and pests. When digging the soil, the application rate is 20-30 g / m2 in open ground and in greenhouses - up to 50 g / m 2.
Diammophos— universal fertilizer for all types of soils. Contains phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen. Provides plant resistance to diseases, pests, adverse weather conditions. Fertilizer is applied in the spring for digging at 20-30 g / m 2 in open ground and up to 40 g / m 2 - in greenhouses.
Signs and symptoms of lack of fertilizer
Symptoms | Application required |
Red-violet hiring on leaves Leaves fly around early Plant stunted | Phosphorus R Diammophos 30 g / m 2 or nitrophoska 25-30 g / m 2 |
Leaves covered in spots The edges of the leaves twist, wrinkle, die off | Magnesium M g Stop Potassium Application* Dolomite flour 20-30 g/m2 Magnesium sulfate 10-30 g/m 2 |
The edges of the leaves are burnt Dead zones appear | Potassium Potassium sulfate 10-20 g/m 2 Potassium chloride 10-30 g/m 2 |
Plant - emaciated, yellowed bad bloom Poorly developed lower leaves | Nitrogen Carbamide 20-DO g/m 2 Azofoska 40 g/m 2 |
The plant is not growing well |
