Reinforcing structures in English exercises. It, this, that: difference in usage. If we receive the required data

It's Sheila who/thatis planting flowers in the garden
This isSheilaplantingflowersingarden.

It wasn't the dog's barking which/that woke me up, it was the alarm clock.
Notbarkingwoke upme, aalarm.

It was Steven Spielberg who/that directed 'E.T.' and 'Jurassic Park'.
ExactlyStephenSpielbergstripped off"Alien" and"The parkjurassicperiod».

• what+ predicate + personal tobe+ subject

What keeps me in shapejogging = Jogging is what keeps me in shape.
WhatsupportsmeinformSoThisrunjogging.

Isolation of the English predicate

• what+ subject + personal todo+ predicate

What Sharon does is(to) design clothes.
ClassSharon- costume.

What Greg did was(to) update the files.
Greekasonceupdatedfiles.

• do/does/did+ infinitive

She does believe in supernatural powers.
She really believes in the supernatural.

He did go to the reception.
Hestillwentinreception.

Do staya little longer.
Wait, please.

Isolation of the English addition and circumstances

• it+ personal tobe+ addition (circumstance) + that

It's flowers thatSheila is planting in the garden.
howonceflowersplantingSheilaingarden.

It's in the garden thatSheila is planting flowers.
Exactlyingardenshellaplantingflowers.

• all (that) + main members + personal tobe+ addition (circumstance)

Expresses the narrowing of the activity.

All(that)shecaresaboutismoney.
She only cares about money.

All(that)hedidwascallmetosaygoodbye.
All it took was to say goodbye to me on the phone.

All (that) I need to do now is buy my ticket.
to meonlyleftbuyticket.

• what+ main members + private tobe+ addition

What I need isa holiday. = A holiday is what I need.
Day off- then, whatto meneed.

Interrogative emphasis

• interrogative word except which/whose(+)ever

Expresses surprise. Interrogative words other than why can be written with ever together.

Who evertold you I was getting married?
AndwhosameThisyoutold, whatIgetting married?

Whereeverdid you find this old map?
And where did you dig up that old map?

Negative selection

Ever also reinforces the negation of the subject or circumstance.

Nobody everexplained this to me.
Yesnoneto methisnotexplained.

I haven't seen this man ever before.
NeverinlifeIhisnotsaw.

English Joke

The Chinaman expressed his gratitude to that mighty physician Sing Lee, as follows:

"Me velly sick man. Me get Doctor Yuan Sin. Take him medicine. Velly more sick. Me get Doctor Hang Shi. Take him medicine. Velly bad think me go die. Me callee Doctor Kai Kon. Him busy-no can come. Me get well."

SUBJECT: " Transmission of emphasis when translating from English into Russian»

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER I. THE CONCEPT OF "EMPHASE"

1 DEFINITION OF EMPHASE

2 EMFATIC MEANS AND CONSTRUCTIONS

CHAPTER II. TRANSFER OF EMPHASE DURING TRANSLATION

2.1 TRANSLATION TRANSFORMATIONS

2.2 TRANSLATION OF EMPHASE

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION

This work is devoted to the means of expressiveness of speech - emphasis and its transmission when translating from English into Russian. The paper will touch upon the theory and practice of translation, namely the translation of emphatic constructions, translation transformations, means and methods of transferring emphasis in translation, and others.

Relevance The topic is that today there are more and more questions about how best to convey emphasis when translating with the resources of the native language.

The degree of knowledge of this issue by modern science is quite deep, but the controversial points allow us to subject this issue to even more detailed consideration.

Target work - to get a fairly complete picture of the ways of transmitting emphases when translating from English into Russian.

Tasks research:

ü To reveal the essence of the concept of "emphasis";

ü To get acquainted with the opinions of various scientists on this issue;

ü Select the main means by which the transfer of emphase is carried out;

ü Consider this phenomenon on examples, analyze them and draw appropriate conclusions.

An object research - emotional expressiveness of speech.

Thing research - ways and means of emphasic transmission when translating from English into Russian.

The study used the following Methods of linguistic analysis :

ü Method of linguistic observation and description;

ü Analysis of dictionary definitions;

ü Contextual analysis;

ü Comparative analysis of translation and original;

ü The method of continuous sampling and others.

A practical study of this issue was carried out on material books William Somerset Maugham "Theatre" and Somerset Maugham "Theater", translated by G.V. Ostrovskaya.

CHAPTER I. THE CONCEPT OF "EMPHASE"

.1 DETERMINATION OF EMPHASE

To begin with, let's try to figure out what emphase is. To do this, consider the interpretation of this concept in different sources.

For example, in the Modern Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, edited by T.F. Efremova gives the following definition: “Emphasis is 1. Strengthening the emotional expressiveness of speech, achieved by changing intonation and using various rhetorical figures. 2. A method of articulation that creates a special sound of some consonants (in linguistics)." In the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, we see a more detailed explanation of this concept - “Emphasis is (from the Greek. йmphasis - expressiveness) highlighting, emphasizing in speech individual elements and semantic shades of the statement. It is achieved by various means, but mainly by accent-intonation - an increase or decrease in intonation by emphatic stress and lengthening. For example, in the phrase: "I ?May he come" the speaker's confidence is emphasized by a decrease in tone on the word "I think", and uncertainty is emphasized by an increase. E. often accompanies logical stress, expressed in raising the tone and lengthening the stressed vowel (“Who read e ?that book...?"). E. can also be expressed by lexical and syntactic means: 1) the use of special amplifying service words (“I told you”, English I did saw him - I really saw him); sometimes in such cases one speaks of an emphatic mood; 2) word order other than neutral cf. “I read this book” - “I read this book”; 3) a special emphatic construction, the core of which is the highlighted word (French C "est Jean qui Ga fait -" Zha ?uh, that's who did it"); in Aramaic there is a special construction of a noun with a postpositive article (in the usual order "article + noun"), which is called the emphatic state; 4) repetitions (walk-walk, day-to-day) and anaphora. The function of sublimely stylistic E. is also performed by the so-called. plural emphatic number of uncountable nouns (“Under him, Kazbek, like the face of a diamond, Shined with eternal snows” - M.Yu. Lermontov).

No less interesting explanations are found in various kinds of encyclopedias on literature, such as the Literary Encyclopedia: A Dictionary of Literary Terms edited by N. Brodsky, A. Lavretsky, E. Lunin and others - “EMFAZA - (from Greek emphasis - indication, expressiveness) - 1. Type of trail: the use of the word in a narrowed compared to the usual meaning, for example: “He was a man, a man in everything” (that is, he was a “great man, ideal”). 2. In a broad sense - a means of artistic expression: an excited, emotional construction of speech (in particular, oratorical and lyrical). Techniques that create emphatic intonation are mainly characteristic of poetic speech; in prose they are much less common. Such techniques are usually designed for auditory perception of sounding speech, therefore, intonation, lowering and raising the voice, tempo of speech, pauses, as well as rhythm, repetitions, stylistic figures, and other techniques of oratory can be attributed to emphatic means. In written speech, e. is transmitted using punctuation marks "(<#"justify">· The Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary:

emphasis /?emp ?.f?.s ?s/ noun [ C or U ] plural emphases

The particular importance or attention that you give to somethingthink we should put as much emphasis on preventing disease as we do on curing it.here put/place/lay great emphasis on written work and grammar.

The extra force that you give to a word or part of a word when you are saying itemphasis is on the final syllable.do you put the emphasis in the word "controversy"?;

So, having analyzed a sufficiently large number of sources, we can say that emphasis is an emotionally expressive, intonational emphasis, underlining; emotional expressiveness, tension; giving thought a special brightness; affectation, pathos by changing the intonation pattern - raising or lowering the tone of the voice, emphatic stress and lengthening, various rhetorical figures, repetitions, the use of an unusual, non-neutral word order or inversion and special amplifying words and structures. Emphasis is characteristic of emotionally colored speech, not only oral, but also written, and is found in the styles of fiction, oratory, journalistic. Emphatic constructions are naturally perceived as such in comparison with neutral constructions. They should in no way be considered as a deviation from the norm or its violation, but as a natural phenomenon of emotionally colored speech. Emphatic constructions can both emphasize individual members of a sentence, and give an emotional coloring to the sentence as a whole.

1.2 EMPATIC MEANS AND CONSTRUCTIONS

Lexical, syntactic, phonetic and graphic means are used to create emphases.

“An emphatic construction is a syntactic construction that serves to highlight one or another member of a sentence” (Mikhelson 1995: 143).

Consider the main types of emphatic constructions:

· Amplifying "do"

The amplifying "do" is used in affirmative and imperative sentences in combination with the infinitive of the semantic verb, and the direct word order is preserved. When translating the predicate, before the semantic verb, the words "really, undoubtedly, certainly, in fact, in fact, nevertheless" are added.

The amplifying “do” helps to focus attention on a certain part of the sentence, thereby highlighting this part against the background of the whole sentence.

Sometimes the strengthening of the predicate is transmitted intonation. If there is another adverb in the sentence with the meaning "really" , for example actually, really, indeed, then "do" is not translated.

