Characteristics and analysis of the poem "On the road" Nekrasova N. A. "On the road" N. Nekrasov On the road Nekrasov expressive means

"On the Road" created in 1845. Nekrasov at that time was only 25 years old, and for his young age he showed a surprisingly subtle understanding of the Russian soul and knowledge of the peculiarities of Russian life.

It is worth noting that 1845 is the heyday of the era of serfdom, when, on the one hand, rumors about “freedom” had already begun to roam among farmers, on the other hand, it was still more than 15 years before the abolition of serfdom. The peasants suffered under the yoke of the landowners, who treated them like property, and they themselves did not always realize this.

The main theme of the poem

The central theme of the work, which has become one of the best examples of civil lyrics, is serfdom, or rather, its denunciation. Not directly, of course - in the middle of the 19th century, only underground workers could afford to write directly, frankly and completely honestly. But, nevertheless, in the story of a peasant woman, which is revealed to the reader, the horrors of serfdom appear in full. Nekrasov also touched upon intra-family relations, and hard work in the field, and domestic violence - then, however, it was considered the perfect norm.

The poem is written in the form of a dialogue. The master, traveling somewhere with the coachman, asks the coachman to entertain him with a conversation, and he retells the story of his wife, Pears. She was a "companion" in the manor's house, did not work in the field, she was a "white-handed, white-handed". Grusha was taught to read and play the piano, one teacher even wooed her. But after the lady, whose companion was Grusha, got married, and a new owner appeared on the estate, he sent Grusha back to the village.

Like any other woman of childbearing age, she was given in marriage to the first who turned out to be a more or less suitable candidate - a coachman-narrator. He, in turn, appears before the reader as a kindly person, compassionate in his own way, he feels sorry for his wife, although she turned out to be almost useless in peasant labor. The pear is not lazy, not at all - it simply does not have the physical strength to “follow the cow”, to do unusual housework. According to the coachman, she reads a book all day long and tries to raise her son like a little barchon.

The coachman does not understand the sorrows and problems of Pear, he tells the master - and it is on this that he interrupts him - that he even beat his wife only after drinking. There is an abyss between him and Grusha, they are completely different people in terms of education, worldview. But Grushin's trouble lies in education. She knows that she could live differently, but her life is not her own. The pear is managed by the owner of the estate, for him it is a property that can be kept with him, or can be redirected somewhere else.

The pronounced anti-serf character of the verse is noticeable from the very first lines. The story of the driver, told even without complaints, only with surprise, they say: you see, gentleman, and it turns out that it happens in life, shocking the modern reader. It is impossible to even imagine such a plight of women - and men too, who were torn out of their usual lives, given in marriage, rearranging like dolls on a game board. With his poetry, Nekrasov protests against serfdom and inhuman treatment of people.

Structural analysis of the poem

For greater similarity with the traditional songs-complaints of the Russian people, Nekrasov used a 3-stop anapaest. Alternating types of rhyme (female - with male, cross, ring and pair replace each other) emphasize the liveliness of speech.

The work uses a large number of colloquial expressions - this makes the coachman's speech real, not artificial. The state of the peasant and the sadness, longing that gnaws at his wife are conveyed by epithets and comparisons.

In the work "On the Road" Nekrasov raises the difficult issue of serfdom, emphasizes that the possession of people as things often breaks their fate.

The poem “On the Road” was written by Nekrasov in 1845, the poet is only 24 years old. This is a genre scene created in the form of a dialogue between a gentleman and a coachman (long-distance carrier). Coachmen often sang songs and told stories to bored riders, so Nekrasov describes a typical life situation.

The song-complaint of the coachman as a genre existed in folklore.

Literary direction, genre

Nekrasov's poems are realistic. They describe the typical hero in typical circumstances. During the time of the fortress

The rights of the peasants often became a toy in the hands of the masters.

Sometimes this happened as if by chance, as described in the poem “On the Road”: a serf girl was taken to the manor’s house as a friend and companion of the owner’s daughter. When the young lady grew up and got married, and the old master died, his son-in-law sent the girl, accustomed to living like a young lady, to the village and married her off. The landowners did not think about the fate of their serfs. The change in life has made the young peasant woman unhappy and threatens her with death.

In fairness, it must be said that there were also unequal marriages between landowners and serfs, but they were rarely happy.

The poem belongs to civil lyrics and denounces the social structure of feudal Russia.

Theme, main idea and composition

The plot of the poem is the coachman's complaints about his wife, who grew up in the master's house. Pear was taught the sciences, sewing, knitting, reading, playing the piano. She dressed like a master, ate the master's food (porridge with honey).

A teacher even wooed her, “yes, to know, God did not judge her happiness.” After a new owner came to the house, Grusha for some reason was sent to the village and married, and her life, as well as her husband's, became unbearable. Her husband does not consider her lazy, but she does not know how to do anything, “neither mow, nor go after the cow.” It is difficult for a woman to perform any physical work.

