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How Turgenev and Tolstoy quarreled. Unknown facts about famous writers. Leo Tolstoy with whom Tolstoy spoke

October 9, 2014, 11:44

In the comments to my previous post, several times there were phrases, they say, “only Tolstoy is missing here!”, “Tolstoy would have been here - he would have given odds to Lermontov” and others. I searched the Internet and, in my opinion, did not find anything so terrifying)) well, yes, a Don Juan, a womanizer and even a misogynist, as it seemed to me))) But our sister in those days was often underestimated by the male part of society ... About everything order. First, have you seen Tolstoy without a beard?))

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1848-1849, beardless)))

1856. I. A. Goncharov, I. S. Turgenev (Gossip van love), L. N. Tolstoy, D. V. Grigorovich, A. V. Druzhinin and A. N. Ostrovsky. Mustaches!

he is (1856) - USYYY!

1862 - this is so far ... by Tolstoy's standards - a beard)))

From photos to words!

♦ Leo Tolstoy was an amorous person. Even before his marriage, he had numerous relationships of fornication. He got along with the female servants in the house, and with peasant women from subject villages, and with gypsies. He even seduced his aunt's maid, an innocent peasant girl Glasha. When the girl became pregnant, the mistress kicked her out, but her relatives did not want to accept her. And, probably, Glasha would have died if Tolstoy's sister had not taken her to her. (Perhaps this case formed the basis of the novel "Sunday"). Tolstoy then made a promise to himself: "In my village, not to have a single woman, except for some cases, which I will not look for, but I will not miss."

♦ Lev Nikolaevich's connection with the peasant woman Aksinya Bazykina was especially long and strong. Their relationship lasted three years, although Aksinya was a married woman. Tolstoy described this in the story "The Devil". When Lev Nikolaevich wooed his future wife Sofya Bers, he still kept in touch with Aksinya, who became pregnant.
♦ Before his marriage, Tolstoy gave his bride to read his diaries, in which he frankly described all his love interests, which caused a shock in an inexperienced girl. She remembered this all her life. Eighteen-year-old wife Sonya was inexperienced and cold in intimate relationships, which upset her experienced thirty-four-year-old husband. During the wedding night, it even seemed to him that he was hugging not his wife, but a porcelain doll.

♦ Leo Tolstoy was not an angel. He cheated on his wife even during her pregnancy. Justifying himself through the mouth of Stiva in the novel Anna Karenina, Leo Tolstoy admits: “What to do, you tell me what to do? The wife is getting old and you are full of life. You will not have time to look back, as you already feel that you cannot love your wife with love, no matter how much you respect her. And then love suddenly turns up, and you are gone, gone!”

♦ At the end of 1899, Tolstoy wrote in his diary: “The main cause of family misfortunes is that people are brought up in the idea that marriage gives happiness. Attracts to marriage sex drive, which takes the form of a promise, a hope for happiness, which is supported by public opinion and literature; but marriage is not only not happiness, but always suffering, with which a person pays for the satisfaction of sexual desire.

♦ Alexander Goldenweiser wrote: “Over the years, Tolstoy expresses his opinions about women more and more often. These opinions are terrible.

“If you need a comparison, then marriage should be compared with a funeral, and not with a name day,” said Leo Tolstoy. - The man walked alone - five pounds were tied to his shoulders, and he rejoices. What is there to say, that if I walk alone, then I am free, and if my foot is tied with the foot of a woman, then she will follow me and interfere with me.
- Why did you get married? the countess asked.
“But I didn’t know it then.
You are constantly changing your beliefs.
Two strangers come together, and they remain strangers for the rest of their lives. … Of course, who wants to get married, let him get married. Maybe he will be able to arrange his life well. But let him only look at this step as a fall, and apply all his care only to making coexistence as happy as possible.

♦ At the end of his life, Tolstoy experienced a collapse. Collapsed his ideas about family happiness. Leo Tolstoy was unable to change the life of his family in accordance with his views. In accordance with his teachings, Tolstoy tried to get rid of attachment to loved ones, tried to be even and friendly to everyone.Sofya Andreevna, on the contrary, maintained a warm attitude towards her husband, but she hated the teachings of Tolstoy with all the strength of her soul.