The auxiliary verb do introduces an element of amplification (emphasis). Such sentences are closely related to the strong emotions of the speaker, expressing fatigue, discontent, anger, etc. Do can be used with almost all imperative mood constructions, putting it at the very beginning of the sentence.

It is worth paying attention to the variety of translation options for do into Russian! To correctly convey the meaning of the statement, it is important to understand the situation in which this statement appeared.

The word just at the beginning of an imperative sentence also expresses such emotions of the speaker as irritation, disappointment.

· Reverse word order and inversion

Reverse word order is widely used in English to highlight secondary members of a sentence. The selected member of the sentence is placed in the first place, and this often leads to the reverse word order.

BUT.Reverse word order can be caused by some adverbs and conjunctions, such as perhaps, not only. If the predicate has the form Present or Past Indefinite, then in reverse word order, the subject is preceded by the auxiliary verb do, which should not be confused with the amplifying do, which always requires a direct word order. When a minor member of a sentence is placed in the first place, a partial inversion is usually observed.

The combination not until - only after, before (if until is a preposition) or only when (if until is a conjunction) can also cause a reverse word order:

B. There are frequent cases of placing in the first place in the sentence participle I, which is part of the Continuous form, and participle II or an adjective, which are part of the compound predicate. The translation of such sentences should begin with the addition or circumstance following the highlighted word.

C. The reverse word order is used in emphatic sentences introduced by the unions so, neither or nor.

1)In sentences with the conjunction so, the predicate is represented by either a linking verb, or a substitute verb, or modal verb. Union so translates as well as and , while repeating the predicate of the previous sentence.

)In sentences with conjunctions neither or nor, the predicate is often presented in full. The conjunctions neither and nor are translated (as well as not and not), with the negation referring to the verb.

·Inversion

It happens full and partial.

Due to the strict word order of the English sentence, stylistic inversion is a very expressive emphatic means in English. In Russian, inversion does not have such expressive power due to the freer word order. Therefore, when translating inversion into Russian, one often has to use some other emphatic means in order to preserve expressiveness.

A complete reversal is observed:

) in interrogative sentences, where the predicate is expressed by the verb to be;

Partial inversion, in which only part of the predicate, namely the auxiliary, connective, modal verb, is placed before the subject, is observed:

) in interrogative sentences:;

) in complex sentences with an unrealistic condition:

Such sentences are rare in modern English and are characteristic only of the bookish style;

) in simple sentences, when placing individual words at the beginning of the sentence, for the purpose of emphasis, for example, adverbs never, nowhere, not since, not until, never again, rarely;

) inversion is also used after the phrases only and no.

By their nature, inverse epithets are very emphatic. They are popular in colloquial style: this devil of a woman instead of this devilish woman , the kitten of a woman (a kittenlike woman). A hell of a mess, a devil of the sea, a dwarf of a fello.

Phrase-initial inversion has significant emphatic possibilities both in Russian and in English.

Non-preservation of the phrasal-initial position of the object in the translation is quite common, when the inversion in the English sentence is due to considerations of the positional contact of the elements and does not serve the purpose of emphasis.

Thus, we can conclude that in Russian the communicative word order is fixed, and the syntactic word order is free. While in English the opposite situation is observed: the communicative word order is free, and the syntactic word order is fixed. This is due to the analyticism of the English language and the synthetic nature of the Russian language.

· Emphatic concessions

1)In concessive emphatic sentences, the nominal part of the predicate is in the first place, expressed by an adjective or participle, followed by conjunctions as, though, or with the preceding however.

2)Concessive subordinate clauses, expressing an additional shade of possibility, begin with a pronoun or adverb in combination with ever. They can be used both with the verb may (might) and without it. In translation, this verb is usually omitted.

· Twice no

The negation of not in combination with the negative prefix of an adjective or adverb strengthens any members of the sentence, except for the subject and object. Such a combination before an adjective or adverb is usually translated quite, quite, quite:

The most common are cases of containing negative constructions in sentences with “no” before nouns. In this case, the verb-predicate appears in the affirmative form. "No" was formed as a result of the merger of negation with the indefinite article "a, an" or the indefinite pronoun "any". The negation of "no" in front of a noun makes the whole sentence negative, and the word "none" is often used in translation. In some cases, the negative is placed before the verb.

· demonstrative pronoun

The demonstrative pronoun in combination with the absolute form of the possessive case creates emphasis.

That friend of mine, that smile of yours

· Synonymous row

The use of this tool emphasizes the quality of a person or object, as if highlighting it and forcing you to focus on it:

· Lexical repetition

Similar to the effect of a synonymic row. The never ever combination can serve as an amplifier never.

· Rhema-thematic relationship

The movement from theme to rheme corresponds to the actual division of the sentence and, therefore, turns out to be stylistically neutral. In cases where such an order is violated, i.e. at the initial position of the rheme, it, as a logical predicate, is emphasized, which turns the intonation into emphatic.

Each of the categories of sentences (narrative, interrogative, exclamatory, incentive) has its own formal and intonational features. Each can, however, be encountered in the meaning of any of the others, while acquiring a special modal or emotional meaning. For example, rhetorical questions serve as an emphatic statement, and imperative sentences can sometimes convey not a call to action, but a threat or ridicule.

· Emphatic combination it is ... that (which, who)

BUT.The combinations it is ... that, it is., which, it is ... who can highlight any sentence member between the components of this combination, except for the predicate. Sentences of this type are complex in form, but simple in content. An additional emphasis on a word or a group of words (emphasis) in Russian is transmitted either by the word "precisely", or word order: what is highlighted by the frame construction it is ... that is placed at the end of the sentence.

A sign that that is part of an emphatic turnover is the ability to remove the frame construction it is ... that without distorting the meaning of the sentence, only removing the emphasis.

b.One of the variants of the emphatic construction with the combination it is that is the highlighting of the circumstance of time, which is preceded by the emphatic combination not until. The combination it was not until ... that is not translated, and the words “only, only after, only when” are added before the highlighted circumstance of time:

Sentences with the subject it and a nominal predicate, expressed by the linking verb be + noun, are emphatic if the noun or its group is followed by an infinitive:

· Complex addition

There are cases when the first member of a complex object in order to highlight it (emphasis) stands before the subject. In such sentences, the infinitive immediately follows the verb in the active voice (that is, after verbs like assume, consider, expect, find, know, etc.). There are two options for translating such sentences into Russian.

1)The translation starts with the subject and the predicate;
the rest of the sentence is translated by an additional subordinate clause with the union that ; the verb in the form of the infinitive is transmitted in the personal form and becomes the predicate of the subordinate clause, and the first member of the complex object becomes the subject. 2)The subject and predicate of an English sentence can be translated by an introductory sentence with a conjunction as , then the subject of the main clause will be the first member of the complex complement, and the predicate will be the infinitive.

Relative pronoun what

Describing the various ways of expressing emphasis in English, it is fair to note that emphatic constructions can also include constructions with the so-called “condensed relative” or condensed relative constructions (CRC) with the pronoun “what” in subordinate clauses or additional clauses. In grammatical manuals, the emphatic nature of these constructions is not noted, but it must be taken into account when translating. It should be noted that in this case, subject clauses are more emphatic than supplementary clauses.

The relative pronoun what is used to highlight one or another member of the sentence, which is conveyed in Russian translation by the words “precisely; just; just that" . Sometimes we cannot convey this shade of emphasis by means of the Russian language.

· Compound sentences with conjunctions not only… but also, hardly… when, no sooner… than, little

These constructions in the English sentence stand separately: the first part of the union in the subordinate clause, the second in the main clause, while the word order in the subordinate clause of the sentence is incorrect. Translation options for these constructions: "barely, as soon as".

· constructs if any, if anything

Very common in a wide variety of styles of English. They are transmitted into Russian using the expressions "in general, in general, in any case, though."

Model as… as

It has a rather bright emotional coloring. When translating, words such as "recently, yet" are used (Mikhelson 1995: 143-152).

A wide variety of means of expressing emphasis in the English language and their peculiar nature allow us to speak about the national specifics of emphatic models. Emphatic patterns in English and Russian sometimes coincide, but more often there is a discrepancy. The national character and variety of means of expressing emphasis make it difficult to understand the text and translate it, so the translator needs to know by what means it is possible to convey emphasis (Levitskaya 2007: 36-37).

emphasa translation language book

CHAPTER II. TRANSFER OF EMPHASE DURING TRANSLATION

2.1 TRANSLATION TRANSFORMATIONS

The fact that when translating for individual fragments of the text there are correspondences in the form of well-defined words, translators noticed long ago. But sometimes it is impossible to find an equivalent or analogue, therefore, when translating, adequate replacements or transformations are used.

Transformation is the basis of most translation techniques; changing the formal or semantic components of the source text while maintaining the information intended for transmission. As I.S. Alekseeva: “By transformations we will understand interlingual transformations that require restructuring at the lexical, grammatical or textual level” (Alekseeva 2004: 158).

The following types of transformations occur during the translation process:

· · Permutation;

·Replacement;

·Addition;

Omission;

· Antonymic translation;

·Compensation;

· Descriptive translation;

· Concretization;

·Generalization;

Modulation or semantic development.

