The most difficult languages ​​in the world. The most difficult languages ​​​​in the world Which languages ​​\u200b\u200bare considered the most difficult

Learning foreign languages ​​is an important, exciting, but not easy task. Nevertheless, some people turn it into a hobby, practically "collecting" the foreign languages ​​they have mastered. Why do they do this, what difficulties accompany this process, and also what is the rating of the most problematic and tricky languages ​​​​for learning in the world - you will learn all this from the article.

Why do people love learning languages?

It would seem that this is such a difficult, time-consuming task that requires great motivation and concentration. Why do people voluntarily agree to learn a foreign language, and more than one, and often do it with pleasure? And there are those who do not stop at one or two languages, but increase the number of mastered to four, five or more. What is so exciting and necessary about this?

In general, the motives that move people to learn languages ​​can be divided into two categories:

• for pleasure;
• to achieve the goal.

The first group includes the passion for foreign languages ​​as a hobby, as well as the purposeful study of the culture of another country. Knowing the language, you can better understand the mentality of the people, their values ​​and humor.

The second group includes the study of foreign languages ​​for the purpose of emigration, raising professional status, communication and travel.

In general, we can say that people learn other languages ​​for pleasure and benefit. Now let's talk about the difficulties that accompany this lesson.

What is the difficulty of learning foreign languages?

For each case, the difficulties will be different. We list the most significant.

1.There is a big difference between mother tongue and foreign language. So each person has their own most difficult languages ​​to learn. For example, most Dutch people find it easier to learn German or English than Russian or Serbian. Not to mention the languages ​​of the peoples of Africa or Oceania. By the way, speakers of Slavic languages ​​will have no less problems with the latter. But the reason is the same - significant differences

2.Lack of a unified grammar. For example, it will not be easy for a native speaker of English to master cases, conjugations and other forms in German, French, Estonian, Russian, etc. The presence of exceptions and variations in it, which make it difficult to understand the general language logic, also affects the difficulty of learning a language.

3.Selected aspects: pronunciation, writing. For example, if the oral side of the Chinese language is not difficult to master, then the written side will have to be tinkered with, namely, to learn a huge number of hieroglyphs. The same can be said about the Japanese language, where there are three forms of writing, as well as various speech cliches, similar in meaning, but used in different situations. The English language, despite the simplicity of the grammatical structure, is distinguished by intricate reading rules with many exceptions.

A few words about the great and mighty

Almost all of us have heard this maxim: "Russian is the most difficult language." And we, being schoolchildren, were proud that he is our native. But is it true that the Russian language is in the first place in terms of the difficulty of learning?

As could be understood from the foregoing, the complexity depends on a number of circumstances, among which the individual characteristics of the student stand out most of all. In other words, the Russian language is hardly mastered by those people whose native language differs significantly in grammatical structure, pronunciation and writing.

The most difficult of the European and Slavic

The languages ​​of the peoples of the Earth are so different from each other and have their own characteristics that it is possible to determine the most complex language in the world only within one or another large group. Another important factor is the individuality of the student - his abilities and his native language.

So, among European and Slavic languages, the most difficult are:

• Estonian, Polish, Hungarian, Icelandic - in terms of grammar;
• Greek, Russian - in terms of graphics and spelling.
• English, Polish, Hungarian, Georgian - in terms of pronunciation.

The most difficult of the Oriental and Asian

If your native language is Slavic or European, then you will experience the most difficulties when learning Arabic, Turkish, Chinese, Sanskrit, Hindi, Japanese, Korean. And all because their writing, pronunciation or grammatical structure is significantly different from that to which other nations are accustomed.

Arabic may not be the most difficult language in the world, but nevertheless it has been found that it takes more effort to comprehend its writing than reading Latin, Cyrillic, and even hieroglyphs. And a large number of hieroglyphic icons - 87 thousand - is the main obstacle in learning Chinese. Other listed languages ​​are characterized by pronunciation difficulties and a greater number of grammatical classes: genders, cases, persons, conjugations, tense forms, etc.

