Who elected Yeltsin for president. Biography of Yeltsin. Boris Nikolaevich Yeltsin. Years of life, family. Ministers of Foreign Affairs
Miracle-working in Russia began to flourish under Gorbachev. Kashpirovsky hypnotized with a stern look from the TV, Chumak was healingly silent on the radio, Grabovoi declared his power, hundreds of other psychics "charged" creams and newspapers. The wave of obscurantism was so powerful that "court magicians" made their way into Yeltsin's entourage. For example, there was a full-time astrologer with the rank of major general - Georgy Rogozin, Korzhakov's first deputy in the Presidential Security Service. In 1996, he became deputy chief of the presidential campaign headquarters.
There were legends about Rogozin. As if he himself moves the oak tables with his eyes and reads thoughts from a distance. In the Kremlin, the nickname Merlin was firmly established behind him (there was such a sorcerer at the court of King Arthur).
Allegedly, one of the main duties of the "Kremlin Merlin" was the sighting of all horoscopes placed on Yeltsin's table. Based on them, travel routes were compiled, visits were planned.
"The President believed in psychics"
While still a KGB officer, Rogozin in the late 1980s conducted research in the "transcendent area" like reading thoughts from a distance, says Eduard Kruglyakov, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, chairman of the commission on pseudoscience. - Georgy Georgievich also had a passionate hobby - magic, occultism, astrology. Here is what they wrote in the Moscow News in 1997: “Rogozin endorses the horoscopes regularly presented to the country's top officials. He communicates with the cosmos on budgetary and financial topics. It creates a "favorable energy field" around the president. Sets the bed of Boris Nikolayevich in the north-south direction. But in the end Rogozin, thank God, was removed. I personally had a chance to communicate with Yeltsin. And I noticed that he was indeed subject to the influence of psychics. For example, he asked us if we could extract energy from stone. We told him that it was charlatanism. And it turns out that he has already allocated 120 million pre-crisis rubles for this program.
Horoscopes did not show him
At that time, Rogozin and I were engaged in forecasts and analytics in terms of threats of accidents on the roads, strong magnetic storms and other troubles that could harm the president, - says the former first deputy head of the Main Directorate of Security of the Russian Federation (1991-1993), Major General reserve Boris Ratnikov. - Rogozin really looked at Yeltsin's horoscope. The horoscope itself was not shown to the President. But they used the results of astrological forecasting when planning protocol events.
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Yeltsin had no fortune-tellers. And with Grabov, who shouted at every corner that he was checking the president's plane for safety, he was not even familiar.
Bioenergy helmet
Yeltsin, of course, knew what the "court magic generals" were doing, but he had not met the "private" - not that level. Only once did the president directly use the services of a person who can conditionally be called a psychic. After all, what Professor Georgy Stepanov, Doctor of Medical Sciences, one of the founders of domestic microsurgery, laureate of the USSR State Prize, did with the president can hardly be attributed to traditional science.
The scientist told Komsomolskaya Pravda how in 1998 he went to Sochi to treat Boris Yeltsin ... with a bioenergy helmet of his own invention - a kind of crown with metal twigs. She was needed by the professor in order to transfer his bioenergy to the patient. And he allegedly perceived it by putting a helmet on his head.
In the summer of 1998, I had a conversation with the director of CITO, Sergei Pavlovich Mironov, - recalls Georgy Agasievich. - I told him about the effectiveness of the invention... And on November 1, 1998, I was offered to fly to Sochi to treat Boris Yeltsin.
I learned the details from Mironov, who said that Boris Nikolaevich had pinpoint pains in the region of the 4th - 5th ribs and severe fatigue. The president and members of his family, especially the youngest daughter Tatyana, were very interested in the results of using the helmet I invented - Sergey Pavlovich told them about it, showing my patent for the invention. At the Yeltsin family council, it was decided to use the helmet to help the president ...
The professor assures that his helmet helped Yeltsin a lot and he believed in the reality of such an impact.
According to Stepanov, after the sensations, the president said: “Tonight I had a fracture! I have not slept so soundly and well for many years.
Saved from damage
At that time, crazy ideas were in a fever and science. Scientists received money for dubious projects like generators of torsion fields, psychotronic weapons. Some structures appeared, which would now be called the "Night Watch". They were created under the supervision of the security service.
For several years I was looking for psychics all over the country, - says Yuri Malin, a former consultant Federal Service guards under Yeltsin, a KGB officer, now head of the laboratory of the Center for Psychophysical Technologies at the National Association of Bodyguards of Russia, tested their abilities. And in the end, he selected the strongest - about ten people. They remotely influenced Yeltsin - "charged" him with energy, supported his weakened health, protected him from damage and the evil eye. But we didn't meet in person.