Permutation- this is a change in the translation of the location (order) of the language elements corresponding to the language elements of the original. Words, phrases, parts of a complex sentence, elementary sentences within a complex one, independent sentences in the whole text system can be subjected to permutations.

Replacement- this is a way of translating lexical units of a foreign language by using units of the target language that do not coincide in meaning with the initial ones, but can be deduced logically.

Addendum- expansion of the text of the original, associated with the need for the completeness of the transfer of its content, as well as differences in the grammatical structure.

Omission- the operation, the opposite of adding, if we are talking about objective discrepancies between languages. Omission refers to the omission of certain words in translation.

Antonymic translation- a special type of transformation, used when a direct path is impossible or undesirable. This is a complex lexical and grammatical substitution, which consists in the transformation of an affirmative construction into a negative one.

Compensation- replacement of an incommunicable element of the original with an element of a different order in accordance with the general ideological and artistic nature of the original and where it seems convenient under the conditions of the Russian language.

Descriptive translation- an operation in which the lexical unit of a foreign language is replaced by a phrase explicating its meaning, i.e. giving an explanation or description of the word.

Specification- this is a method of translation in which a word or phrase of a foreign language with a broader subject-logical meaning is replaced by a word in translation with a narrower meaning.

Generalizationis a process that is the reverse of concretization. The replacement of the original meaning takes place in those cases when the measure of the information orderliness of the original unit is higher than the measure of the ordering of the unit corresponding to it in terms of meaning in the target language and consists in replacing a particular general, specific concept with a generic one.

Modulation or semantic developmentis a replacement for a word or phrase in a foreign language, the meanings of which can be deduced logically from the initial meaning (Retzker 1996: 154-172).

2.2 TRANSLATION OF EMPHASE

Practical research was carried out on the material of the books William Somerset Maugham "Theater" and Somerset Maugham "Theater", translated by G.V. Ostrovskaya.

During the study, the following examples of emphasis were found:

· Epithet with inversion:

In the original text we find the following example: He s a young man of tact, the translator gives the following option: Tactful young man". In English, epithets with inversion are very emphatic, but, as we can see, this emphaticity is lost in translation. The translator uses omission to convey meaning.

· Introductory structure:

Julia with half an ear listened to the list Margery read out and, though she knew the room so wellidly looked about her . Julia half listened to the list that Marjorie was reading, and looked around the room with nothing to do, although I remembered her to the smallest detail". In these examples, we see that the introductory construction creates a touch of irony. The translator transforms the original text using permutation: puts an introductory construction at the end of the sentence, and modulation or semantic development: replaces so well to "to the smallest detail", giving the translated text more emphatic.

Michael started at them gravely for a moment as thought he could not quite tell what they were…"Michael stared at the dish with such a look, like did not quite understand what was there…” In our opinion, compensation was applied in this example. The translator translated the fragment …as though he could not quite tell what they were… by replacing the element of the original with an element of a different order in accordance with the general ideological and artistic nature of the original, because this seemed convenient in terms of the Russian language.

· Rhema-themed relationship:

I m a great stickler for saying the author s exact words, though, God knows, the wordsauthors write nowadays aren't t much . “I am very pedantic in these matters and believe that one must strictly adhere to the author's word, although, God knows, thenwhat authors write these days is worth little.” In these examples, the order of movement from theme to rheme is violated, i.e. it is possible to detect the initial position of the rheme the words , which turns the intonation of the sentence into emphatic.

· Offers with unreal condition:

Julia woundred if she could be such a foolas to be in love with him . "Interesting, she was smart enoughfall in love with him?" In this case, we see that when translating a complex sentence with an unrealistic condition, it is simplified, some elements of the source text are omitted and lexically replaced.

The following example applies an antonymous translation: I wonder if we could persuadeto come and eat a chop with us . "Maybe you do not refusecome eat with us?" The original affirmative sentence is replaced by an interrogative containing a negative.

Since his five years at the war he had adopted a military bearing, so that if you had not knownwho he was… “After spending five years in the war, Michael acquired a military bearing, and, if you didn't knowwho is he…” Despite the fact that the translator rearranges and lexically replaces some elements in the main part of the sentence, the structure of the sentence with unrealistic conditions remains unchanged, which makes it possible to convey the emphasis without losing the meaning.

He had curly light brown hair, but it was plastered down and Julia thought how much better he would look if, instead of trying to smooth… The wavy, light brown hair was carefully combed down, and Julia thought, how much more would it suit him ifhe…” The sentence was omitted and rearranged, but a fairly good equivalent was found for the emphatic construction, the emphasis was preserved.

· Emphatic combination it / this ... that (which, who):

This is the gentleman whois good enough to put some order into the mess we make of our accounts . « It's that gentlemanwho graciously agreed to put our books in order." In these examples, it can be seen that the grammatical structure of the sentence has not undergone any special changes, but the transformation of the omission has been made.

Its not so much the play thatI went to see, it was your performance . "I not so much for the play, how manyfor your game." The translator compensates by replacing the construction it is … that on the construction "not so much ... how much". We should note that this is a good replacement, as Emphasis is preserved in both variants.

Model as … as:

It was no effort to her, it was as instinctive asbrushing away a fly that was buzzing around her, to suggest now a faintly amused, friendly tenderness . "Without any effort, just as instinctively, as if she had brushed off a fly that bothered her, she put into her voice a slightly ironic, affectionate cordiality. In this case, we can distinguish the transformation of omission and modulation and compensation. At the same time, the design It was no effort to her… , in translation - “Without any effort ...” is also emphatic in nature.

The poor lamb s as thin as a rail. "Poor lamb, as thin as sliver". This model is successfully used in the examples above. It is possible to cancel some phraseological character of this expression. As for the version in Russian, the translator resorts to replacing the element as thin as a rail on the element “thin as a chip”, on the basis of this, that this option can be considered the most successfully conveying the meaning of the original.

Then it can t be as like me asI thought . "So I'm here not by that muchsimilar, as I thought. ”During the translation, a replacement transformation was made.

· amplifying do (just ):

And even now, though I don't t deny that if the play s wrong you re dished, I docontend that if the play s right… “And although I do not deny that if the play is bad, we are on fire. Yet,when it is good…” Due to the fact that there are no auxiliary verbs in the Russian language, the translator is forced to compensate for this fact by other means of the Russian language. As we can see, the translator resorts to adding new units, such as "yet".

The may pretend they don t like it, but just seethem posing when they think the camera man got his eye on them . "They pretend like they don't care, but you have to seewhat poses they take when they think the photographer is aiming a lens at them.” In this example, an addition and replacement has been made.

· Negative construction with no :

She had noobject in doing this . "She didn't pursue it nogoals". In this example, instantiation has been implemented to enhance emphaticity.

· Lexical repetition:

The boy was soyoung, soshy, he looked as if he had such a nice nature… "The boy was Soyoung, Sotimid, he seemed to have such a sweet character ... "

There were photosof Julia when she was a child, and photosof her as a young girl, photosof her in her first parts, photosof her as a young married woman, with Michael … "There were children's cards Juliaand pictures taken in early youth; Juliain their first roles Julia- a young married woman with Michael…” The translator in this example shifts the focus from the photographs to Julia, performs the same lexical repetition, only using the personality itself instead of its accessories. Permutation and deletion transformations were used.

· Emphatic definition:

It s awfullykind of you . "This is verykind of you." In this case, we are dealing with the loss of emphaticity of the original sentence, i.e. during the translation, it was also not possible to clearly convey the emphasis. Although the original version was replaced awfully to the “very” particle, the emphasis, in our opinion, was somewhat lost.

Michael asked only verydistinguished people to write in their book . “Michael asked to sign only the mostguests of honor." In this example, when translating, the infinitive turnover was rearranged to write in order to avoid verbal redundancy in the Russian version.

The decorator had raised his supercilious eyebrows, but it was the only spaciousroom in the house in which Julia felt completely at home . The decorator raised his eyebrows contemptuously, but it was the only spaciousa room in the house where Julia felt really comfortable.”

Only the youngman took them . « Butate it (dish) only a guest". In both of the above examples only emphasizes certain words emphatically against the background of the whole sentence. In the second example, the members of the sentence are rearranged.

That would be terribly kindof you! "This is extremely kindfrom your side". In this example, the translator performed lexical substitution and grammatical omission.

Relative pronoun what:

What fun itll be for himwhen he tells his people . « Will be on the seventh heaven with happinesswhen he starts talking about it. As you can see, the translator modulates. Replacement in progress What fun it ll be for him… , but the meaning of this part can be deduced logically from the initial value. The translator completely removes this construction, replacing it with another, similar in meaning.

What a stunningroom this is . « What an amazingroom!". A fairly common construction that clearly reflects the pleasant surprise of the speaker.

·Inversion

An example of partial inversion can be illustrated by the following sentence: Does thatmean you re putting on a new play? « YouAre you going to put on a new play? This type of inversion is most often observed in interrogative sentences. The translation is constructed by rearranging and omitting some units of the original.