Rating of the most difficult languages

As you can already understand, compiling such a list is not an easy task. After all, the difficulty of a particular language for a foreigner to learn lies in what language this person has as his native language, as well as what languages ​​he already knows and what his individual abilities are.

1. The most difficult language in the world is Basque, which is spoken by people living in southwestern France and northern Spain. It is characterized by an extremely complex grammatical structure and low prevalence, which made it possible to use the Basque language for encryption during the Second World War.

2. Tuyuka is the language of the small peoples of Brazil and Colombia. Its grammatical structure is quite complex, the same can be said about spelling.

3. Eskimo has 252 noun endings and 63 present tense forms of verbs. This is quite enough to be worn out with its study.

4. The language of the African tribe Suaya has no genders, verbs and nouns, but its grammar contains 15 forms of past and future tenses. There are 108 different words in the vocabulary for yellow, but none for water.

5. The language of the Nivkhs (a small people living in Northern Sakhalin) is notable for a special counting system that changes depending on which items are calculated. In total there are 26 ways that will have to be mastered by those who undertake to learn this rare language.

6. The Chippewa Indian tribe boasts a local language containing 6,000 verb forms - a world record.

7. The Abaza language (belongs to the languages ​​of the peoples of the Caucasus, is one of the official languages ​​in Karachay-Cherkessia) is distinguished by such complex phonetics that it is almost impossible for a person for whom it is not native to master it.

What is the best way to learn any language?

Even the most difficult language in the world can be mastered if you purposefully and consciously approach this process. Make a study plan that includes goals for the day, week, month, and then stick to it. It takes a lot of patience and constant practice.

In the case of common European and Slavic languages, watching videos with foreign subtitles helps a lot: this way you will not only hear pronunciation patterns, but also learn to understand speech. Another valuable source when learning languages ​​is communication in them.

Conclusion

Surely you have already understood that there is no single answer to the question of which foreign language is the most difficult. Each has its own nuances: be it pronunciation, graphic system, grammar and spelling rules, lexical features, and so on. Complicated language or simple - the answer often lies in the individuality of the person studying it.

A person's ability to learn languages ​​is laid in the earliest period of his development. If a child develops in society and masters the language of his environment, then this means that he is, in principle, able to master any other language that is not originally native to him. But what determines how difficult or easy it will be for a particular person to learn a particular language?

Difficulties in learning languages

Scientists have found that in learning a foreign language for a person there are a number of difficulties, both subjective and objective.

• With the subjective, everything is more or less clear, despite the fact that they can be so diverse in different representatives of humanity. First of all, the subjective simplicity or difficulty in the perception and mastering of the language is determined by the degree of kinship of the studied language with the native language. The similarity or difference of language categories is also important. For example, it will be difficult for a person whose native language is Russian to perceive such features of Russian as declensions and gender of nouns, the category of verb form, that is, everything that is absent in English. The fact that the Russian language, like English, belongs to the group of Indo-European languages, does not in the least contribute to simplifying its perception by native speakers.
• Also, a subjective factor in the comprehension of languages ​​is individual personality traits: for example, exceptional visual memory, which allows memorizing the complex spelling of the language being studied, even though the native language of the individual has no resemblance to it. Or developed mathematical abilities, which will always give odds to their owner when studying languages ​​of an analytical type, again, regardless of the rules and features of their native language.
• But to this day, battles of linguists are being fought over objective difficulties. It is clear what to consider as such difficulties. But on what scale to evaluate them? There is no consensus today. What should be taken as a universal unit of complexity: the number and variety of vowels or consonants of the language, the grammatical structure, the plurality of verb forms, or something else? In the Hungarian language there are 35 cases, but in the Eskimo language there are 63 forms of the present tense, how can you determine which one is more difficult? In other words, how do you measure the complexity of a language?

Grades of complexity of languages

American scientists from the Institute of Foreign Service of the US State Department took the amount of time required to master the basics of a particular language as a unit of complexity and determined the following gradations of difficulty in learning languages.