In addition, - continues Yuri Vasilyevich, - we had under control the latest developments that could affect the human condition. For example, a biogenerator of a striking nature, created by the head of the laboratory of microlepton technologies, Anatoly Okhatrin. The radiation of this device was capable of gradually destroying internal organs- especially the sick. Let's say, if the heart went bad, then heart failure sharply worsened. We made sure that the president was not exposed to such a destructive effect. But after the abolition of our structure, Okhatrin's experiments began to be subsidized by private companies. As a result, the author himself does not know where the dangerous device is now.
Antenna Mystery
"Sentinels" can not be trusted. But here known fact: in the rooms next to Yeltsin's office, equipment was found, which was first called eavesdropping. But experts soon recognized that the antenna was directional and designed to radiate, not receive.
It was installed in order to destroy the president's health, Malin is sure.
There was an emitter in Yeltsin's office, - confirms Boris Ratnikov. - I personally saw him. The device stood in Yeltsin's office behind a book wall. It was a metal frame measuring 1 m 20 cm by 1 m 20 cm, covered with a tarpaulin, in the middle of which a high-frequency radio emitter was fixed. In 1991, it was stolen as material evidence by opening the office at night.
It turns out that there were still grounds for creating the Night Watch? And who knows if the enemies of democracy have not undertaken other “assassination attempts”, the consequences of which have only now become apparent? Indeed, as a result, Yeltsin's diseased heart stopped, and before that, several organs failed at once. However, Yeltsin's opponents themselves, with that rampant belief in psychics, could become victims of scammers who offered their "inventions" to influence objectionable persons.
Rested in the anomalous zone
The first time Boris Nikolayevich visited the elite sanatorium "Volzhsky Utes" in 1994, which alarmed the psychics. After all, this place near Samara is considered anomalous.
"Volzhsky Utes" is located on the Zhiguli Peninsula, formed by the bend of the Volga. Well known to ufologists who come here to watch UFOs.
Local residents regularly observe mirages over the peninsula - some kind of ancient city with towers and domes. Hear "retarded traces". The man hears footsteps behind him. He turns around and there is no one there. Some met themselves - watched themselves as if from the side. And it happened that people, having gone for mushrooms, disappeared, and after a few days or a week or two they suddenly appeared as if nothing had happened. Where they were, they do not remember.
Anomaly researchers attribute these miracles to changes in the usual course of time, which is affected by the rotating mass of water in the river, making a sharp turn.
Yeltsin did not disappear into the anomalous zone, but it did not improve his health. In 1996, the president underwent a complex heart operation, having survived five heart attacks before that. But in 1997 he again visited the sanatorium on the peninsula. In 1998, Boris Nikolaevich began to suffer from severe chest pains, and in 1999 he developed an ulcer.
In 2000, Vladimir Putin stayed at the Volzhsky Utes. Admittedly, it was a short business trip. And so far, the president has not complained about his health.
PROPHECY
After the "Tagged Bear" will come the "Giant", and in 2008 - the Swift Sovereign
Yeltsin's presidency was predicted back in the 14th century by Russian astrologer Vasily Nemchin
The astrologer served under Vasily II Ioannovich. Nemchin allegedly "the Angel of Heaven with his finger wrote in the sky and on the clouds pictures of future events." What he told in the monograph, on which he worked for 30 years. It was published in the middle of the 15th century, but survived only in later manuscript versions around the 17th century. Here is what he wrote about the period from 1980 to the 2000s: “... after the “reign of the Tagged Bear” a second titan will appear in Russia ...” (the first was Peter I. - Ed.). Or "Giant", as Nemchin also calls him. A clear allusion to Yeltsin, whom the soothsayer compared with "little Boris, who ruled Russia in Time of Troubles"(Boris Godunov. - Ed.).
Nemchin predicted that in last years of his reign, the "Giant" "will wander through the labyrinth, and on his shoulders will sit a dwarf with a black face, who will be half bald, half hairy." "The Titan will leave in a way that no one would expect, leaving behind many unsolvable mysteries." And again, Nemchin looked into the water: on December 31, 1999, Yeltsin unexpectedly resigned.
With the identification of a dwarf, the task is more complicated. For example, the modern astrologer Pavel Globa at first believed that the soothsayer hinted at Chernomyrdin, then at Primakov and even at Berezovsky. By the way, according to Nemchin, in 2008, when “a terrible death will threaten everyone,” a certain “Swift Sovereign” should come to power. The soothsayer also calls this ruler the "Great Rider."
MYSTERIOUS COINCIDENCES
Boris Yeltsin ruled the country for 8 years - from 1991 to 1999. After resigning and handing over power to Vladimir Putin, he lived for another 8 years.
A month before his death, Boris Yeltsin and his wife visited the Place of the Baptism of Jesus Christ on the Jordan River. Boris Yeltsin looked at the source of John the Baptist, which is repeatedly mentioned in the Bible, and washed his hands in the waters of the Jordan. He also visited the Russian Orthodox Church recently built here.