The coachman husband takes pity on her and comforts her, as is customary among peasants, but even new clothes do not please her, unusual clothes and shoes are uncomfortable. The pear cries, eats little and, obviously, will not live long in the world. She is reading some book (perhaps the only one she has), looking at some portrait (isn’t it a portrait of a teacher?) The coachman does not understand his wife at all, does not see his own fault, because he treated her according to -peasantly good, even almost did not beat.

He is also worried about the fate of his son, whom his mother is raising as a young lady.

The main idea of ​​the narrator is contained in two lines: "The gentlemen destroyed her, And there would be a dashing wench." The coachman implies that the peasant woman was ruined by the lordly upbringing. The master, who asked to be entertained with a story, stops the peasant on the words that he beat his wife only under a drunken hand.

The master understands how much a girl should be oppressed by such a life. Not because she has to do dirty peasant work, but because she is humiliated. The theme of the poem is the unfortunate fate of a person with self-esteem. The master is aware of all the hopelessness and bleakness of the fate of the unfortunate spouses and, in general, of all people in a class society, which was serf Russia.

The idea of ​​the poem is anti-serfdom.

Size and rhyme

The poem is written in three-foot anapaest, reminiscent of tonic Russian song-complaints. This rhythm falls on the sound of hooves. The liveliness of speech conveys the alternation of female and male rhymes, as well as a variety of rhymes that alternate randomly: cross, pair and ring.

Paths and images, speech

Vernacular expressions make the coachman's speech realistic: you hear, you understand, a hundred, tois, crashing, bait, sam-at, patret. Nekrasov accurately managed to convey the condition of a peasant who does not know how to help his wife and what is his own fault. The master at the beginning of the dialogue is calm and indifferent: he does not care what story to listen to.

But he is not heartless. The barin's speech is ironic. Sarcasm is felt in the last phrase “You dispersed my persistent boredom”: it was sad, but it became even sadder and hopeless.

There are no paths in the coachman's speech, and where would they come from a peasant. There are two popular comparisons roaring like crazy, like a chip thin and pale, and one epithet - the highest peasant praise of a dashing wench. The master's epithet obsessive boredom emphasizes his bitterness from what he heard.

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The work "On the Road" was written by Nekrasov in 1845. It was the first poem that was shown to V. G. Belinsky, who highly appreciated it. When Nekrasov first read this work to him, Belinsky exclaimed: “Do you know that you are a poet, and a true poet?”

Realism in the work of Nekrasov

Analyzing Nekrasov's poem "On the Road", it can be mentioned that in its form the work can be attributed to coachmen's songs, but it also contains elements of a story. The work is built in the form of a dialogue between a coachman and a rider. It tells about the tragic life of a woman who grew up in a manor house, but was sent back to the village. Many of the poet's poems are quite realistic - for example, such is the work "Railway" by Nekrasov. An analysis of the poem, briefly carried out by a student, shows that this poem also describes the misfortunes of ordinary people. It will be of interest to anyone interested in this difficult topic. All Nekrasov's works are close to the people, the suffering of the common man, who turned out to be a victim of the master's arbitrariness.

Another poem by Nekrasov - "Railway"

The above work can also be given to a student within the framework of the topic "Nekrasov's Creativity". An analysis of the poem "Railway" by Nekrasov according to the plan may contain the following points.

1. Title of the work.
2. Description of the composition of the work (it consists of four parts).
3. The theme of the deceived people in the poem. Who actually builds the railroad.
4. Artistic means.
5. Student's opinion about the poem.

Getting to know the main character

But back to the main topic of this article. An analysis of Nekrasov's poem "On the Road", briefly conducted by the student, can begin with a description of the beginning of the work. This is a replica of the master - rider. He asks the driver to tell him some story that could disperse his boredom. And he decides to tell the sad story of his own life. At first, he complains to his rider that he was "crushed by the villainous wife." However, as the driver tells the reader, the reader will learn about what kind of life was prepared for Grusha. She spent her childhood in a manor house, where she was taught music, literacy, science. However, after the old master passed away, she was returned to the village. She was given in marriage without Grusha's consent, but she can't get used to her new life.

Two worlds of work

An analysis of Nekrasov's poem "On the Road" shows that Grusha suffers not so much from overwork, but from the everyday life in which she has to live. And her husband, the coachman, does not fully understand the tragedy of her situation. He is sure that he treats her quite well. The work contrasts two worlds: the world of wealthy boyars, because of which innocent people die, and the world of serfs, who have no rights. The latter cannot manage their own lives, they have no right to choose.