• The first category includes relatively simple languages, which require approximately 600 hours of classroom instruction to master. It is Spanish, Swedish. That is, if you devote two hours a day 6 times a week to studying one of the above languages, then in a year you can really master it at a fairly high level. Why not?
• Icelandic, Russian fell into the next category - more complex languages. It will take at least 1100 hours to master them.
• Japanese, Arabic and Chinese are classified as the most difficult languages, as it takes 2200 hours or more to master them. Scholars include Estonian, Finnish and Hungarian in the same complex group of languages.

Do you agree with this system of grading the complexity of languages?

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Guinness Book of Records

And here is information about difficult languages ​​​​according to the Guinness Book of Records.

1. The Chinese language is due to the hieroglyphic writing system, which does not have a direct correspondence with the sound of words and concepts transmitted by hieroglyphs. And also because of the system of semantic tones, of which there are 4 in Chinese. If you pronounce a certain word in an inappropriate tone, then this word can acquire a completely opposite meaning, or even completely lose its meaning.
2. Tabasaran language, which is one of the state languages ​​of Dagestan, which has 48 cases of nouns.
3. The language of the Haida Indians living in North America is recognized as the most difficult due to the record number of prefixes (prefixes) - there are more than 70 of them.
4. A Chippewa language of North American Indians, which has about 6,000 verb forms.
5. The Eskimo language, which includes 63 forms of the present tense and 252 noun endings.

Conclusions of neurophysiologists

Neurophysiologists have come to the conclusion that the most difficult languages ​​are those that are difficult for the brain to perceive, even for native speakers of such languages. Among such languages ​​scientists name Chinese and Arabic. It is interesting that when using these languages, the mechanisms of both the left and right hemispheres of the brain are involved in the brain of their speakers, while when communicating in all other languages, only one of the hemispheres of the brain is activated.

Therefore, if you want to effectively develop your brain, start learning Arabic or Chinese. Fortunately, in recent years they have been increasingly in demand on the world stage.

Motivation is everything

No matter how difficult the language you are about to master is, it can be much easier and more interesting for you, provided you have a strong motivation to learn it. The result depends only on you, your perseverance and dedication. As they say, there would be a desire!

What do you think: what is the most important thing for effective language acquisition and what is the importance of its complexity or simplicity?

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Tabasaran language

Tabasaran language- listed in the Guinness Book of Records for complexity. Its peculiarity lies in the numerous cases, of which there are 46.

The Tabasarans are a small ethnic group mainly living in the Republic of Dagestan. In total, Tabasarans number about 150 thousand people.

Today Tabasaran is one of the state languages ​​of Dagestan. It completely lacks prepositions, and uses postpositions. There are three groups of dialects in this language. They combine a specific group of dialects. In the sign system of the Tabasaran language, there are many borrowings from different languages: Azerbaijani, Persian, Russian and other languages.

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Arabic

Arabic- this is one of the most complex sign systems of the planet. One letter can have up to four different spellings. Everything will depend on the location in the word of a particular character.

There are no lowercase letters in Arabic. It is forbidden to break words for hyphenation here, and vowel characters will not be displayed on the letter. One of the features of this language is the spelling of words - they are written from right to left. Also in the Arabic language there are three numbers instead of the usual two numbers for the Russian language: singular, plural, dual. It is impossible to meet words here that are equally pronounced, each sound has four different tones, which will depend on its location.

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Russian language

great and mighty Russian language one of the three most difficult languages ​​in the world to learn. Its main difficulty lies in the possibility of free stress.

For example, in French, the stress is always placed on the last syllable in a word. In Russian, a strong position is anywhere: in the first, last syllable, or even in the middle of a word. For many lexical units, the meaning is determined by a specific place of stress. Among the examples: organ - organ, flour - flour.

The meaning of polysemantic words that are pronounced and spelled the same is determined solely in the context of a particular sentence. Linguistic units may have differences in writing, but be pronounced the same, having a completely different meaning, for example: onion - meadow, etc. The Russian language is very rich in synonyms. In it, one word can acquire up to ten linguistic units close in meaning.