If you re very nice to Julia I dare say she ll give you a photograph of herself when you go. - Would you?“- If you are very kind to Julia, she may give you her photo as a farewell. - Truth? present? And one more example of partial inversion. The translator successfully compensates for the absence of auxiliary verbs in Russian with the words “Really? Donate?" One can even say that this substitution further strengthens the emphasis in the translation text.

You havent?cried Julia, with surprise, though she remembered perfectly that Michael had already told her so . « Really? - Julie exclaimed in amazement, although she perfectly remembered that Michael had told her about it. In this case, the translator does not transfer the inversion to the Russian version, using a lexical substitution, which does not deprive the sentence of emphasis.

You won't forgetmy photograph? « Did not you forgetthat they promised me a photo? In this case, due to the fact that the English version already has a direct word order, although this is not typical for interrogative sentences, this contributes to emphatic emphasis. The translator used the addition of new elements to fully recreate the emotionality of the utterance.

...But for this apparentlyhe had no inclination . « But apparently, Roger had not the slightest inclination towards the theatre." In the given example of phrasal-initial inversion, the translator used addition and permutation transformations.

CONCLUSION

As it has already become clear, emphasis plays a huge role in the emotional expressiveness of speech. It is not surprising that there are such a large number of means of its expression, which indicates the diversity of its forms. Based on the fact that the English language has a clear sentence structure, one of the most striking syntactic means of emphasis is inversion. But, since the Russian language has a less fixed word order, some difficulties may arise in the transfer of emphasis through inversion. Therefore, it is often necessary to resort to other emphatic means, which was discussed above. Of course, intonation and emphatic stress play a huge role in the transmission of emphasis. Not much attention has been paid to this topic, but, in our opinion, it is no less important. Of particular interest were the syntactic constructions that create the emotional background of the utterance. Here they are presented most fully. Also in this work, the issue of translation transformations was highlighted, which are necessary in cases of difficulty in finding a suitable analogue or equivalent of translation.

All goals and objectives of the study were met.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1)Alekseeva I.S., Introduction to translation studies. - M.: Academa, - 2004. - 352 p.

2)Brandes MP, Translation stylistics. - M., 1988

)Zrazhevskaya T.A., Belyaeva L.M., Difficulties in translation from English. in Russian M., 1992

)Komissarov V.N., Translation Theory. M., 1990

)Levitskaya T., Fiterman A., Translator's Notebooks, M. International Relations

)Minyar-Beloruchev R.K. Theory and methods of translation. M., 1996

)Mikhelson T.N., Uspenskaya N.V., Practical course of English grammar., St. Petersburg: Special literature, 1995. - 255p.

)Retsker Ya.I. Translation theory and translation practice. - M.: International relations, - 1996. - 216s.

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VI. EMFATIC STRUCTURES (EMPHASE)

An emphatic construction is a syntactic construction that serves to highlight one or another member of a sentence.

This section presents the main types of emphatic constructions.

1. Amplifying do

The amplifying do is used in affirmative and imperative sentences in combination with the infinitive of the semantic verb, and the direct word order is preserved. When translating the predicate, before the semantic verb, the words really, actually, actually, nevertheless are added:

The above law does hold.

The above law is indeed fair.

Sometimes the amplification of the predicate is transmitted intonationally.

Note. If the sentence also contains an adverb with the meaning really, for example actually, really, indeed, then do is not translated.

Exercises

Translate the following sentences, highlighting the amplifying do in them:

1. These molecules are too small to be seen, even with
   the microscope, but strong experimental evidence seems to
   show that they do exist.
   1. The formation of ozone during the electrolysis of water

does not change the weight of the gas collected at the positive pole but it does decrease the volume.

1. We were discussing so far what happens to a body
   when forces do not act on it. Let us now consider what
   happens when forces do act on it.
2. Thought some substances (e. g. sand) seem to be very
   nearly insoluble, water does dissolve most things to some
   extent.

Translate the following sentences. Determine the functions of the verb do in them: intensifying, auxiliary verb, substitute verb.

1. This field does not affect the forward motion of the
   electrons but does act upon the transverse motion.
2. Not all metals react with acids, and when they do the
   gas evolved is not always hydrogen.
3. Gold usually occurs in the natural state while iron does
   not.

4. The individual electrons do not move even
approximately independent of the other as do, for example,
the planets in the solar system.

1. Copper does not combine with oxygen when cold, but
   it does so slowly when heated.
2. The beta-rays which do pass through the aluminum
   do not ionize the gas as profusely as do the alpha-rays.
3. Most authorities agree that catalysts do in some manner
   combine with the substance or substances upon which their
   catalytic influence is exerted.

2. Reverse word order

The reverse word order is widely used in English to highlight minor members of a sentence. The selected member of the sentence is placed in the first place, and this often leads to the reverse word order.

A. Reverse word order can be caused by certain adverbs and conjunctions.

1. Perhaps nowhere have been achieved better results as
in this field of science.

Perhaps nowhere better results have been achieved than in this field of science.

2. Not only does H2O2 act as an oxidizing agent but it
also acts as a reducing agent.

H2O2 acts not only as an oxidizing agent, but also as a reducing agent.

Note 1. If the predicate has the form Present or Past Indefinite, then in reverse word order, the subject is preceded by the auxiliary verb do, which should not be confused with the amplifying do, which always requires a direct word order. When a minor member of a sentence is brought to the first place, a partial inversion is usually observed.

The combination not until - only after, before (if until is a preposition) or only when (if until is a conjunction) can also cause a reverse word order:

Not untilDalton made his famous discoverydid scientists realizethe importance of this law.

Only when Dalton made his famous discovery did scientists understand the significance of this law.

Note 2. When combining not until, there can be a direct word order:

The names of many Russian scientists were not known until the October Revolution.

The names of many Russian scientists became known only after the October Revolution.

The names of many Russian scientists were not known before the October Revolution.

B. There are frequent cases of placing in the first place in the sentence participle I, which is part of the Continuous form, and participle II or an adjective, which are part of the compound predicate. The translation of such sentences should begin with an addition or circumstance after the highlighted word:

1. Confirming this possibility is another fact.

This possibility is confirmed by another fact.

2.Related to the chemical activity are many other effects.
Many other properties are associated with chemical activity.
effects.

3.Important for this method was the following point. For this method, the following point was important.

C. The reverse word order is used in emphatic sentences introduced by the unions so, neither or nor.

1) In sentences with the conjunction so, the predicate is represented
leno or a linking verb or a substitute verb
lem, or modal verb. Union so translates a
also and, while repeating the predicate of the previous
suggestions:

Not was lateandso washis friend.

It was late, and so was his friend.

2) In sentences with conjunctions neither or nor say
what is being discussed is often presented in full. Unions
neither and nor are also translated not, and not, moreover
negation refers to the verb:

Nor should we forget the importance of this word.

We must not forget the weight of this word.

Remember the meanings of the following conjunctions and adverbs that require the reverse word order:

not only ... but (also)

hardly ... when) - hardly ... how
scarcely...when)

no sooner ... than - as soon as

only - only

never - never

nowhere - nowhere

neither) - and not; and also not

so - and also; and

Exercises

A. Translate the following sentences. Indicate what you are in them -
reversed word order:

1. Nowhere can we see such rapid progress as in radio
   engineering.
2. Not only does chlorine unite with gaseous hydrogen,
   but it will sometimes take hydrogen from other elements.
3. Only upon the adsorption of larger amounts was the
   sensitivity again lowered.
4. No sooner has the current started running in one
   direction than back it comes again.
5. Of great significance, however, is the fact that a few
   of particles are deflected through large angles.
6. Perhaps never was the making of an important invention
   shared by so many persons distributed so widely over the
   world.

B. Translate the following sentences. Highlight the predicate in them:

7. Correlative with the conception of a system of planes
is that of a system of great circles.

1. Surrounding this nucleus are electrons, the actual
   number depending upon the atom being considered.
2. Included in this table are currents calculated on the
   supposition that the entire effect is due to ionization by
   collision of negative ions only.

10. Belonging to this class are all elastomeric substances.

B. Translate the following sentences. Highlight unions in them
so, neither, pop

1. LeverJmoves upwards, so does leverM.
2. Carbon dioxide does not burn, nor does it support
   combustion.
3. The Moon having no atmosphere, there can be no
   wind, neither can there be any noise, for sound is carried
   by the air.
4. It is incorrect to say that an element is that which
   cannot be broken up into anything simpler. Nor can the
   electron be regarded as a chemical element.
5. The ancients had no knowledge of stellar distances,
   neither was there then any means by which they could
   determine them.

3. Emphatic Concession Offers

1) In concessive emphatic sentences on
the first place is the nominal part of the predicate, expressed
feminine adjective or participle followed by
conjunctions as, though or preceded by how-
ever.

1. Hard asit is we must do this work.

As difficult as it is, we must do this work.

2. Late though it was the sun was still in the sky.
Although it was late, the sun was still in the sky.

3. However cold this winter is, the one of 1941 was still
cooler.

Cold as this winter was, the winter of 1941 was even colder.

No matter how cold this winter...

Note. The verb may (might) as part of a predicate concessive sentence is usually omitted in translation:

Erroneous asthese resultsmay be,they are still valuable.

Although these results are erroneous, they are (may be) valuable; ... they are still valuable.