The Cathedral of Christ the Savior on Volkhonka, where the funeral of Boris Yeltsin took place, was opened after restoration on the day when the first President of Russia resigned - December 31, 1999.
The Novodevichy Cemetery, where Boris Nikolaevich is buried, was opened by the Soviet authorities for wide access 20 years ago. This decision was made by the first secretary of the Moscow city committee of the CPSU Boris Yeltsin.
The grave of Boris Yeltsin is located near the place where NKVD officer Grigory Nikulin is buried. In 1918, he personally participated in the execution royal family. At that time, Nikulin was assistant commandant of the famous Ipatiev house in Yekaterinburg. Nicholas II and his household were kept under guard here, and then shot. 60 years after the massacre of the emperor, this house was demolished. Yeltsin, who was then the first secretary of the Sverdlovsk regional committee of the CPSU, achieved this decision from the Politburo.
In an interview, Oleg Poptsov, the author of the book "The Chronicle of the Times of Tsar Boris" and one of those who created Russian television in the 90s, said that he had witnessed how Boris Nikolayevich, having become President of Russia, first entered his his Kremlin office. Poptsov then whispered: "Tsar Boris ..." And by the expression on Yeltsin's face, he realized that he heard this and he liked it.
A few months ago, the Bolshoi Theater scheduled for April 25 the premiere of a new production of Mussorgsky's opera Boris Godunov. The theater turned to the second edition of the opera, which ends with the death of the main character - Tsar Boris. The funeral of Boris Yeltsin took place on April 25.
By the way, both Boriss - both Godunov and Yeltsin - passed away in April. The king - on the 26th (according to the new style), the president - on the 23rd.
Soviet party and state, as well as Russian politician. Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR (1990-1991), President Russian Federation (1991-1999).
Boris Nikolaevich Yeltsin was born on February 1, 1931 in the village of Butkinsky district of the Ural region (now) in the family of Nikolai Ignatievich Yeltsin (1906-1978). In 1935, the family moved to the Perm region to build the Berezniki potash plant.
In 1945-1949, B.N. Yeltsin studied at secondary school No. 1 (now named after) in. In 1950-1955, he studied at the construction department of the Ural Polytechnic Institute, after which he received the specialty "civil engineer".
In 1955-1968, B. N. Yeltsin worked as a foreman, foreman, chief engineer of the construction department of the Yuzhgorstroy trust, chief engineer, head of the Sverdlovsk house-building plant. In 1961 he joined the CPSU. In 1968-1976, Boris N. Yeltsin headed the construction department of the Sverdlovsk Regional Party Committee. In 1975 he was elected secretary of the Sverdlovsk Regional Committee of the CPSU, responsible for the industrial development of the region.
In 1976-1985 B. N. Yeltsin served as the first secretary of the Sverdlovsk regional committee of the CPSU. In 1978-1989 he was a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (he was a member of the Council of the Union). In 1984-1985 and 1986-1988 he was a member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
In 1981, at the XXVI Congress of the CPSU, B. N. Yeltsin was elected a member of the Central Committee of the CPSU (he remained until 1990). In the same year, he headed the construction department of the Central Committee of the CPSU. Since June 1985, he was the Secretary of the Central Committee of the Party for Construction.
In 1985-1987 B. N. Yeltsin served as First Secretary of the Moscow City Committee of the CPSU. Having come to this post, he fired many senior officials of the CPSU MGK and the first secretaries of the district committees. Gained fame thanks to personal inspections of stores and warehouses using public transport. Organized food fairs. In the last months of his work at the Moscow City Committee, he began to publicly criticize the leadership of the party.
In November 1987, Boris N. Yeltsin was removed from the post of First Secretary of the Moscow City Committee. In February 1988, he was removed from the list of candidates for membership in the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU. In 1987-1989, he served as Deputy Chairman of the Gosstroy of the USSR.
In March 1989, B. N. Yeltsin was elected a people's deputy of the USSR and returned to "big politics". In 1989-1990, he headed the USSR Supreme Soviet Committee on Construction and Architecture.
On May 29, 1990, at the First Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR, Boris N. Yeltsin was elected Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR with the active support of the Democratic Russia bloc. He held this post until June 1991. July 12, 1990 at the XXVIII Congress of the CPSU left the party.
On June 12, 1991, in the course of nationwide direct open elections, B. N. Yeltsin was elected the first President of the RSFSR. In this post, Yeltsin also served as Chairman of the Constitutional Commission, Chairman of the Emergency Commission on Food and Chairman of the Supreme Consultative Coordinating Council.
In August 1991, when a coup attempt was attempted, democratic forces united around B. N. Yeltsin. In September 1991, he signed a decree suspending the activities of the Communist Party of the RSFSR.
In December 1991, B. N. Yeltsin, together with the leaders of Ukraine and Belarus, signed the Agreement on the Commonwealth of Independent States (Belovezhskaya Agreement), which led to the liquidation of the USSR.