Punctuation also has a lot of meaning. The absence of at least one comma can completely change the meaning of the entire phrase. Remember the hackneyed phrase: "Execution cannot be pardoned."

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Chinese

Chinese It is an incredibly difficult language to learn. The first difficulty lies in the number of hieroglyphs in this language. The modern dictionary of the Chinese language has about 87 thousand characters.

The difficulty here lies not only in the sign system, but also in the rules of writing. The only line depicted incorrectly in the hieroglyph completely distorts the meaning of the word. The Chinese "letter" can mean a word or even a large sentence. The graphic symbol does not always reflect the phonetics of the word - a person who does not know all the intricacies of the Chinese language will not understand how to pronounce the written word correctly.

Phonetics here is also quite complicated: it has various homophones and has four tones in its system. Learning this language is one of the most difficult tasks that any foreigner will set for himself.

No linguist is able to determine the most difficult language. This is due to the fact that people perceive information differently. Language is not only a collection of sounds, letters and symbols. This is what partly shapes human thoughts and ways of thinking. Therefore, it is easier for representatives of one nationality, for example, Chinese, but difficulties arise when studying Russian.

It is equally important when compiling the ranking of the most difficult languages ​​in the world to pay attention to the features of the alphabet, phonetics and grammar. In addition, it is also influenced by cultural and other factors that influenced the formation of the nation. The most difficult language to learn is the one with which representatives of various nationalities have difficulties.

Researchers give various gradations, or lists, of the most difficult languages ​​in the world. So, researchers at the Foreign Service Institute at the US State Department divided this list into 5 categories, depending on the complexity of the study. However, it is impossible to apply such a classification for each of the nationalities, since the indicated TOP of the most difficult languages ​​​​of the world was created for native English speakers.

Such gradations do not stand up to scrutiny from linguists. In particular, the complexity is largely determined by the native speaker of which language a person is. Russians do not experience difficulties when they start learning Belarusian or Ukrainian, and the French - Spanish or Italian. These languages ​​are related to each other, so they have a lot in common.

The most popular languages ​​in the world

When deciding which language is the most difficult, it is necessary to take into account the culture of the native speaker. This is especially true for aspects such as abstract vocabulary and writing. In the course of evolutionary development, languages ​​absorb foreign words, often modifying the latter in their own way. Russian "revolution" in English sounds like "revolution" ("revolution"). However, some peoples, in an effort to preserve their identity, act differently and do not borrow words, but invent their own.

TOP 10 most difficult languages

• basis (Russian is based on Old and Church Slavonic, Vietnamese - on classical Chinese, Turkic - on Arabic);
• cultural and other features of the nation;
• historical influence (whether the assimilation of the people took place in antiquity, etc.).

Common languages ​​are considered easy to learn. This is explained by the fact that in order to facilitate communications, phonetics and vocabulary are simplified. On this basis, some linguists define Icelandic as the most difficult language in the world.

Icelandic

Icelandic belongs to the group of the most difficult for the following reasons:

• phonetics, the accuracy of which only carriers can convey;
• the presence of ancient words that have gone out of use in most countries;
• the absence of noticeable changes in vocabulary and grammar over several centuries;
• lack of influence from Europeans on Icelandic culture.

In addition, Icelanders do not tend to borrow words from foreign speech.

Finnish

The following features explain the complexity of Finnish:

• the presence of 15 cases;
• more than 100 verb forms and conjugations;
• the presence of several forms of the past tense and the absence of the future.

Learning Finnish for foreigners is facilitated by the fact that in this language words are spelled the same way they are heard.

Navajo

The basis of the speech of the Navajo Indian tribe is made up of verb forms that change through prefixes. It is these parts of speech that convey the main meaning of words and phrases. The second feature of the Navajo language is the presence of four tones.