–You will wait to be led to prison on a rope! Sofya Andreevna frightened.
“That’s all I need,” Lev Nikolayevich answered imperturbably.

♦ For the last fifteen years of his life, Tolstoy thought about becoming a wanderer. But he did not dare to leave the family, the value of which he preached in his life and in his work. Under the influence of like-minded people, Leo Tolstoy renounced copyright on works created by him after 1891. In 1895, Tolstoy formulated in his diary his will in case of death. He advised the heirs to give up copyright on his writings. “If you do it,” Tolstoy wrote, “it’s good. It will be good for you too; if you don’t, it’s your business. So you are not ready to do it. ". Tolstoy transferred all his rights to property to his wife. Sofya Andreevna wanted to become the heiress of everything created by her great husband. And that was a lot of money in those days. It was because of this that a family conflict broke out. There was no longer spiritual closeness and mutual understanding between the spouses. The interests and values of the family were in the first place for Sofya Andreevna. She took care of the financial support of her children.And Tolstoy dreamed of giving everything away and becoming a wanderer.

♦ Further - in her own words: Sofya Andreevna practically went crazy, the doctors diagnosed her with a degenerative double constitution: paranoid and hysterical, with the former predominating. And the 82-year-old Tolstoy suffered for his own reasons, could not stand it (even began to fear for his life) and escaped in the middle of the night with the help of his daughter: he wanted to go to Kakaz, but fell ill along the way, got off at the Astapovo station and after a while died in the apartment of the head of the station . Being near death, he asked not to let his wife go to him. In his delirium, it seemed to him that his wife was following him and wanted to take him home, where Tolstoy terribly did not want to return. And Sofya Andreevna was very upset by the death of her husband and even wanted to commit suicide. At the end of her life, Sofya Andreevna confessed to her daughter: “Yes, I lived for forty-eight years with Lev Nikolaevich, but I never found out what kind of person he was ...”

This is about love and love things. Now, more familiar and familiar facts:

♦ From his youth, the future genius of Russian literature was quite passionate. Once, in a card game with his neighbor, the landowner Gorokhov, Leo Tolstoy lost the main building of the hereditary estate - the estate of Yasnaya Polyana. A neighbor dismantled the house and took it to him for 35 miles as a trophy.

♦ The great writer Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy had a great interest in India and in Vedic philosophy, much deeper than is generally accepted by his contemporaries. Tolstoy's ideas of non-resistance to evil by violence, set forth in the writer's works, had a strong influence on the young Mahatma Gandhi, who later led the nationalist movement of India and achieved its peaceful separation from England in 1947.

♦ Tolstoy communicated with Chekhov and Gorky. He was also familiar with Turgenev, but the writers failed to become friends - after a quarrel based on beliefs, they did not talk for many years, it almost came to a duel.

♦ In October 1885, during a conversation with Wilchm Frey, L.N. Tolstoy first learned the preaching of vegetarianism and immediately accepted this teaching. After realizing the knowledge gained, Tolstoy immediately abandoned meat and fish. Soon his example was followed by his daughters - Tatyana and Maria Tolstoy.

♦ Leo Tolstoy until the end of his days called himself a Christian, although he was excommunicated from Orthodox Church. This did not prevent him in the 70s from becoming seriously interested in the occult. When Tolstoy died, it was the first public funeral in Russia. famous person who did not pass according to the Orthodox rite (without priests and prayers, without candles and icons)

♦ Instead of a pectoral cross, Leo Tolstoy wore a portrait of the French enlightener J.J. Rousseau.

♦ It is believed that the Tolstoy movement (of which, for example, Bulgakov was an adherent) was founded by Leo Tolstoy himself. This is not true. Lev Nikolevich treated numerous organizations of people who considered themselves his followers with caution, and even with disgust.

And a little more lust:

♦ For the first time Tolstoy knew the joys of carnal love at the age of 14 with a luxurious, magnificent 25-year-old maid. Then for twenty years Tolstoy dreamed of love and family idyll and wrestled with the temptations of the flesh. They say that once Lev Nikolaevich asked Chekhov: "Were you a lot of whore when you were young?" While Anton Pavlovich was mumbling something, Tolstoy said contritely: "I was indefatigable." There are still publications about the illegitimate descendants of the writer.