From November 1991 to May 1993 B. N. Yeltsin headed the Government of Russia. In October 1991, he spoke at the V Congress of People's Deputies with a program of radical economic reforms, which was based on the methods of "shock therapy" developed by E. T. Gaidar. The reform program provided for the speedy introduction of free prices for goods, the liberalization of domestic and foreign trade, widespread privatization, and the reduction of social spending. The purpose of the reforms was to form a layer of private owners and increase production efficiency, create a market economy and a democratic society. The first results of the reforms were a rise in prices, an even greater decline in the income of the population, the depreciation of deposits in savings banks, and the depreciation of the ruble. Most of the population was below the poverty line. In the summer of 1992, a check (voucher) privatization was carried out, which did not give the expected result. The continuation of "shock therapy" led to the impoverishment of the population, the ruin of light and food industries and the agricultural complex. Radical reforms caused discontent among the population and wide opposition in the Supreme Council.
A serious conflict between the executive and legislative branches led to a new political crisis and the October 1993 coup. President Boris N. Yeltsin announced the termination of the powers of the Congress of People's Deputies and the Supreme Soviet. The Supreme Council refused to obey, swearing in as head of state A. V. Rutskoi. The use of the army at a decisive moment allowed B. N. Yeltsin to suppress the putsch (October 4-5, 1993). Using the current situation, he liquidated the system of Soviets of People's Deputies. The country became a presidential republic, which was enshrined in the new Constitution of 1993.
The priority areas of foreign policy during Boris Yeltsin's tenure were the establishment of cooperation with Western countries, and primarily with the United States, as well as building relations with the newly independent states of the near abroad.
On July 3, 1996, in the course of direct popular elections in two rounds, Boris N. Yeltsin was re-elected President of the Russian Federation for a second term. His further reign did not lead to changes in the economic and social spheres. The Chechen war (1994-1996) also did not contribute to the stabilization of society. Growing dissatisfaction with the President's policies led him to early resignation.
On December 31, 1999, Boris N. Yeltsin voluntarily terminated the exercise of the powers of the President of the Russian Federation. On April 5, 2000, he was awarded certificates of a pensioner and a labor veteran.
B. N. Yeltsin died in
Boris Yeltsin was the first President of Russia. He was a strong leader, although he made many tactical mistakes in his post. For eight years, this man led a huge country and tried to bring it out of the crisis.
Job in Moscow
In 1968, Boris Yeltsin began his party career. A graduate of the Kirov Ural Polytechnic University became the head of the construction department. Successes in the political service provided him with a quick breakthrough in his career. In 1984, Boris Nikolayevich was already a member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. From 1985-1987 served as First Secretary of the Moscow City Committee of the CPSU.
In 1987, at the plenum of the Supreme Council, he criticized the activities of the current leader Mikhail Gorbachev. He was demoted to the position of deputy head of Gosstroy. In 1989, Yeltsin became a People's Deputy of the USSR Supreme Council.
In 1990 he became chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR.
1991 presidential election
On March 17, 1991, a referendum was held in the USSR. On the agenda were the question of introducing the post of president and the item on maintaining the status of the USSR. Purposeful and uncompromising Boris Yeltsin decided to run for the presidency. His competitors in this race were the pro-government candidate Nikolai Ryzhkov and Vladimir Zhirinovsky.
On June 12, 1991, the first presidential elections were held. B. N. Yeltsin was elected by a majority of votes. The years of the reign of the first leader of Russia were originally supposed to be 5 years. Since the country was in a deep political and economic crisis, no one knew how long real life the new president will last in his chair. A. Rutskoy was elected Vice-President. He and Yeltsin were supported by the Democratic Russia bloc.
On July 10, 1991, Boris Yeltsin took an oath to serve faithfully and truthfully to his people. Mikhail Gorbachev remained president of the USSR. The dual power did not suit the ambitious Yeltsin, although many researchers and politicians argue that the collapse of the Union was the final goal of the new Russian leader. Perhaps it was a political order, which he brilliantly fulfilled.
August coup
The years of B. Yeltsin's rule were marked by significant unrest at the top of the state. Members of the CPSU did not want a change in leadership and understood that with the advent of a new leader, the collapse of the USSR and their removal from power were not far off. Yeltsin spoke out with harsh criticism of the nomenklatura circles, repeatedly accused top leaders of corruption.
Gorbachev and President Yeltsin, whose years of rule were unstable, discussed the cornerstones of their cooperation and decided to politically eliminate the USSR. To do this, it was decided to create a confederation - the Union of Sovereign Soviet Republics. On August 20, this document was to be signed by the leaders of all the union republics.
The GKChP launched an active operation on August 18-21, 1991. During Gorbachev's stay in Crimea, a temporary state body, the State Emergency Committee, was created, and a state of emergency was introduced in the country. This was reported to the population by radio. The Democratic forces led by Yeltsin and Rutskoi began to resist the old party leadership.