Hungarian is included in various ratings of the most difficult languages ​​because it contains 35 cases, and the alphabet includes many vowels that are difficult for foreigners to pronounce. The sign system is characterized by a difficult to understand grammar. Like Finnish, Hungarian does not contain future tenses.

Flag of Hungary

Eskimo

The complexity of the Eskimo lies in the presence of many temporary forms (only 65 forms have the present tense). Also, problems with perception are due to the presence of more than 200 variations of changing words through prefixes, suffixes or endings.

Tabasaran

Tabasaran is complex in that it includes 46 cases. There are no prepositions in this language, which are replaced by postpositions.

Basque

Basque is a separate language that does not belong to the Indo-European branches. The complexity of the perception of the speech of native speakers is explained by the presence of 24 case forms. Basque contains about 500 thousand words, some of which are built by adding prefixes or suffixes.

The difficulty for foreigners studying Russian lies in the fact that the language allows you to put stress on any syllable, and native speakers understand what the interlocutor is talking about. In addition, there are polysemantic words, the meaning of which is determined solely in the context.

Russian is considered the most difficult also because the alphabet contains several letters that are pronounced the same, but are written differently (“k” and “g” and others). Synonyms cause no less difficulty.

Flag of Russia

Arab

The complexity of Arabic is determined by the sign system. Each letter is written and pronounced in four variations (depending on the location in the word). Arabic script does not include lowercase letters and vowel characters.

Chinese

The main problems in learning Chinese arise when memorizing hieroglyphs, which mean both a single word and a sentence. The second difficulty lies in the fact that Asian speech is distinguished by the complexity of phonetics. The latter contains 4 tones and many homophones.

The complexity of Russian consists of several components:

• alphabet;
• numerous synonyms;
• lack of clear rules for setting stress;
• complex grammar.

Among the most difficult rules of the Russian language for foreign students is the presence of many exceptions. Some words are not declined for each of the cases, and adjectives are allowed to be transformed into nouns.

The girl is learning Russian

Another difficulty appears in the fact that verbs are allowed to be placed anywhere in the sentence. And sometimes such an inversion completely changes the meaning of the phrase. In addition, there are hissing sounds in the Russian alphabet.

These and other features make the language difficult to learn.

For Asians and the British, Russian is hard, and Russians cannot understand Hungarian or Finnish. Among the complex, from the point of view of the bulk of the world's population, are rare languages ​​such as Icelandic or Eskimo.

Studying of foreign language

What are the most difficult rules?

The Russian language is replete with rules that cause difficulties even for native speakers. At the same time, as in previous cases, it is impossible to single out the most difficult ones. Difficulties in people cause:

1. Stylistics. Problems arise when writing colloquial words or change in cases ("creams" or "creams", "socks" or "stockings").
2. Punctuation. Punctuation marks are the most difficult section of Russian grammar. And, basically, the problems come down to where you need to put a comma.
3. Spelling. “Not” and “neither”, prefixes “pre-” and “-at”, write together or separately (“also” or “similarly”) - these and other similar moments cause serious difficulties.

The Russian language is distinguished by an abundance of contradictions, exceptions and other features. Some rules are easy to remember. But there are also illogical ones, from the point of view of a native speaker or a foreigner (it’s correct “despite the fact that”, but if the phrase is written at the beginning of a sentence, then a comma is not put).

Conclusion

There are more than 6 thousand languages ​​in the world, each of which is difficult to understand or learn. Stylistics, grammar, phonetics - these and other features of speech have evolved over the centuries. The perception of languages ​​depends on various factors. Therefore, it is impossible to determine the most complex type.

There are about 6,000 languages ​​in the world today. Some are simple, some are more complex. And there are those that for foreigners are more like a cryptographic cipher than a language of communication. Here are the 10 most difficult languages ​​to learn.