♦ They say that on the day of the wedding, Leo Tolstoy managed to remain shirtless. All things were packed on the occasion of the departure of the young, the shops were closed on Sunday. The groom was eagerly awaited in the church, and he rushed around the house, looking for a shirt and imagined with horror what the bride would think of him.

P.S. A similar story happened to my husband on the wedding day - he didn’t lose his shirt, but found it dirty, because the day before he washed the car at the car wash and water somehow leaked into the salon, where a suit and shirt hung on a hanger. Our wedding was in a small town little known to him, and he and his friends spent the whole morning looking for a store and a new white shirt) As a result, they bought some for 400 rubles)))) a suit for thousands of millions, and a shirt for a penny )

Repin's friendship with the writer Leo Tolstoy

Repin's friendship with the writer Leo Tolstoy

Repin met Leo Tolstoy while living in Moscow. Already from the first meetings between the two great people, mutual sympathy arose, which soon turned into a great friendship that lasted for three decades, until the death of the writer.

Almost daily meetings in Moscow, when both of them lived there, further - correspondence and meetings with Tolstoy in Moscow and in Yasnaya Polyana, where the artist came almost every year, were fruitful for both Repin and Tolstoy. Their constant conversations about art fertilized the creative thought of both.

Their friendship also served a great service to Russian art - Repin created a whole gallery of portraits of Lev Nikolaevich, both in oil, and in watercolor, and in pen, and in pencil. He created such portraits of Tolstoy that were not surpassed by anyone, although Lev Nikolaevich was painted by the largest Russian artists.

Portrait of the writer Leo Tolstoy. 1887

In October 1880, one evening, quite unexpectedly for Repin, Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy, who had come to Moscow from Yasnaya Polyana for a short time, came to the Repin workshop in Bolshoy Trubny Lane, quite unexpectedly for Repin.

This is how they met in person.

Repin later wrote: “... I imagined ... that Leo Tolstoy was a very peculiar gentleman, count, tall, dark-haired and not so big-headed ... And this is a strange person, some kind of activist by passion, a convinced preacher .. He is shocked, upset by something - a tragic note sounds in his voice, and from under thick menacing eyebrows the eyes of strict repentance shine with a phosphorescent brilliance.

Unfortunately, the artist recorded very little in his memoirs and in his letters about the big conversation that took place during this first meeting with Tolstoy. Lev Nikolaevich spoke of the blatant indifference to the horrors of the life of the common people, that people are so accustomed to these horrors that they don’t even notice them, that people have lost their conscience, treat poor people unscrupulously enslaved and constantly oppressed unfairly.

Repin wrote to V.V. Stasov: “I felt like such a trifle, a nonentity, a boy! I wanted to listen to him and listen to him endlessly, to question him about everything. And he was not stingy ... he spoke a lot, cordially and captivatingly ... (He was deeply moved and excited, as it seemed to me; and for good reason, he expressed deep faith in the Russian people).

When Lev Nikolaevich left, Repin asked permission to take him to the apartment - about a quarter of an hour's walk from the house where Repin lived. Saying goodbye, Tolstoy invited Repin to visit him at the end of the working day in order to take pre-lunch walks together. These walks subsequently became a habit with them and took place almost daily.

They talked, not noticing either the time or the place, they forgot about dinner, sometimes they climbed very far and got pretty tired, so they returned home on a horse-drawn horse, always upstairs, on the "imperial", as Tolstoy liked. “At dusk,” Repin recalled, “Moscow was lit up with lights; from our tower it was interesting to observe the ebullient city during these hours of special movement and haste of the townsfolk. The anthill swarmed and sank in the darkening depths of the streets, in darkness.

Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy on vacation in the forest. 1891

Repin often visited the house of Lev Nikolaevich in Khamovniki. In 1882, he painted there a portrait of Tolstoy's follower, Vasily Kirillovich Syutaev, shown at the 10th Traveling Exhibition.
But Repin did not start creating the image of Tolstoy for a long time, he studied Lev Nikolayevich, looked closely at him, and only in 1887 painted the first portrait of the writer.

Even earlier, in 1882-1886, Repin made several drawings depicting Tolstoy on the All-Russian population census.