2) Concessive subordinate clauses, expressed
giving an additional shade of possibility, starting
come from a pronoun or adverb in combination with ever.
They can be used both with the verb may (might),
so without it. When translating this verb is usually omitted
says:

1. I am right whatever other people may say.
   I'm right no matter what they say.
2. Whoeverelsemay object,I shall approve.

Whoever objects, but I (still) will support.

Remember the meanings of the following concessive conjunctions, pronouns and adverbs:

as) - no matter how; howsoever; which

however) neither; Whichever; although;

though (although)

whoever - whoever (whoever); anyone who

whatever - whatever (whatever); everything, that; ka-

which (would) neither; anyone who

wherever1 - wherever (whatever) nor, everywhere, where; ku-

yes (would) ... neither; wherever

whenever - whenever (whenever); every time,

Remember the meaning of the combination

however that may be

An exercise

Translate the following sentences. Pay attention to concessive offers:

1. Important as this question is in itself, the debate on
   the subject went far beyond its original bounds.
2. Strange as it may seem, sulfur dioxide may act as a
   reducing agent or as an oxidizing agent.
3. Small though it is, the proportion of natural plutonium
   is apparently greater than it can be thus accounted for.
4. Enormous as this prodigious flow of energy is, we do
   not know the manner of its coming.
5. Whatever these considerations may appear at first glance
   they are of great practical importance.

1. Wherever "a craze intersects the surface perturbation
   or discontinuity results.
2. Whoever the author may have been he should have
   dwelt on this problem. .

4. Double negative

The negation of not in combination with the negative prefix of an adjective or adverb strengthens any members of the sentence, except for the subject and object. Such a combination before an adjective or adverb is usually translated quite, quite, quite:

The case is not improbable.

This case is quite (very, quite) probable.

Wherever can matter whenever.

An exercise

Translate the following sentences. Specify negative prefixes:

1. Mars and Venus have atmospheres not dissimilar to
   ours.
2. River and lake deposits also not uncommonly contain
   remains of organisms which inhabited waters.
3. It seems not at all unlikely that many of the lower
   animal forms also have the power to make a similar
   differentiation.
4. The advances of modern sciences in the production of
   a wide range of experimental temperatures are thus seen to
   be not thoughtful.

5. Emphatic combination it is ... that (which, who)

A. Combinations it is ... that, it is., which, it is ... who can highlight any sentence member between the components of this combination, except for the predicate. Sentences of this type are complex in form, but simple in content. An additional emphasis on a word or a group of words (emphasis) in Russian is transmitted either by word or by word order: what is highlighted by the frame construction it is ... that is placed at the end of the sentence:

It is these properties of crystals that are the most important. These properties of crystals are the most important.

A sign that that is part of an emphatic turnover is the ability to remove the frame construction it is ... that without distorting the meaning of the sentence, only removing the emphasis. The above example would look like:

These properties of crystals are the most important. These properties of crystals are the most important.

B. One of the options for an emphatic construction with the combination it is .. that is to highlight the circumstance of time, which is preceded by an emphatic

reading not until. The combination it was not until ... that is not translated, and before the distinguished time circumstance, words are added only, only after, only when:

It was not until1953thatthis book was published. This book was only published in 1953.

It was not untilReontgen discoveredX-raysthatscientists began to take interest in this subject.

Only when Roentgen discovered X-rays did scientists begin to take an interest in this issue.

An exercise

Translate the following sentences, highlighting the emphatic combinations itis...that(who,which) and itisnotuntil...that:

1. It is these special properties of sound that are the
   subject of the present chapter.
2. It was the Dutch physicist, Christian Huygens, who
   first offered an explanation for the phenomena.

3. It was not until about 1911 that a first really successful
theory of atomic structure was suggested by Rutherford.

1. It was not until Einstein discovered the connection
   between gravity and inertia that the mystery Newton
   could not understand was solved.
2. Radioactive phenomena occur within the nucleus, and
   it is here that mass and positive charge resides.
3. A solenoid carrying a current behaves just like a magnet.
   It was the great French physicist Ampere who first showed
   this to be the case.
4. It is just energy which the atom thus yields up that is
   held to account for the radiation.

6. Repetition of emphatic constructions

An exercise

Translate the following sentences. Determine in what ways one or another member of the sentence is highlighted in them:

1. Not only did the newly discovered electron provide an entity which was assumed to be a constituent of all atoms, but it also provided a natural unit of electric charge.

1. Positrons have only a short period of existence after
   their formation. It is for this reason that the positive electron
   had proved difficult to detect.
2. Incomplete though these figures are, they give
   more information in several respects than has been
   available.
3. Satisfactory as this theory may be in many respects it
   is far from being probable.
4. Not all substances separate from solution in the crys-
   tallline state: for instance, wax dissolves in petrol, but on
   evaporating the solvent we do not get crystals of wax, nor
   is glass crystalline.
5. It can only have been the close chemical similarity of
   circonium and hafnium which prevented the isolation of the
   the latter by chemical means at a much earlier date.
6. Inserted in the circuit thus created is an instrument,
   called a galvanometer, diagrammed as a circle with an arrow
   that will indicate the passage of electric current through it
   and the two wires.
7. In short, it is practically impossible to design a machine
   so specialized that it will have value only with respect to the
   field of application originally intended. Nor is there any
   computer which is superior to any other computer with
   respect to every problem.

9. It is from experiments on solubility of gases in liquids
that Dalton appears first to have derived direct evidence in
favor of this view.

1. The particles of water grow larger as condensation
   continues and ultimately become raindrops. until then
   do they fall earthward with an appreciable velocity.
2. So slight are the differences between the
   members of division A and B in the Periodic Table that the
   division into subgroups is scarcely necessary except for
   convenience.
3. The value of this mass would not be affected by any
   systematic error common to all the observations not even
   by such an error which varied uniformly with the time. Nor
   would small errors in the adopted elements of the sun have
   any effect upon result.

1. At first it is only the molecules which terminate the
   longer paths that are ionized by collisions.
2. As the flux oscillates across the pole faces, so also
   does the neutral commulating zone oscillate.

1. Prominent among the confirmations of Einstein's
   hypothesis is the work related to the "photoelectric effect".
2. The "quant" theory, useful as it has proved itself
   does not yet possess the assured position of the atomic
   theory of matter.
3. Not until after the humanistic movement revived the
   study of Greek in Western Europe did Greek words begin
   to enter the English vocabulary in great quantity.
4. The values ​​so estimated were not so high as we now
   know them to be, nor were they always accepted, but
   recognition of the polymeric nature of proteins is as old as
   the peptide theory.
5. Whatever the cause, or causes, the symptoms are
   the following.

1. Not only are perfect crystals an unattainable ideal,
   but they would be completely useless for most research
   studies.
2. It was Thales who taught the Greek sailors to steer
   their ships by the Pole Star.
3. Indeed, it is not unusual to find evidence of partial
   melting of the lead bullet on extracting it from the block,
   especially if the latter be of rather hard and resistant wood.
4. Thus it is known that birds do not keep direction by
   orientating themselves in the earth's magnetic field, neither
   apparently does memorizing the route play an essential part.

EMFATIC STRUCTURES

1. DISTRIBUTION OF MEMBERS OF THE PROPOSITION IN DIRECT WORD ORDER

Isolation of the predicate (emphatic "do").

To strengthen the statement expressed by the predicate in the Present and Past Indefinite tenses, the auxiliary verb to do is used, which in the appropriate tense, person and number is placed immediately before the semantic verb used in the infinitive form without the to particle. The amplification is translated into Russian by the words "really", "after all", "actually":

Didn't say he would come and he did come.
He said he would come, and indeed he did.

Now I see that she does know the subject well.
Now I see that she really knows the subject well.

We do not know very much of this author. But we do know that all the three poems were written by him.
We don't know much about this writer. But we still know that all three poems were written by him.

Note. The stress in the sentence falls in such cases on the verb to do. In complex tenses of this kind, amplification is carried out by intonation - transferring the stress to the auxiliary verb:
Has not written this work.
He wrote this work (He actually wrote this work).

An exercise

Translate, conveying the meaning of the amplifying "do" as accurately as possible.

1. Materialism does not deny the reality of mind. What materialism does deny is that a thing called "the mind" exists separate from the body.
2. Certainly a great deal of new English poetry does meet with indifference because it seems private and incomprehensible.
3. While we have no language Academy for English, we do have something that partly serves the purpose, and that something is the dictionary.
4. The one thing, though, which must be set to her credit, is that she did initiate. She followed no one, but introduced what was actually a new type of novel. (1)
5. These old manuscripts are not so easy to read as our modern books, for the reason that there are no spaces between words. The later manuscripts however, do sometimes have spaces between the words just as we have.
6. He (Maugham) does, however, belong of the right to that small and select company of contemporary writers whose best work, we may reasonably assume, will survive beyond their lifetime.
7. What possibilities and potentialities in politics, arts, sciences, vanished among the shell holes and barbed wire, we shall never know. But the consequences of this war we do know, and we cannot ignore them.
8. It is perhaps necessary to remind the reader that there is a nucleus of fact hidden among all this fictitious embroidery. Kublai Khan did send a large fleet against Japan about the time stated, which met with a fate similar to that of Spanish Armed.