10. Tuyuka

“Think before you speak,” we were often told as children. But in the Tuyuka language, which is spoken by the Indians living in the Amazon basin, they always think about what they are talking about. After all, the Tuyuka language has special verb endings that let the listener understand how the speaker knows what he is talking about. And there is no way to do without them: the language demands! So when you say something like "a woman is washing clothes", you have to add: "I know because I saw it myself." In addition, this language has from 50 to 140 classes of nouns. The Tuyuk language is agglutinative, which means that one word can mean a whole phrase. And two whole words, meaning the pronoun "we" - inclusive and exclusive.

There are only three vowels in the Abkhazian language - a, y and aa. The remaining vowels, denoted in writing by separate letters - e, o, and, y, are obtained from a combination of other vowels and consonants. The Abkhaz language compensates for the vocal poverty with an abundance of consonants: there are 58 of them in the literary language, and as many as 67 in the Bzyb dialect. By the way, the Abkhaz alphabet based on the Cyrillic alphabet was created in 1862, and three years later the Abkhaz primer was released. The manner of the Abkhazians to start a word with the letter “a” has been joked many times. But this prefix, or colloquially a prefix, performs the same function in the Abkhazian language that the in English is a definite article. It is placed before all nouns, and according to the rules of the Abkhazian language, it is added to borrowed words too. So the "destruction of the air squadron" is not a joke.

Some of the Khoisan languages ​​are endangered, and many have already died out. But still, about 370 thousand people still speak these very unusual dialects. The fact is that in the languages ​​spoken in southern Africa around the Kalahari desert, there are so-called clicks or clicking consonants. The term "Khoisan" itself was constructed from the words of the Khoisan Nama language: "Koi" in it means a person, and "San" means "Bushman". Initially, this term was used to denote the physical-racial type of these peoples, and only much later did the American linguist Joseph Greenberg apply the term to the macrofamily of languages ​​that use clicking sounds. Not so long ago, genetic scientists confirmed the ancient isolation of the Khoisan peoples from the rest of mankind and found that the tribes living north and south of the Kalahari have been isolated from each other for at least 30 thousand years.

7. Finnish

Everyone who has tried to learn all fifteen Finnish cases and more than a hundred conjugations and personal forms of the verb will agree that Finnish is difficult. Finns don't just burn their hearts with the verb - they decline the verb like a noun! Add to this the alternation of consonants, the abundance of suffixes and cryptic postpositions, verbal control that is difficult for a foreigner - and it seems just right to fall into despair. But don't be in a hurry: there is a lot of comfort in the Finnish language for a diligent student. Words are both heard and written and read in exactly the same way - there are no unpronounceable letters here. The stress always falls on the first syllable, and the category of gender is completely absent, which is quite capable of warming the soul of a supporter of equality. There are several past tenses in Finnish, but there is no future tense at all. Connoisseurs of the national character argue that this is because the Finns are used to being responsible for the spoken words, and if the Finn has already promised, he will definitely do it.

6. Chinese

The latest Chinese dictionary, Zhonghua Zihai, compiled in 1994, contains - are you sitting? - 85,568 hieroglyphs. True, it would be more correct to speak not about the Chinese language, but about the Chinese branch of languages, which unites many dialects, but there are still no easy ones among them. Take hieroglyphs, for example: as a consolation, we can immediately say that not all of the more than 85 thousand are actively used in the modern language: the lion's share of them is found only in the memorable literature of various Chinese dynasties and is no longer used in practice. For example, the hieroglyph "se", meaning "talkative", which consists of 64 strokes. However, the current hieroglyphs are not so simple: for example, the hieroglyph “nan”, which means “stuffy nose”, is depicted with 36 dashes. Unlike happy Europeans, who learn a few dozen letters, a resident of the Celestial Empire, in order to start reading more or less, must memorize, at worst, at least 1,500 hieroglyphs. But each hieroglyph also needs to be learned to draw. Oh, you are heavy, Chinese letter!