Plowman. Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy on arable land. 1887

The artist began to create a whole Tolstoy suite only five years later. In 1887, having visited Moscow in August, Repin went to Yasnaya Polyana, stayed there for a week, made a number of sketches of Tolstoy and painted a magnificent portrait of Lev Nikolayevich - in an armchair with a book in his hand and a series of drawings depicting Lev Nikolayevich plowing.

These drawings later served as material for Repin to create the painting "Tolstoy on Plowed Field". “We have - tomorrow it will be a week - Repin lives and paints my portrait - and takes my time, but I am glad and very fond of him,” Tolstoy wrote to V.G. Chertkov. - ...he's very nice and serious person. We talked a lot with him. He's moved a lot since I didn't see him."

In another letter, Tolstoy wrote: “I fell in love with him even more. A living, growing man." And in a letter to N.N.Strakhov: "I appreciate Repin as much as you do, and I love him heartily ... I know that he loves me, as I love him."

The portrait of Tolstoy was made in two versions. In the first version, Lev Nikolaevich sits in an armchair behind a large desk. There is a large bookcase in the background. On the table are books, paper, correspondence, an inkwell. In Tolstoy's hand is a pamphlet. Repin did not like this option, and he made a second portrait.

Here Repin discarded all household accessories: there is no bookcase, everything has been removed from the table. All attention is focused on Tolstoy. The book in the writer's hand is open, but he does not read it. A stream of thought made him put off reading. Tolstoy is all concentrated, he ponders over what he has read. The viewer sees, feels this work of the mind of a great thinker.

“This is a major historical monument,” wrote Stasov to P.M. Tretyakov about the portrait, “but together it is one of the most amazing genres of the entire Russian school.” And Stasov exclaims: “And how our Repin goes forward - just with giant steps!”

Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy barefoot. 1891. Study for a portrait

Repin iconography of Leo Tolstoy, known to us, has 12 portraits, 25 drawings, 8 sketches of members of the Tolstoy family and 17 illustrations for Tolstoy's works; in addition, Repin fashioned three busts of Lev Nikolaevich. Huge and magnificent art gallery! It is unlikely that there will be another artist in the world who would so consistently reproduce the appearance of one person in his works.

He wrote to Tolstoy's daughter Tatyana Lvovna: “How well I lived in Yasnaya Polyana! These seventeen days were so pure, fresh, clear, filled with interesting work and pleasant, joyful rest. How many varied people, impressions and thoughts! How many special episodes, so sinking into the soul, persistently pursuing, prompting to express themselves in some kind of artistic form.

And all this is just an accessory, just a background for the main figure. A venerable man with hanging eyebrows, concentrating everything in himself, with his kind eyes, like the sun, illuminates everything. "We work until we drop!" - Repin wrote to Stasov from Yasnaya Polyana. And, indeed, he worked until he dropped. Of his paintings of 1891, it is necessary to note the portrait of Tolstoy in the study, then the painting “Tolstoy on Rest” and a large portrait, full-length, in the forest.

Repin depicted Tolstoy on vacation lying under a tree in the forest, with a book in his hand - the usual rest of Lev Nikolayevich. Repin wrote about the idea of this picture:

beautiful picture

The third picture of 1891 depicts Tolstoy in the forest, at prayer. He is in a long white shirt, barefoot. The face is concentrated, serious. In 1891, Repin also sculpted a bust of Lev Nikolayevich.

In the memoirs of Sofya Andreevna Tolstoy, we find a brief record of how Repin worked: “He worked tirelessly all the time,” wrote Sofya Andreevna. - ... After the painting, the indefatigable Ilya Efimovich began to quickly and diligently sculpt a bust of Lev Nikolaevich ... How interesting it was to see and follow for the first time the work and sculpture of a gifted artist ... He himself, quiet, very secretive and in the highest degree hardworking, left the most pleasant impression. He often said modestly to himself: "I'm not talented at all, I'm just hardworking."

The final stage of this great and lasting friendship was Repin's telegram to Sofya Andreevna Tolstaya on the day of the death of Leo Nikolayevich: “It has happened. I mourn for you, but his spirit lives on. The hearts of truth are free to mourn sincerely. The arrogant mercenaries have been eliminated, thank God.” In the book Far Close, Repin dedicated magnificent pages of memoirs to his great Friend.