(1) We are talking about Charlotte Bronte (1816-1855), English writer, author of "Jane Eyre"

Twice no.

Negation not used before an adjective or adverb with negative prefixes un-, in- (il-, im-, ir-) dis-, has an amplifying value, and the whole combination usually corresponds to Russian "quite, quite, quite + adjective (adverb)"; For example:

not uncommon - fairly common
not infrequently - often,
not impossible - very possible.

In some cases, the translation "not ... not" ("does not seem inevitable") is also possible.
The combination "not + without + noun" has a similar meaning:

It is not without significance. . .
It is also very important that. . .

The negation of not can be combined with an adjective (participle or adverb) of a negative meaning that does not have a negative prefix. It is translated in the same way as in the first case:

Humor is not missing in his work.
Humor is quite enough in his work (His work is [written] not without humor).

The combination "by no means + negative prefix + adjective (adverb)" generally means "not at all ... not at all ...", but in each case it is translated depending on the general style of the sentence:

It is by no means unreasonable to compare these data.
It is quite reasonable to compare these data.

An exercise

Read the suggestions. Translate the negative form of the adjective (adverb, participle) without negation. Find the most suitable transfer method.

1. The total number of German words in English is not inconsiderable.
2. To find a poet who is also a literary critic is not unusual nowadays.
3. Not infrequently the primary meaning (of a word) dies away and the derivative meaning remains.
4. To group these artists into schools is a little pedantic. . Yet it is not unreasonable to group together the painters who worked chiefly in Florence.
5. The changes of sound here are not irregular.
6. Not dissimilar effects are found in painting.
7. It is not without significance, also, that this work was utilized as a basis for the libretto of a popular opera.
8. These scholars then carried the New Learning (The Renaissance) to all parts of Europe, and the learned men of England were by no means unrepresented among them.
9. These two volumes were savagely, but not unfairly, criticized.
10. None of the long poems are uninteresting, and very few are insignificant or unsuccessful.
11. Kitchener (2) whose arrogance was not dissimilar to Curson's (3) was not prepared to tolerate a situation in which his proposals were criticized from the military point of view by the military member of the Council.
12. The scenes and characters themselves are depicted most graphically, often even dramatically, and humor is not wanting where it is suitable.
13. If in historical times people were relatively safe from the assaults of enemies and from robbery, they feared dangers of other kinds which threatened them and their houses. Belief in magic and witchcraft is primeval and was not lacking even in the classical age of Greece.

(2) Kitchener -- Kitchener, Commander-in-Chief of British Forces in India (1904).
(3) Curson -- Curzon, Viceroy of India.

Isolation of the subject, direct and indirect additions and circumstances
(the emphatic construction "it is ... that, which, who, whom").

Combination "it is ... that" used to highlight one of the members of the sentence. The allocated member of the sentence is placed between two parts of the construction, which in form is a complex sentence. The construction "it is ... that" is not translated into Russian, it only indicates the boundaries of the selected part of the sentence. In Russian, such sentences correspond to a simple sentence in which amplifying words are added before the highlighted member "exactly", "just", "only"(more often when highlighting the circumstance of time), "only"; in negative sentences "not at all", "not at all":

It is language that enables us to communicate with each other.
It is language that enables us to communicate with each other. (Selecting the subject).

It was then that the London Bridge began to be rebuilt.
It was then that London Bridge began to be rebuilt. (Isolation of the circumstance of time).

It is Greek that she wants to study.
She wants to study exactly Greek (language). (Isolation of the direct object).

But it is not the Doctor who is the central figure of the play.
Not at all (at all) the doctor is the central character in the play. (Construction with a negative form of the verb).

It is when men begin to use tools for social production that they also begin to speak.
Just when people begin to use tools for social production, they also begin to speak. (Isolation of the subordinate adverbial clause).

Note. In the event that after the emphatic it is ... there is the word only or another amplifying word, then it is used instead of "precisely" when translating the entire sentence:

It was only with the help of a small lantern that we managed to find the box.
Only with the help of a flashlight did we manage to find the box.

An exercise

Find the highlighted member of the sentence. Translate the sentences choosing the most appropriate amplifying words.

1. Of the countries of Western Europe, it is France that has the greatest number of human fossils.
2. It is no doubt to this quality that the great popularity of this collection is due.
3. It was only through treachery that the Turks had taken Antioch in 1085.
4. It was during the reign of the same Emperor that the Bulgars, who in later days played so important a part in Byzantine history, first established themselves in the Balkans.
5. Schools flourished in monasteries connected with York, Yarrow and Whitby, and it is to these that the about to be described owes its origin.
6. But, after all, it is not by means of any tricks or devices that, the remarkable effect of Milton's verse is produced: that surely is due to the genius of the author whose mind and soul were full of music and harmony .
7. All the extensions of human control over external nature have been due to improvement in tools. For it is mainly with the aid of tools that men can act upon and alter the material world around them.
8. In 1681 John Dryden wrote his four celebrated Satyres, which brought him into still greater prominence in society and at Court. It is largely on these that his fame as a poet now rests.
9. It was only with the beginning of that literary movement which we call Romanticism that men of letters, artists and scholars began to turn their attention seriously to the investigation of regional dialects.
10. However it is with Leonardo the painter and sculptor that this book is concerned, and though from his paintings one can guess at a massive intellect one could hardly deduce the empirical scientist and inventor.
11. It was to Lyme Regis, the delightful little seaport and bathing beach, where we made a brief stop on our way to Exeter, that Charles II came after the battle of Worcester when he planned to escape from England.

Isolation of circumstances and adverbial temporal clauses
(the emphatic construction "it is not until . . . that").

Like the construction "it is. . . that", the combination "it is not until (till) . . . that" only shows the boundaries of the selected circumstance, but is not translated into Russian. The whole sentence is translated with the addition of amplifying words.
In the case when until is a preposition and refers to a circumstance, the amplifying words "only", "only" are added:

It was until midnight that the vessel started.
The ship set sail only at midnight.

In the case when the word until is a union and a whole subordinate clause is enclosed between the two parts of the construction, the words "only when" are added:

It was until his book was published for the second time that it became more widely known.
Only then, when his book was published for the second time, it became more widely known.

An exercise

Translate the sentences, having previously determined in which cases the word until is a preposition, and in which cases it is a conjunction.

1. Actually, however, it is not until the other person begins to speak that you can form a very definite idea of ​​his personality and his character.
2. It was not until 1846, when "Vanity Fair" (4) began to appear, that Thackeray attained any eminence.
3. It was not until the end of the seventeenth century that France began to produce an art that, instead of echoing the faded amour of Italy, reflected the lively if equally artificial life of Versailles.
4. It was not till impressionism turned its attention to the nature of light and especially to the color of shadow that painters evolved a new way of seeing.
5. Although it is impossible to be quite certain of the changes that English words are now undergoing -- for in general it is not until a change is an accomplished fact that it becomes perceptible -- changes which have occured in the past throw a strong light upon changes which must be now taking place.
6. It was not till a century and a half had passed after the Claudian conquest that the Emperor Severus marked the final limit of the northern frontier by renovating (210 A. D.) the wall that Hadrian had erected"(123 A. D.). (5)
7. It was not until seven years had passed since the manuscripts had come into these scientists" hands that they published them with the introduction translated into English.

4) "Vanity Fair" - "Vanity Fair", a famous novel by Thackeray.
(5) Claudian. Severus, Hadrian - Roman emperors Claudius, Severus, Hadrian. Emperor Hadrian during the period of the conquest of the island of Britain built a wall 80 miles between Scotland and England.

Emphatic combination "not . . . till (until)".

The combination of not, which is part of the predicate, and the word till (until), standing before the circumstance of time, is translated by the predicate in the affirmative form and the words "only", "only" before the circumstance:

The work was not finished till 8 o clock.
The work has been completed only in 8 ocloc'k.

The combination "not + until (till) + after" is translated -- "only after":

His work was not published until after the October Revolution.
His work has been published only after October revolution.

An exercise.

Translate.

1. The first part of this work did not come out until 1940.
2. Cotton was not introduced (to Japan) from China until later and wool was unknown.
3. "Utopia" 6 was written in Latin about 1516, and it was not translated till 1551, some years after More's death.
4. Tennyson's last work, "Death of Oenone", was not published until after his death on October 6th 1892.
5. In England ancient fields indicate that no plough was used till late in the local bronze age, about 800 V.S., and then at first only in the south.
6. Silver and lead were known in Hither Asia before 3000 B.C., but neither was used in Britain till after 500, though Britain is well supplied with lead ores.

2. SELECTING THE MEMBERS OF THE PROPOSITION IN THE REVERSE WORD ORDER

Isolation of the members of the sentence with the help of amplifying, restrictive and negative words.

When strengthening and emphasizing the meaning of a secondary member of a sentence (usually a circumstance), the selected member of the sentence, together with the amplifying word preceding it, is brought forward and placed in front of the subject, which entails the inversion of the predicate:

They will realize the importance of his work only in the course of time.
"Utopia" - "Utopia" - the work of Thomas More (1480-1535).