The conspirators had some support in the army and the KGB. They pulled up some individual groups troops to enter the capital. Meanwhile, RSFSR President Yeltsin was on a business trip. Opponents of the collapse of the Union decided to detain him upon arrival as far as possible from the White House. Other putschists decided to go to Gorbachev, to convince him to introduce a state of emergency by their decree and appeal to the people.
On August 19, the media announced the resignation of M. Gorbachev for health reasons, and. about. President was appointed Gennady Yanaev.
Yeltsin and his supporters were supported by the opposition radio Ekho Moskvy. The Alpha detachment arrived at the president's dacha, but no order was issued to block it or take it into custody, so Boris Nikolayevich was able to mobilize all his supporters.
Yeltsin arrives at the White House, and local rallies begin in Moscow. Ordinary democratic-minded citizens are trying to resist the GKChP. The protesters built barricades on the square and dismantled the paving stones. Tanks without ammunition and 10 BRMDs were brought to the square.
On the 21st mass clashes began, three citizens were killed. The conspirators were arrested, and Boris Yeltsin, whose years of rule were tense from the very beginning, dissolved the CPSU and nationalized the property of the party. The coup plan failed.
As a result, in December 1991, secretly from M. Gorbachev, the Belovezhskaya Accords were signed, which put an end to the USSR and gave rise to new independent republics.
Crisis of 1993
In September 1993, former associates quarreled. B. N. Yeltsin, whose years of rule were very difficult in the initial period, understood that the opposition in the person of Vice-President A. Rutskoi and the Supreme Council of the RSFSR in every possible way hinders new economic reforms. In this regard, B. Yeltsin issued a decree in 1400 - on the dissolution of the Armed Forces. A decision was made on new elections to the Federal Assembly.
Naturally, such a monopolization of power caused a protest among the members of the Supreme Council. As usual, equipment was driven to the capital, people were taken to the streets. Several times they tried to impeach the president, but Yeltsin ignored the law. Supporters of the Armed Forces were dispersed, opposition leaders were arrested. As a result of the clashes, according to various sources, about 200 people died, more than a thousand were injured and wounded.
After the victory of B. Yeltsin and his supporters in Russia, there was a transitional period of the president's dictatorship. All authorities linking Russia with the USSR were liquidated.
Socio-economic reforms of B. Yeltsin
Many economists and politicians, looking back at the years of Yeltsin's rule in Russia, call his policies chaotic and stupid. It didn't have a clear plan. For the first few years, the state was generally in a political crisis, which eventually resulted in the 1993 coup.
Many of the ideas of the president and his supporters were promising, but in implementing them according to the old monopolized system, Yeltsin ran into many pitfalls. As a result, the reform of the state led to a protracted crisis in the economic sphere, the loss of deposits from the population and complete distrust of the authorities.
The main reforms of President Yeltsin:
- price liberalization, free market;
- land reform - the transfer of land to private hands;
- privatization;
- reforming political power.
First Chechen War
In 1991, the independent Republic of Ichkeria was formed on the territory of Chechnya. This state of affairs did not suit Russia. Dzhokhar Dudayev became the president of the new independent republic. The Russian Armed Forces declared the elections invalid. The victory of the separatist forces led to the collapse of the Chechen-Ingush Republic. Ingushetia decided to remain autonomous within Russia. Based on this desire, Boris Yeltsin, whose years of rule were already washed with rivers of blood, decided to send troops during the 1992 Ossetian-Ingush conflict. Chechnya was actually an independent state, not recognized by anyone. In fact, a civil war was going on in the country. In 1994, Yeltsin decided to send troops to restore order in the Chechen People's Republic. As a result, the armed conflict with the use of Russian troops lasted two years.
Second presidential term
The second presidential term was extremely difficult for B. Yeltsin. Firstly, constant heart problems affected, and secondly, the country was on the verge of a crisis, which the "sick" president did not have the strength to cope with. The newly elected president staked on the "political youth" represented by Chubais and Nemtsov. Their active implementation of the reformist course did not lead to the expected increase in GDP, the country lived on multi-billion dollar loans. In 1998, Yeltsin, whose years of rule were not successful for the state, began to look for a successor. They became the unknown head of the FSB - V. Putin.
Resignation
In 1998, Boris Yeltsin's "sand" economy collapsed. Default, price increases, job cuts, total instability, shutdown of large enterprises. The virtual market economy could not withstand the harsh realities. Having chosen a worthy candidate for his post and secured V. Putin's commitment to a comfortable old age, the first President of Russia, having addressed the TV audience, resigned.