Plan - summary of lesson No. 69 in literature (Grade 10) 02/26/2016 on the topic

Through the pages of a great life.

L. N. Tolstoy - man, thinker, writer

Goals:
1.Educational:

Expansion, deepening and systematization of knowledge about the personality of Leo Tolstoy and his worldview.

2.Educational:

Education on the example of the personality of the writer L.N. Tolstoy, education of the skills of working in a team, responsibility for the task assigned,instill an interest in classical literature

3.Developing:

Development of communication skills, the ability to think, analyze, generalize and draw conclusions; development of cognitive activity.

Tasks :
1. Educational: Expand, deepen and systematize knowledge about the personality of Leo Tolstoy.
2. Educational: Actively think and work, listen carefully to the speakers, supplement, speak competently and clearly. Make a conclusion about the significance of the personality of L.N. Tolstoy for Russian and world literature and culture.
3. Developing: Think, analyze, actively express your point of view, draw conclusions about the personal qualities of the writer.

Lesson type: mastering new knowledge

Forms of work: individual, collective.

Equipment: presentation, portrait of Leo Tolstoy

Epigraph: Without knowing Tolstoy, one cannot consider oneself a cultured person.

M. Gorky

During the classes

1. Organizational moment

slide 1

In today's lesson, we will talk about the life of Leo Tolstoy, his worldview; let's recall the historical and cultural events witnessed by Tolstoy, reflect on the statements of Tolstoy and his contemporaries about him, and work with the writer's diaries.

2. Learning new material

a) The era of Leo Tolstoy

teacher's word

As an epigraph to the entire cycle of lessons, I took the words

M. Gorky: "Without knowing Tolstoy, one cannot consider oneself a cultured person."

(the epigraph is written on the board)

We will return to these words at the end of the topic, but here is part of the quote

we use today.

Question: Guys, what do you think is meant by

expression: know Tolstoy?

Students: (they reason and draw the following conclusion: to know Tolstoy is

means to study his biography, to get acquainted with Tolstoy-man,

Tolstoy-writer)

Teacher: Yes, of course, without studying and understanding his life, one cannot

truly comprehend the work of the great writer.

“The element of Tolstoy's genius is consonant with the boundless sea. You read it and plunge into the depths of the human soul, merged with nature. Whatever aspects of life this amazing artist touched, he painted widely, humanly wisely and simply.

Tolstoy's whole life was a struggle, a protest against all evil and violence, all his work served to affirm high moral ideals. Without studying and understanding his life, it is impossible to truly comprehend the work of the great writer. This is the leitmotif of our today's lesson about Leo Tolstoy.

Let's try to figure out together what this wonderful person is close and dear to us.

slide 2

The teacher gives the floor to the student, who will answer the questions:

1. What historical events did the writer witness?

2. In what years does the heyday of his work fall?

3. With Which of the outstanding people did L, N. Tolstoy communicate with?

Student's speech (Kusher Sveta):

When did the writer live? Quite difficult, turbulent, the time of the liberation movement, the change of cultural eras and landmarks.

Tolstoy lived a long life. (1828-1910 - covered 2 centuries)

Almost a whole century passed before the eyes of the writer, Tolstoy himself became a witness and participant in many historical events, this influenced his worldview:

death of A.S. Pushkin, 1837,

M.Yu. Lermontov, 1841,

N.V. Gogol, 1852,

Crimean War, 1853-56,

growth of the freedom movement

Peasant reform, 1861,

assassination of Alexander II by Narodnaya Volya, 1881,

Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905,

The heyday of his work falls on the 50-60s of the 19th century. It's time to work on the epic "War and Peace"

Tolstoy knew and talked a lot with many prominent people: Nekrasov, Turgenev, Ostrovsky, Tyutchev, Dostoevsky, Saltykov-Shchedrin, Goncharov, Dobrolyubov, Pisarev, Repin, Kramskoy, Perov, Surikov, Shishkin, Levitan, Fet, Chernyshevsky, Chekhov, Gorky and many others.)

Conclusion - generalization (teacher):

“Leo Tolstoy was a participant and witness to many important historical events. The historical situation was very complex and contradictory, which could not but affect the views and teachings of Tolstoy.