Here the usual word order is: subject, predicate object, circumstance. But:

Only in the course of time will they realize the importance of his work.
Only in time will they understand the importance of his work.

Here inversion: amplifying word, circumstance, 1st part of the predicate, subject, 2nd part of the predicate, addition.

Main amplifying and limiting words, which can cause inversion of the predicate:

7) no sooner. . . than and hardly. . . when can also be used while maintaining the direct word order.

negative words, that can cause inversion of the predicate:

In the following examples, the predicate consists of two or three parts, with the first part of the predicate coming before the subject, and the second after it.

Only in two cases can we find a similar construction.
Only in two cases do we find a similar construction.

Only from this point of view is it possible to approach the problem.
Only from this point of view it is possible to approach this problem.

Only tomorrow will they receive our telegram.
Only tomorrow they will receive our telegram.

In the event that the predicate is expressed by one semantic verb (that is, if this verb is in Present or Past Indefinite), and the selection of the circumstance requires the inversion of the predicate, then the auxiliary verb to do is put in the place of the first part of the predicate (before the subject) in the appropriate tense , person and number; cf., for example:

We find a slight difference between the two forms only in one case.
We find a slight difference between both forms in only one case.

But:
Only in one case do we find a slight difference between the two forms.

The auxiliary "do", used when inverting the predicate, is not translated into Russian:

Only in one paper did we find confirmation of our theory.
Only in one work did we find confirmation of our theory.

Note. If a whole subordinate adverbial clause is singled out in this way, then inversion is observed in the main clause:

Only after the proofs had been corrected did he leave the publishing-house .
Only after the proofreading was corrected did he leave the publishing house.

Translation of sentences with emphatic "so" and "nor".

In addition to inversion, there may be a complete or partial replacement of the predicate by the substitute of the verb. So in such cases is translated "too, also", nor -- "and also . . . not". The function of a substitute is performed by auxiliary verbs to do, to be, etc.

is not very busy now, and so are both his friends.
He is very busy now, and both of his friends are too.

He knows three foreign languages, and so does his sister.
He knows three foreign languages, and so does his sister.

An exercise

Translate the sentences, first finding both parts of the predicate moved due to inversion.

1. In architectural unity Chekhov surpasses all Russian writers of the Realistic age. Only in Pushkin and Lermontov do we find an equal or superior gift of design.
2. Not only has this custom many parallels in modern times, but it can be demonstrated that it has survived in Greece since antiquity.
3. In no department of literature was so great an advance made during this period as in prose.
4. News about Japan reached Russia relatively late. Not until the seventeenth century do we find mention of Japan in Russian sources.
5. Not only did they edit and print textbooks on Confucianism, but they compiled books for popular education.
6. Only in 1733 did justice triumph when a new investigation was launched and both villains were hanged.
7. Nor can the author resist the temptation of bestowing on the reader tedious displays of his erudition, or of introducing foreign or obsolete words.
8. Prosper Merimee may at first sight seem to be completely outside the Romantic movement, for neither as a man AOL as a writer does he share any of its obvious and flamboyant characteristics.
9. Naturally, Hamlet is bitter against such a trimmer as Polonius. Nor could there, apart from reasons for direct resentment, be any community of feeling between the types so antagonistic.
10. The "forts" were not works of defense either strategic or social. Nor were they sacrificed places: they were something special. They were economic units, enclosed villages.
11. Hardly had the Turks taken possession of Tarsus (a city), when three thousand Normans arrived before the city, having come from the main army to reinforce Tancred.
12. The king of Dahomei himself was subject to (8) the prohibition of being holding the sea, and so were the kings of Loango and Great Ardra in Guinea.
13. Only after 1500 B.C. do bronze sickles begin to figure in Egyptian pictures or European hords.
14. In no part of the world, perhaps, are the inhabitants better fishermen.
15. Only occasionally do human bones found in these tumuli indicate the action of fire.
16. The dust had hardly settled over the battlefields of the world, when newspapers began to carry reports of a sensational new discovery in the field of biblical (9) archaeology.
17. No sooner, however, had his mother discovered that her son had found through imaginative play a method of stimulating his mind, than she put an end to the fairy tales.
18. The negotiations had barely been resumed, when sudden disaster overtook both sides. In the forenoon of December 23, an earthquake shook the area and a great tidal wave deluged the coast.
19. Agricultural tasks succeed each other in due order because they are bound up with the seasons, and so also do the rites and ceremonies which are connected with the tasks of sowing, reaping, threshing, gardening, and fruit gathering.
20. The two words are not enough alike in sound to cause their confusion, nor do their written symbols look alike enough.
21. Not only have her inland position and her relation to the Asiatic mainland influenced Japan greatly, but the characteristics of the land itself have been important.
22. Other examples of sound language not based on speech are the Army bugle calls, each one of which has a different meaning which the soldiers must learn. Nor should we forget our conventional way of indicating approval by clapping the hands and disapproval by hissing.

(8) to be subject to -- to be subject to; here: subject to a ban (taboo).
(9) This refers to the finds of the Qumran manuscripts (2nd century BC - 1st century AD), the so-called finds near the Dead Sea

Putting the participle out of the predicate in the first place in the sentence.

In the narrative style of speech, in case of special emphasis on the circumstances of the action, the participle (or adjective), which is part of the predicate, is placed in the first place in the sentence. Translation in such cases should begin with the circumstance (or addition) that comes after the participle, then the predicate is translated and, finally, the subject, compare:

Conventional design	emphatic construction
Past Continuous Active
A small ring was lying inside the box.	Lying inside the box was a small ring.
The small ring was inside the box.	Inside the box was a small ring.
As part of the predicate participle in time Present Indefinite Passive
Some other types of changes are also connected with this phenomenon.	Connected with this phenomenon are also some other types of changes.
Several other types of changes are also associated with this phenomenon.	This phenomenon is also associated and some other types of changes.

At exercise

Translate the sentences, first finding both parts of the predicate.

1. Standing on the threshold and smiling was Ann, safe and sound.
2. Connected with these ballads is still a larger group of miscellaneous romances of adventure.
3. Left behind are two small islands, treeless bits of volcanic soil.
4. Developing alongside these schools was a third group, the monastic, which owed less to the spirit of the Renaissance, and more to the old art of the East.
5. An equally interesting hunting scene is that painted in the neighboring cave. The two stags are pictured here in full flight. Running at the top speed after the two animals is their pursuer - a hunter armed with his bow.
6. Less general than these principles, but yet closely connected with universal modes of thought, are the various functions of words, which we call the parts of speech.
7. This is the most important problem since linked with it is the question of the relations between language and thought.
8. Allied to these classes is a group of words which have been shortened owing to misapprehension, whereas the foregoing have been shortened for the sake of brevity.

Participles (and adjectives) as part of the predicate, taken to the first place, and participles in the function of definition, circumstance and introductory member of the sentence

Translate, having previously defined the participle function.

1. Cut in the rock on the face of a great cliff in the eastern part of Persia, there was an inscription in three languages.
2. Look closely at the bare branches of a tree, on which not the palest gleam of green can be discerned. Yet, spaced along each branch are the leaf buds, safely preserved under the insulating layers.
3. Lying in the open Atlantic between Brazil and Africa, St. Paul's Rocks are an obstruction thrust up from the floor of the ocean into the midst of the Equatorial Current.
4. These animals could have been portrayed only when they were still living during the Glacial Epoch. Confirming this is the fact that representations of these animals have been found embedded in the hearth ashes and detritus associated with skeletal remains of animals of the same species.
5. Viewed in the right way, it is evident that the local "Stone Age" lasted in Central Russia up to the first millenium V.S.
6. Intermingled with these shells are found the bones of various animals.
7. In the midst of the most extraordinary abundance, here are men, women and children dying of starvation; and running alongside a splendid chariot are poor, forlorn, almost naked wretches.
8. Viewed from the standpoint of palaeonthology all this evidence is untenable.
9. Close to the famous Cave is the railway-station of Shell-Mound so called for an uncommonly large deposits of shells.
10. Simultaneous with this outburst of rhetoric was the school of Venetian painters, artists who delighted the rich travelers by producing views of Venetian life.
11. Meanwhile, nourished on the soil of Umbria to the south, another group of painters was maturing.

3. EMFATIC CONCESSION OFFERS

Concessive sentences with the nominal part of the predicate brought forward. In a concessive sentence of this type, the nominal part of the predicate, expressed by an adjective, participle or adverb, is in the first place, followed by the union as or though. The whole combination is translated "as (whatever) neither ... + the nominal part of the predicate", "whatever. . . nor", "even though ... ":

Important as this work is, it does not cover the problem on the whole.
As important as this work, it does not cover the problem as a whole.

Harmful though it is for his health, he is not able to give up smoking.
Even though it's bad for his health, he can't quit smoking.

Note. The verb may (might), which is sometimes part of the predicate of concessive sentences, is usually not translated:

Strange though it may seem, I did not think about it.
Strange as it may seem (may seem), I didn't think about it.