For a person who survived the "dashing nineties", this period is associated with crime, queues, and the popularization of American culture. And also with the image of the president conducting the German orchestra and dancing "Kalinka-Malinka". It was a time of unlimited freedom, wild capitalism and a reassessment of values. There is no exact periodization, but we can assume that the era of bandits and general devastation ended when Yeltsin stepped down as president.
early years
He was originally from the Sverdlovsk region. He was born on February 1, 1931. The childhood of the future politician passed in the city of Berezniki: here his father worked at the construction site of a chemical plant. After leaving school, Boris Yeltsin entered the Ural Polytechnic Institute. Received a degree in civil engineering. In his student years he went in for sports, played for the city volleyball team.
Sverdlovsk regional committee
In the mid-fifties, the career of Boris Yeltsin began. He mastered several construction specialties. Joined the party. In 1975, he took the post of secretary of the Sverdlovsk regional committee. By his order, a high-rise building was erected in the city, which the locals call differently: “Wisdom Tooth”, “White House”, “Party Member”. Yeltsin also organized the construction of a highway that connects Sverdlov with the northern part of the region. Thanks to his active work, the inhabitants of the barracks found housing in apartment buildings.
Moscow city committee
Boris Yeltsin held the post of secretary of the Moscow City Committee since 1985. With his arrival, the purge of the party apparatus of Moscow began. He deprived the positions of many officials in the MGU CPSU. Under Yeltsin, a ban was introduced on the demolition of buildings of historical significance.
People's Deputy of the USSR
Yeltsin did not win the 1989 elections. But one of the deputies refused the mandate in his favor. The first Russian president was one of the most scandalous personalities in Russian politics. In 1989, he was invited to the United States, and, according to the media, he performed in a drunken state. However, this story was perceived as a provocation against Yeltsin, whose views differed from the official ideology. In 1990 future president got into an air accident. Hints appeared in the newspapers that this catastrophe was organized by the KGB. In May of the same year, Yeltsin was elected chairman of the Supreme Soviet, in which the notes in the press played a significant role.
August coup
In June 1991, the first national elections were held in Russia. Yeltsin collected 57% of the votes. Two months later, an event occurred that millions of residents of the post-Soviet space associate with the riots in Moscow and the endless "Swan Lake" on television. Yeltsin played a leading role here, turning the Russian House of Soviets into a center of resistance. So there was no huge multinational state. We will not go into the details of the economic and ideological crises that engulfed the country at the end of the millennium. Let's move on to the main part of today's story - to that significant day when Yeltsin stepped down from the presidency.
Courageous act
When did Yeltsin step down as president? At the peak of the difficult situation in Russia. Many politicians and experts even today call Yeltsin's act unprecedented and courageous. Although some believe that this step was somewhat belated.
Many people criticize Yeltsin's policy, paying special attention to miscalculations in the international arena. At the same time, researchers note numerous merits, including the creation of the Constitution.
When Yeltsin stepped down as president
The first president gave the impression of an eccentric personality. The way Boris Yeltsin stepped down as president was perceived by ordinary citizens as a surprise, a whim. On December 31, the country celebrated as usual. This day is for everyone former citizen The USSR is associated with Olivier salad, Soviet champagne and the President's speech. It is, as a rule, predictable, of little content. But not the last New Year's speech of the first Russian President. This performance amazed the whole world, and later gave rise to many legends. So, Boris Nikolayevich was later credited with the words "I'm leaving, I'm tired." He didn't say them.
When did Yeltsin step down as president of Russia? A few minutes before the start of the new millennium. Citizens tuned in for a carefree celebration, for cheerful conversations and watching New Year's programs. But it was not there. The night from December 31 to January 1 was devoted to talk about Boris Nikolayevich and his successor. TV crews edited a whole film dedicated to the life and work of this outstanding personality with amazing speed. There were no traditional shows with the participation of pop stars this New Year's Eve. Only politics.
Presidential Marathon
Famous politicians and public figures love to write memoirs. More precisely, to order books about yourself from professional writers. Boris Nikolaevich was no exception. In 2000, the book “Presidential Marathon” was published, which contains the answer to the question “Why did Yeltsin leave the presidency?”.
There is a version that he did not plan to participate in the 1996 elections. By that time, it had lost its former popularity, in which it played an important role Chechen campaign. His main opponent was the communist leader Zyuganov. Perhaps that is why he decided to run for a second term. President Yeltsin needed a successor. But back to the events of 1999.
Boris Yeltsin, according to the book "Presidential Marathon", informed Alexander Voloshin and his daughter Tatyana about his decision. My wife found out about it only on the morning of December 31st. Yeltsin told Naina Iosifovna about his upcoming resignation from the post of President of the Russian Federation a few minutes before he got into the official car and left for the Kremlin. By the way, the relatives of Boris Nikolaevich were immensely happy. During the nine years of his presidency, as Yeltsin's widow later said, they were quite tired.