The heyday of the writer's work falls on the 50s - the time of the creation of the epic novel "War and Peace".

slide 3

The teacher asks to comment on the words of L. Tolstoy:"Everyone - a diamond that can purify and not purify itself. To the extent that it is purified, through which eternal light shines. Therefore, the business of man is not to try to shine, but to try to purify himself.”

Student responses.

b) L.N. Tolstoy through the eyes of artists.

Teacher's comments:“All his life Tolstoy tried to understand the essence of the destiny of man on earth. He saw the moral strength of a person in perfection, to which he himself aspired. He constantly worked on himself, replenished his knowledge, tempered his will.

“Of course, a verbal image, a literary portrait is the fundamental basis of our ideas about a writer. And yet, nothing can replace the vivid visual impressions that the portraits of L. Tolstoy evoke, created by artists - his contemporaries.

slide 4

Student's message (Dima Tarasenko): I. N. Kramskoy. “PORTRAIT OF L. N. TOLSTOY. 1873" Among the admirers of Tolstoy's talent was the founder of an art gallery in Moscow, P. M. Tretyakov. He really wanted to commission a portrait. Tolstoy for his gallery. In 1869, Tretyakov turned to A. A. Fet, knowing his friendship with Tolstoy, with a request for assistance. However, Fet's mediation did not help: Tolstoy flatly refused to pose. Only a few years later, a lucky chance allowed Tretyakov to fulfill his desire.

The history of the creation of the first pictorial portrait of Tolstoy is as follows. In the summer of 1873, Kramskoy, living in a dacha not far from Yasnaya Polyana, decided to visit the Tolstoys in order to get acquainted with Lev Nikolaevich and persuade him to pose for a portrait. However, the artist was not lucky: Tolstoy spent the summer on a farm in the Samara steppes. But Kramskoy did not lose hope of meeting the writer, about which he also wrote to Tretyakov.

On September 5, Kramskoy again came to Yasnaya Polyana. The fat ones are back. Lev Nikolaevich was not in the house, and the artist went on a search. In the yard, when asked if the count knew where, the worker replied: "That's me." This is how these two outstanding people met.

The artist was received very cordially at Yasnaya Polyana. However, Tolstoy persisted in his refusal to pose. Then Kramskoy offered to paint two portraits: one for the Tolstoy family, the other for the Tretyakov Gallery. The writer agreed, and the sessions began the next day.

Tolstoy struck and conquered Kramskoy. About his impressions, he wrote to Repin: “... Count Tolstoy, whom I wrote, is an interesting person, even amazing. I spent several days with him and was in an excited state all the time ... It looks like a genius. The foresight of the artist contributed to the successful work. And although Kramskoy painted two portraits at the same time, two different images of Tolstoy appear before us. In the Yasnaya Polyana (for the family) version, a person deep in his inner world, as it were, listens to what is ripening in the depths of his soul; in the Tretyakov version, the expression of Tolstoy's eyes is striking: in the testing, directed at the viewer, the strength of his spirit and insight are surprisingly conveyed. Last work was duly appreciated by contemporaries and recognized as the best portrait of Tolstoy.

Message from a student (Danilevich Oksana): I. E. Repin. "L. N. TOLSTOY, 1887

slide 5

They met on October 6, 1880 in the Moscow workshop of Repin, where L. Tolstoy went. Soon the writer moved to Moscow, and their meetings became frequent. In the evenings they took long walks along the boulevards, reflecting on life and art. Tolstoy's thoughts made the artist think about many things, sometimes even change the original idea of his works.

And Repin wrote Tolstoy for the first time only seven years after they met. Those eight summer days of 1887, spent in Yasnaya Polyana, helped the artist a lot: he saw Tolstoy at work, on walks, and in communication with his family. Ilya Efimovich wrote to Tretyakov: "I spent this time very interestingly and usefully ... What power of the immortal spirit sits in it!" Stasov, realizing the great importance of this work for Repin, wrote to him: "After all, for the first time in your life you wrote from a brilliant ... person." The work was not easy for Repin. The fact is that the artist highly appreciated the wonderful portrait created by Kramskoy, and he unwittingly had to compete with the recognized art of his recently deceased teacher. Stasov was one of the first to see Repin's portrait of Tolstoy. He was so impressed by the artist's success that he devoted a special article to this work. The critic saw Repin's merit in the fact that, deeply understanding and loving Tolstoy, he managed to convey the essence of the writer's personality by simple means: “The whole portrait gives the impression of a preacher, sower, thinker. Eyes ... look far and deep, as if straight into your heart and soul.

slide 6

b) Leo Tolstoy's diary.