An exercise

1. Important as fishing was for the Eastern Islanders,10 it was never as vital to them as to the Tahitians. (10)
2. The following translations, inadequate as they are, may help to give some idea of ​​the character of this poetry.
3. Strangely as it seems to us, the play is devoid of real action, for the above events are not shown on the stage.
4. But, great as have been the triumphs of these new methods, it should not be forgotten that everything is not said when the facts of a language are interpreted in the terms of linguistic history.
5. Inexperienced though they were in navigation, the two men safely reached that island in a small boat.
6. Excellent though it be from a literary standpoint, this book is yet a paradox; for it gives a most unexciting (but far from boring) account of a most exciting experience.
7. Little as he (Galsworthy) indulged in dialect, he occasionally admitted a certain satisfaction in this fact, and lived much of his working life in this country, and made it the scene of some narratives.

(10) Inhabitants of the Easter Islands and Tahiti

Concessive sentences that begin with unions.

If at the beginning of the concession sentence there is a union however, after which comes the nominal part of the predicate, expressed adjective, participle or adverb, then the translation of such sentences should begin with the words "however...", "however...", "however...

However complicated the problem is, we are to solve it.
As difficult as this task we have to solve it.

Concessionary offers can also begin with the following unions:

however- howsoever; though;

whoever- whoever; anyone who...;

whatever- whatever; everything, that...;
Whichever; anyone who...;

wherever- wherever; wherever...;
wherever; wherever...;

whenever- whenever; whenever...

An exercise

Translate the following concessive sentences.

1. Science teaches us inseparability of matter and motion. However static some things may seem to be, there is in them continual motion.
2. Whatever value may be attached to the work as history - it is probably biassed as regards the character of Richard - it is the work of a master of English prose.
3. According to idealism, however closely the mind may be connected with the body, it is nevertheless distinct and separable from the body.
4. Whatever the reason, there are few panels of early date in existence today which show really first-class work.
5. Most of this volume is taken up with dissertations on the principles of government, which, however necessary for a comprehension of the motives and ideas of Japanese statesmen of the old regime, are not very interesting to the European reader.
6. Whoever the authors may have been, their primary object was the promotion of piety.
7. This work, however valuable it may be for research into mythology, the manners, the language, and the legends of early Japan, is a very poor production, whether we consider it as a literature or as a record of facts.

Repetition of emphatic constructions

Translate.

1. In reciting a passage of a light and humorous character it is by no means unusual for a man with an average voice to have a range of intonation of over two octaves.
2. It is this very silence of the poet that makes the verse all the more eloquent.
3. Only in this last work does the author show what he might have done, had he used his genius rightly.
4. These plays were not high either in their humor or in literary worth, but they did represent a distinct advance towards regular drama.
5. It was not the classics themselves as much as the works of Italy and France above mentioned, which had soimportant an influence on the poets to be presently considered, particularly on Chaucer.
6. Fragmentary though our knowledge is of the total achievement of the Greek sculptors, we need have no doubt that from what does remain we can estimate quite accurately the full strength and weakness of Hellenistic sculpture at any point between its origins and its final decay.
7. The basis of man "s social activity is labor. It is in and through labor that man first of all enlarges his perceptions and first of all begins to use his brain to think -- to form ideas and to communicate them, to develop thought and language.
8. In no wise (11) inferior in importance to the art stations of Southern France are those of Northern. Here, near Santillana del Mar is the cave of Altamira, which has been not unaptly termed "The Chapel of Palaeolithic Art".
9. However much the Emperor and the Crusader princes might quarrel over their ultimate rights and the distribution of conquests to come, there could be no dissension about the opening stages of the campaign against the infidel.
10. These novels are by no means forgotten at the present day, and might not improbably have a return of their popularity, which was at one time great.
11. It is as our perceptions increase with increased activity and social contacts that our ideas develop.
12. It is not merely in particular places that we find a beautiful effect; it is rather the continuous charm of his poetry, the sense of harmony that runs throughout that makes us feel his greatness.
13. Hunting by means of surprise in the case of sleeping or exhausted animals would also be practiced -- a means in common use with the Bushmen, who have brought it to the height of perfection. Neither is it impossible that the use of lasso, throwing-stick and snare was known.
14. It also not infrequently happened that the people of this period chose the suitable pieces of broken clay vessels and ground them into knives.
15. However hard they may work and however much they may scrape and save, the non-possessors will remain poor, while the possessors grow rich on the fruits of their labor.
16. It was during the time when Latin was still spoken, however, that the first modifications had to be made in the alphabet.
17. And indeed, from these first beginnings, it has always been through their advancing Mastery over nature that succeeding generations of men have come to know more and more of the properties of natural objects: each stage of advance has meant enlarged perceptions, new discoveries , wider horizons.

(11) in no wise - in no way.

Sun, 03/04/2018 - 22:31 Marina

Passive Voice and designs it is said that… he is thought to …

WhatsuchPassive Voice

In order to significantly improve the level of English, especiallyreadingandwritingskills, it would be nice to deal withpassiveVoiceand then master a fewuseful structures based on it.passiveVoicein particular, it will help to make speech deeper and more natural, and to use English in generallike a native speaker .

Passive voice (better to saypassiveVoice) is formed using formulas from our table - you can print it and paste it in a notebook so that you can always peep:

	present	Past	Future
Simple Formula	is/am/are + Ved (V3)	was/were + Ved (V3)	will/shall + be + Ved (V3)
	These clothes are made in Italy. This garment is made in Italy.	The big cake was baked by Sam. The big pie was baked by Sam.	This building will be demolished next month. This building will be demolished next month.
Formulacontinuous	Is/am/are + being + Ved (V3)	was/were + being + Ved (V3)
	The letter is being written now. The letter is being written right now.	When I came, the letters were being written. When I arrived, letters were being written.	–
FormulaPerfect	has/have + been + Ved (V3)	had + been + Ved (V3)	will/shall + have/has+ been + V ed (V 3)
	The robbers have been arrested by the police. The robbers were arrested by the police.	When I arrived at the office the letter had been sent. When I arrived at the office, the letter had already been sent.	This letter will have been sent by 5 o'clock. This letter will be sent by five o'clock.
Perfect Continuous

In formulas V edThisPastParticiple- a verb denoting a completed action. In the case of regular verbs, it is formed using the particle– ed, aPastParticipleirregular verbs can be found in the third column of the table of irregular verbs, there are not so many of them and with regular use they are easy to remember.

Main purposepassiveVoice- this is giving emphasis to action, when it is important for us what happened and less important who did it. Here are examples of when to usePassive Voice:

1. When the object is more interesting than the subject : My laptop was stolen. – My laptop was stolen. We don’t know who stole the laptop and why (or it doesn’t matter to us), but the fact itself is important - it was stolen. The books are sold . These books are for sale. It does not matter who, where, why and to whom sells books, we focus only on the action - books are sold;

2. We don't know who did the action or it doesn't matter: Rice i's grown in China . - Rice is grown in China, and which farmer did it - the information is superfluous;

3. Use Passive Voice when the agent, the so-called doer of the action, is obvious to everyone : I was born on the 14th of December. - I was born on December 14th. You can add by mom , but even so it is clear to everyone who is giving birth to a child, in this case there is no need to clog the conversation with unnecessary information;

4. Also Passive Voice remember when the speech should sound more formal : The student was asked to leave the examination room due to his lack of respect for his fellow – students . The student was asked to leave the examination room due to disrespect to his fellow students. Agree, this proposal can be used in the press, unlike informal : the teacher kicked the student out. The teacher threw the student out.

In the case when the action is important and it is known who did it, at the end of the sentence you can add the so-calledthe passive agentbysomeoneorbysomething.

1. The Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo Da Vinci . - The painting "Mona Lisa" is painted by Leonardo da Vinci.

2. The corner store was robbed by a masked gunman . The corner store was robbed by a masked gunman.

nativeSpeakersmore often usedpassiveVoicein writing than in speech.

passiveVoicecan often be heard in English-language music, for example, Pharrell Williams - Freedom, where it is sung:

"The atoms in the air

Organisms in the sea

The Sun, and yes, man

Are made of the same things"

"Atoms in the air,

Living in the sea

Sun, and yes, man

Created from the same»

The last line is an example of the appropriate usagepassiveVoice .

It is said that… He is thought to…

In order to make any judgment aboutsomeone or somethingin English, two constructions are used based onpassiveVoice. This is it is V ed that…andhe is V ed to… They let you do formal speaking more varied.

It is … that…- exactly this .

The present tense uses the formitis, and for the past tense useitwas. The structure is complemented by words who, which, whom, when, where.

It is he who sleeps here. “He is the one who sleeps here.

Itwastheywhocalledyou. - They called you.

Turnovers it + passivecorrespond in Russian to verbs with an indefinite personal meaning.

This construction is convenient to use with such verbs:

it is said- they say / it was said- they said;

it is reported- report / it was reported- reported;

it was expected- expected;

it is known- known, etc. d .

The singer is reported to be seriously ill . - It is reported that the singer is seriously ill.

It is believed that the winter will be warm . - It is expected that the winter will be warm.

His attitude is said to be completely wrong . They say that his attitude is completely wrong.

If we are talking about an attitude to an action that took place earlier, the construction is useditis… to…:

The fire is believed to have started last night . The fire is believed to have started last night.