Elections to the Duma were held the day before. The new Unity party, led by the then little-known but sympathetic Putin, showed good results. This was the impetus for making an important decision. But why December 31st? Why did Yeltsin resign as president of the Russian Federation in the last hours of the outgoing year?
brilliant move
By his resignation, Boris Yeltsin predetermined the victory of Vladimir Putin in the upcoming presidential elections. According to most political experts, it was a brilliant move. In addition, Yeltsin relinquished power voluntarily. And this step could be regarded as a courageous act. After all, none of the Russian and Soviet rulers has ever given up power of their own free will. It was an unprecedented event in national history.
In the last years of his reign, Yeltsin often replaced some people with others. The scene in which the President of Russia pronounces the phrase “They didn’t sit down like that!” With a formidable look, after which his subordinates in a hurry take the “right” places, has become legendary. Despite unexpected actions that seemed strange to many, Yeltsin managed to form an effective team.
Six months before he delivered the New Year's speech, which later went down in history, State Duma deputies attempted to remove him from presidential duties. A committee was set up to prepare the document. It contained accusations of the collapse of the USSR, unleashing Chechen war, the genocide of the peoples of Russia. In December it was close to zero. Prime Minister Putin, meanwhile, was gaining great popularity.
Yeltsin resigned from the presidency suddenly, on New Year's Eve. Thus, he caught his opponents by surprise. Putin was appointed acting, who on that significant night delivered his first New Year's address to Russian citizens. The Prime Minister signed a decree the same day that guaranteed Boris Yeltsin protection from prosecution.
Yeltsin's last address was solemn and emotional. Having uttered the final phrase, he fell silent, and, as the cameraman later claimed, tears were pouring down his face. The Russians were in extreme agitation. They didn't know what lay ahead of them. And a new era was waiting for them - the era of a strong ruler who is unlikely to ever deliver such a speech.
First President of the Russian Federation
First President of the Russian Federation (twice elected to this post in 1991 and 1996), former Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR (1990-1991), former First Secretary of the Moscow City Committee (1985-1987) and the Sverdlovsk Regional Committee of the CPSU (1976-1985), in 1981 -1990 was a member of the Central Committee of the CPSU, in 1986-1988 - a candidate for the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU, left the party at the XXVIII Congress of the CPSU. Starting in 1987, he was in conflict with the party leadership, including General Secretary of the Central Committee Mikhail Gorbachev, who later became president of the USSR. The conflict intensified after Yeltsin was elected president of the RSFSR in 1991. Yeltsin won a victory over Gorbachev after, in August of the same year, he suppressed an attempted coup d'état undertaken by members of the State Emergency Committee. He was one of the initiators of the liquidation of the Soviet Union, banned the activities of the CPSU. He supported the privatization of state property in the country under a voucher scheme and the transition to a market economy model, including the loans-for-shares auctions of 1995-96. He ordered the use of weapons during the parliamentary crisis of 1993 and the entry of troops into Chechnya in 1994. In 1999, he voluntarily transferred presidential powers to his successor Vladimir Putin before the expiration of his presidential term. He died of cardiac arrest in April 2007.
Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin was born on February 1, 1931 in the village of Butka, Talitsky District, Sverdlovsk Region. In 1955 he graduated from the construction department of the Ural Polytechnic Institute named after Kirov. After high school, he worked in his specialty, having gone from a master to the head of the Sverdlovsk DSK. In 1961, Yeltsin joined the CPSU, and in 1968 he was invited to party work, becoming head of the construction department of the Sverdlovsk regional committee of the CPSU. In 1975, Yeltsin was appointed secretary, and in 1976 - first secretary of the Sverdlovsk regional committee of the CPSU.
In 1981, Yeltsin was elected a member of the CPSU Central Committee, and in April 1985 he was appointed head of the construction department of the CPSU Central Committee. In July of the same year, Yeltsin became Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU for construction. In December 1985, Yeltsin headed the Moscow City Committee (MGK) of the party, in 1986 he became a candidate member of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee. In November 1987, after a series of critical speeches against the leadership of the party, Yeltsin was removed from his post, and in the spring next year he was removed from the list of candidates for membership in the Politburo, leaving him a member of the Central Committee. In December 1987, Yeltsin was appointed to the minor post of first deputy chairman of the Gosstroy of the USSR.
In 1989, Yeltsin became a deputy of the First Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR. At the congress he was elected a member of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. In May 1990, at the First Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR, Yeltsin was elected Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR. In July 1990, at the XXVIII (last) Congress of the CPSU, Yeltsin left the party. He criticized the Communist Party and personally its leader, Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev. As a result of the referendum, the majority of the population of the RSFSR voted for the introduction of the post of president of Russia, which created a situation of dual power and conflict between the two presidents - the USSR and the RSFSR. On June 12, 1991, Yeltsin was elected the first president of Russia.