Teacher's word. AT In the vast literary heritage of Tolstoy, which occupies 90 volumes of the Anniversary Edition of his works, there is a book whose fame is far from being as great as War and Peace or Anna Karenina. Meanwhile, this book, which was written intermittently for 63 years and now occupies 13 volumes in the collected works of Tolstoy, perhaps has no equal in all world literature. This book is the writer's diaries.

You will not read them without interruption, like a novel or a story. But the one who decides to get acquainted with them will undoubtedly be rewarded: a scattering of yarmany thoughts, sharp impressions, fresh pictures and observations, imprinted on the pages of Tolstoy's "Diary", allow you to look into the innermost world of the Artist.

Tolstoy's personality is inseparable from his art. We are amazed at the variety of themes, the generosity of the images, the richness of thoughts in his books. But after all, all this, including the happy labor of the imagination, was born from the experience of one's own feelings, the everyday work of the mind and heart. The diary is a true mirror of the life of the great writer.

His diary is both an eyewitness account, and a calendar of meetings, and a creative notebook. But, perhaps, most of all - a tool for self-knowledge and self-education, changing oneself.

Now you will see Tolstoy's diary entries. Think about what you can say about character traits, oh inner world writer.

The archival group is included in the work,prepared excerpts from diary entries, grouped by year. Questions for analysis:

Work with the writer's diaries.

Teacher's word:

In the spring of 1847 L.N. Tolstoy briefly ended up in the hospital. Here he began to keep a diary, and then continued it in rural solitude, during military service in St. Petersburg, traveling around Europe ... Tolstoy wrote down observations, thoughts, notes, plans for future works, words picked up in the midst of people ... The last diary entry was made three days before his death.

Slide 7

... I clearly saw that a disorderly life, which most secular people take as a consequence of youth, is nothing but a consequence of the early depravity of the soul.

1848

... Be afraid of idleness and disorder ... Be afraid of lies and vanity ... Remember and write down all useful information and thoughts ... Do not repeat other people's thoughts.

Slide 8

1855

... this is my newest rule, in addition to those that I set for myself a long time ago - to be active, reasonable and modest.

... My main goal in life is the good of my neighbor and conditional goals - literary glory, based on benefit, kindness to my neighbor ...

Slide 9

1881

Live in Yasnaya. To give Samara income to the poor ... to give more than to take ...

What do I believe? I asked myself. And he sincerely answered that I believe in being kind: to humble yourself, to forgive, to love. I believe in this with all my being...

They say go back to the church. But in the church I saw a gross, obvious and harmful deception.

Slide 10

(Very important!) Non-resistance to evil by violence is not a prescription, but an open, conscious law of life for each individual person and for all mankind - even for all living things.

What can you say about Tolstoy after reading these notes?

Teacher's word:

Tolstoy wrote down not only observations and thoughts, as already mentioned, but also plans for future works, and even individual words heard in the midst of people, His last diary entry was made three days before his death ...

From a young age, Tolstoy's fundamental feature was independence of judgment: the desire to reach everything with his own mind, not to borrow ready-made. He understands that the road of knowledge is difficult. But it seemed to him that he had only to paint his life in advance - and everything would go like clockwork. He even drew up the rules, in which he believed with all the fervor of his soul.

From the diary we see how a young man, brought up in the pampering environment of aunts and mothers and not distinguished from nature by a strong will, overcomes laziness. Tolstoy was ready to overcome human weaknesses. It is characteristic that from his youthful years he wished that fate would send him difficult trials that would require the exertion of all the forces of his soul.

Action, deed for Tolstoy and his writing. From the day the story “Childhood” appeared in Nekrasov’s journal Sovremennik in 1852 under the modest pseudonym L.N., he made his choice. But literature, literature alone, was still not enough for him.