The champion of verb forms is, of course, the Chippewa language of the American Indians, or, as they are more commonly called, Ojibwe. Linguists refer to the Chippewa language as the southwestern dialect of Ojibway proper. So, in this language - as many as 6 thousand verb forms! But even with all the complexities of this language, you, of course, know a couple of words from it: these are, for example, the words “wigwam” or “totem”. Based on the legends of the Ojibwe people, an epic poem by Henry Longfellow was written. The American classic used myths, toponyms, and even words from the Ojibwe language, but, like any other person, he was not able to take into account everything. So the mistake is right on the cover: the legendary Ojibwe hero is called Nanobojo, because Hiawatha is a character from Iroquois mythology.

4. Eskimo

Do you know the word "igloo", meaning the winter dwelling of the Eskimos, built of snow or ice blocks? Then congratulations: you know a word from the Eskimo language. It also rightfully takes its place of honor among the most difficult languages ​​in the world: the Guinness Book of Records assures that it has 63 forms of the present tense, and simple nouns in it have 252 inflections. The term "inflection" in linguistics denotes different types of changes in words or roots. Let's just correct the Guinness Book: modern linguists do not single out the Eskimo language. This, apparently, is about the entire Eskimo branch of the Eskimo-Aleut languages. But in the main registrar of world records is not mistaken: all Eskimo languages ​​are extremely complex: for example, in one verb form with the help of suffixes, up to 12 grammatical categories can be expressed. Speakers of this language think figuratively: the word "Internet" in it is expressed by the term "ikiaqqivik", which means "travel through layers."

The number of languages ​​spoken by the indigenous peoples of Dagestan cannot be accurately counted. We can only say that 14 of them have a written language. The most difficult of them and, according to the Guinness Book of Records, one of the most difficult in the world is Tabasaran. The language of the Lezgi branch of the Nakh-Dagestan family of languages ​​holds the world record for the number of cases - they are distinguished from 44 to 52 in the Tabasaran language! It has 54 letters and 10 parts of speech, and there are no prepositions, but postpositions are used instead. So that life does not seem like honey to a student of the Tabasaran language, there are three whole dialects in the language. But there are a lot of borrowings in the dictionary of Tabasarans. Near the Farsi language, the mountain dwellers borrowed ancient household, military and craft terminology. Tabasarans borrowed religious and scientific terms from Arabic. And the Russian language shared with the Tabasaran modern socio-political and scientific and technical vocabulary. Just don't forget. that all these words change in more than 50 cases!

2. Navajo

The idea to use complex languages ​​to transmit encrypted messages came to the Americans back in the First World War: then the Choctaw Indians served in the US Army. In World War II, they took advantage of this experience. And in addition to the complex Basque language, they began to transmit messages in the Navajo language. Fortunately, there were enough native speakers of this most complex language, who also knew English, but there was no writing in the language, and therefore there were no dictionaries at all. "Windtalkers", that is, "speaking with the wind," as the Navajo ciphers called themselves, even had to invent new words that were previously absent in their language. For example, the plane was called "not-ahs-ya", that is, "owl", the submarine - "besh-lo", literally - "iron fish". And Navajo signalers called Hitler "posa-tai-wo", that is, "crazy white man." In addition to vowels and consonants, this language has four more tones - high, low, ascending and descending. Particularly complex in the Navajo language are verb forms, which consist of a stem, to which derivational and inflectional prefixes are added. The fascist himself will break his head!

1. Basque

In this unique, unlike anything European language, very ancient concepts have been preserved. For example, the word “knife” in it literally means “a stone that cuts”, and “ceiling” means “roof of a cave”. We are talking about the language that its speakers call Euskara, and we call the Basque language. It is a so-called isolated language: it does not belong to any of the known language families. Now it is spoken and written by approximately 700,000 people, mostly living on the coastal strip 50 kilometers wide from the Spanish city of Bilbao to the city of Bayonne in France. The Basque language is classified as an agglutinative language - this is how linguists call languages ​​in which suffixes and prefixes are used to form new words, and each of them carries only one meaning. There are about half a million words in the Basque language dictionary - approximately the same as in our great and mighty one. This is explained by a large number of synonyms and dialect variants. The obscurity and complexity of the Basque language played a positive role: during the Second World War, it was used by US Army cipher radio operators.