During the days of the rebellion on August 19-21, 1991, Yeltsin suppressed an attempted coup d'état undertaken by members of the State Emergency Committee. He issued a number of decrees that expanded the powers of the President of the RSFSR in the field of command and control of the armed forces, internal affairs bodies, reassigning a number of allied ministries and departments to the President of the RSFSR, as well as documents, according to which all property in Russia passed under the jurisdiction of the republic. After the suppression of the putsch, Yeltsin signed a decree on the dissolution of the Communist Party of the RSFSR, and on November 6 of the same year, a decree on the termination of the activities of the structures of the CPSU and the Communist Party of the RSFSR in Russia and the nationalization of their property. After the liquidation of the Soviet Union as a result of the signing of the Belovezhskaya Accords, which was attended by the leaders of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus, Soviet President Gorbachev resigned and transferred control of strategic nuclear weapons to Yeltsin.
In 1992-1993, a group of economists-young reformers, with the support of the President of Russia, carried out an economic reform and carried out voucher privatization. Despite the global nature of changes in the country's economy, its results were ambiguously assessed in the press, as well as the results of the loans-for-shares auctions held in 1995 by Yeltsin's decree. Designed to replenish the budget, they became a way by which big businessmen divided the main Russian enterprises among themselves. Despite a number of positive consequences of this, the majority of the population assessed the privatization of large state property extremely negatively.
In 1992-1993, a conflict arose and escalated between Yeltsin and the deputies of the Supreme Council and the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation. It led to the bloody events of September-October 1993 in Moscow, when supporters of the Supreme Soviet attempted to seize the Ostankino television center, and troops loyal to Yeltsin shot down the parliament building.
During Yeltsin's presidency, the first war in Chechnya of 1994-1996 fell, which became an attempt to use force to resolve the conflict related to the delimitation of powers between the center and the regions. fighting were characterized by a large number of casualties among the population, the military and law enforcement officers. During the war, the first major terrorist attacks on Russian territory took place, resulting in a large number of victims - the attack of Shamil Basayev's militants on the Stavropol city of Budennovsk and Salman Raduev's militants - on the Dagestan city of Kizlyar. In 1996, shortly after Yeltsin was re-elected for a second term, the Khasavyurt Peace Accords were signed, putting an end to the bloodshed.
In 1996, Yeltsin was re-elected President of Russia. The media wrote then that his victory prevented the possibility of a "communist revenge": the elections were held in two rounds, and Yeltsin's rival was the leader of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation Gennady Zyuganov, who sharply criticized all the main Russian innovations that occurred under Yeltsin.
In 1998, the press wrote about the government crisis in Russia. That year, Yeltsin dismissed four heads of the government of the Russian Federation one by one - Viktor Chernomyrdin, Sergei Kiriyenko, Yevgeny Primakov, Sergei Stepashin. A number of publications noted that the change of prime ministers was due to the fact that Yeltsin was looking for a suitable successor. After Secretary of the Security Council Vladimir Putin was appointed acting Prime Minister of the Russian Federation, Yeltsin introduced him as the person he would like to see as the new president. On December 31, 1999, Yeltsin addressed the Russians with a New Year's greeting on television, in which he announced the early resignation of the powers of the president of Russia and the appointment of Putin as acting head of state. On becoming president of the Russian Federation in May 2000, Putin's first act was to sign a decree providing personal security guarantees to his predecessor.
Yeltsin was awarded the Order of Merit for the Fatherland, I degree, as well as the Order of Lenin, two Orders of the Red Banner of Labor, the Order of the Badge of Honor, the Order of Gorchakov (the highest award of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation), the Order of the Royal Order of Peace and Justice (UNESCO) , medals "Shield of Freedom" and "For Selflessness and Courage" (USA), the Order of the Knight Grand Cross (the highest state award in Italy). He is a holder of the Order of Malta, was awarded the highest award of Belarus - the Order of Francysk Skaryna. In April 2001, Yeltsin was awarded the badge of honor "Nikita Demidov" (the highest award of the International Demidov Foundation) for his contribution to the strengthening of Russian statehood.
The first president of Russia published three books: "Confession on a given topic" (1991), "Notes of the President" (1994) and "Presidential Marathon" (2000). Among his hobbies were called hunting, as well as music, literature, cinema. Yeltsin is a master of sports in volleyball, later he became interested in tennis (during his reign, this sport received the status of "presidential sport" in Russia).
Yeltsin was married, met his wife Naina Iosifovna while studying at the institute. The Yeltsins have two daughters, Elena and Tatyana. Elena, according to media reports for 2005, is the wife of the head of the Aeroflot company Valery Okulov, they have three children. The youngest daughter, Tatiana, during the reign of Yeltsin bore the surname Dyachenko and was an adviser to her father. The media called her "a real informal leader" of the presidential entourage. In December 2001, she married Valentin Yumashev, taking his last name. She has three children from three marriages. According to some reports, Tatyana Yumasheva is one of the richest women in Europe, but no documentary evidence of this was given. Among the family members of the first president, the media also named Yumashev's daughter from her first marriage, Polina, who married the chairman of the board of directors of the Russian Aluminum company.