During the reform of 1861, which abolished serfdom. Tolstoy becomes "a world mediator. In resolving disputes between landowners and peasants, he, as a rule, takes the side of the latter. In Yasnaya Polyana, Tolstoy opens a school for peasant children, he himself teaches not only literature, history, but also physics, mathematics .... In old age, looking back at his life, Tolstoy wrote in his diary:"Happy periods of my life were only those when I devoted my whole life to serving people."Life and literature are inseparable for him.

c) L.N. Tolstoy through the eyes of his contemporaries.

How do Tolstoy's contemporaries see it?

(on the quote board)

slide 11

“The whole world, the whole earth is looking at him ... living, quivering threads are stretched to him from everywhere ...”

M. Gorky

“If you could write like Tolstoy and make the whole world listen!”

T. Dreiser

student answers

L.N. Tolstoy corresponded with N.A. Nekrasov, I.S. Turgenev, A. A. Fet, I. A. Goncharov, A. N. Ostrovsky, N. G. Chernyshevsky, A. I. Herzen, M. N. Katkov, N. Shchedrin (present M. E. Saltykov) , V.A. Sollogub, N.S. Leskov, Ya.P. Polonsky, I.A. Bunin, L. Andreev, M. Gorky, V. G. Korolenko.

In these letters there was a conversation about art, its place in public life, about emotional experiences and moods. .

Since the 1980s, the nature of Leo Tolstoy's correspondence has changed. Now the initiative of written communications belongs most often not to Tolstoy anymore: writers of all stripes turn to him for an answer to the difficult questions that modernity has put before them, they are waiting for the famous writer to clarify the doubts that arise in them when reading his philosophical treatises, they are eager to know his opinion about his work.

According to S. Rozanova, “L. N. Tolstoy’s letters revealed his amazing personality with its inner independence and independence, the intensity of creative thought, the sharpness of the reaction to the phenomena of social and ideological life, his sensitivity and spiritual generosity, his high demands on himself and to his literary associates.

In his last letter, I. S. Turgenev asks L. N. Tolstoy to return to literary activity.

A. A. Fet and L. N. Tolstoy were very close friends for many years, first with each other personally, and then with entire families. They turned out to be very close spiritually, so they discussed among themselves a variety of topics, from public to the most personal.

Communication between L. N. Tolstoy and N. S. Leskov became fertile ground for reflection and creativity of both writers.

“Gorky endlessly loves Tolstoy, whom he calls a “colossal man”, is amazed at his “extraordinary creative power”. Gorky is deeply convinced: "Pushkin and he (Tolstoy) - there is nothing more majestic and dearer to us." (According to S. Rozanova)

historical era. The development of literature, art and science of the second half of XIX century. Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy () What historical events did the writer witness? In what years does the heyday of his work fall? With which of the prominent people L.N. Tolstoy spoke? January Gogol Herzen Dostoevsky Turgenev Shchedrin Ostrovsky Goncharov Korolenko Chekhov Gorky Nekrasov Tyutchev Fet Belinsky Chernyshevsky Dobrolyubov Pisarev George Sand Merimee Stendhal Balzac Maupassant Rolland Repin Fedotov Perov Kramskoy Surikov Shishkin Levitan Tretyakov Chopin Tchaikovsky Dargomyzhsky Borodin Mussorgsky Rimsky-Korsakov Balakirev Sadovsky Mochalov Yermolova Shchepkin Butlerov Mendeleev Botkin

L.N. Tolstoy in the memoirs of contemporaries "The whole world, the whole earth is looking at him ..., living, quivering threads are stretched to him from everywhere ..." M. Gorky. “If you could write like Tolstoy and make the whole world listen!” T. Dreiser. “Art and life are inseparable. No one else's work is so closely intertwined with life ... it is autobiographical in nature. According to the work of Tolstoy, we can, starting from the age of ten, step by step, trace the contradictory searches with which this restless life is so rich ... The tragedy of his art and his life was one. R. Rollan.

Ivan Nikolayevich Kramskoy I. N. Kramskoy is an outstanding Russian artist of the second half of the 19th century. His creative and social image took shape in the 1860s, an era of acute ideological struggle, during which a new artistic consciousness was formed, the art of critical realism was on the rise.

Group of members of the Association of Traveling Art Exhibitions