All the sympathy that the poet expresses in his work is addressed to such representatives of the common people. An analysis of Nekrasov's poem "On the Road" also shows that the work contains an unusually acute social aspect. After all, just because of one lordly whim, the fate of a young woman turned out to be crippled. Only this fact can already cause indignation of the reader. But the denunciation does not exhaust the content of the work. His inner drama is actually much deeper.

The moral side of the tragedy

The spiritual side of the story that happened to Grusha is not directly described by Nekrasov. To feel it, you need to imagine the circumstances that happened to the girl. Of course, the external severity of the circumstances in which Grusha fell into cannot be underestimated. Although at the same time she is capable of hard physical work. Those words of the coachman with which he describes his wife (“Beloruchka, you see, white-faced”) cannot be taken too literally. After all, when he talks about the tears of his wife, this to some extent refutes his irony.

The broken fate of a woman

The pear does not despise physical work - it's just that she is practically beyond her strength. After all, this work, which lay on the shoulders of serf peasant women, was comparable to that of men. And in this respect, the fault of the masters lies not only in the fact that they sent the girl back to the village, but also in the fact that they did not accustom her to hard work from her youth. The coachman mentions that his wife is "reading some book" in passing. However, this phrase can serve as food for thought, including about the spiritual side of this drama, about the moral suffering that befell Pear. What can torment her besides work? Maybe she is crying not only from overwork? What portrait is she constantly looking at? The coachman does not give himself the trouble to think about the answers to these questions, however, the reader who analyzes Nekrasov's poem "On the Road" should not be content with this superficial view.

Perhaps she is looking at a portrait of her lover, who was dear to her heart when she was still in the manor house? However, this assumption cannot be justified psychologically. After all, a peasant wife would not indulge in longing for another person in the presence of her husband. It would be more correct to make a different assumption - most likely, this is a portrait of a writer or poet, whose book is dear to her. Most likely, this is the person who evoked in her a sincere desire for happiness, true love.

Analysis of Nekrasov's poem "On the Road": the misfortune of an educated woman

The pear, which has learned the sciences and reading, has already begun to live consciously - its soul has higher aspirations. And she is not so much afraid of physical hardships as spiritual isolation. The husband is not able to share her views. It is interesting that the coachman perceives his wife's concern for his son as a master's whim: "Like a barchenka, she scratches every day ...". One can only judge indirectly about what everyday peasant life was like. The pear, perhaps not for long, consoles himself with his worries about his son. However, they bring her new pain - what kind of life awaits him in the future? That desire for happiness and spiritual development, which was instilled in Pear, cannot be realized in those social conditions.

The coachman and his wife

The difficult fate of a woman in every reader will cause deep sympathy. After all, she suffers the most, turns out to be guilty without guilt. And even the narrow-minded husband calls her a "villain." All the "villainy" of Pear lies in the fact that she does not have any mental or physical strength to cope with the situation in which she finds herself. However, it is difficult to envy the coachman himself. After all, he got a heavy share. And he laments with all his heart that his wife is about to die from such hard work. In his own way, as best he can, he is ready not only to “dress and feed” her, but also to “amuse” her. According to the plan, an analysis of Nekrasov's poem "On the Road" should also contain a paragraph describing the attitude of the coachman to his wife. He cannot be accused of being close-minded - after all, he has no evil intentions towards his wife. He is also a victim of the master's arbitrariness. He was married without desire. Consent in his family is not and cannot be. And ahead of him is waiting for widowhood, loneliness. Perhaps if a simple Russian peasant woman became the driver's wife, they could agree on their liking, it would be more fun and easier for them to live their difficult life. True, the coachman does not fully understand the tragedy of the fate of his wife. But after all, Grusha does not share with him those worries that weigh on him.

The Russian poet N.A. Nekrasov wrote talentedly and penetratingly about the fate of serfs, about the share of Russian women. The greatness of Nekrasov lies in the fact that his poems expressed the advanced, progressive ideas of his time, in the fact that, through the tragic reality of oppressed Russia, he foresaw a better lot for his people and sang it in exciting verses.

The poet did not immediately reach the heights of creativity. In the early 1840s, Nekrasov joined the staff of the Otechestvennye Zapiski magazine. V. G. Belinsky, who later personally met Nekrasov, drew attention to his reviews published in the journal. At that time, Nekrasov's literary activity was criticized, and Belinsky believed that Nekrasov would forever remain nothing more than a useful journal employee. But when in 1845 Nekrasov brought his poem "On the Road" to Belinsky, he enthusiastically accepted this work and called Nekrasov a true poet. The success of the poem "On the Road" contributed to the creative flowering of Nekrasov and his formation as a folk poet.

The poem is built in the form of a dialogue between a coachman and his rich rider. The leading theme of the poem "On the Road" is the forced fate of a serf woman, whose life, due to changed circumstances, has turned into continuous torment.

Compositionally, the poem is divided into three unequal parts. In the first part of the work, a rich passenger asks the coachman to dispel boredom - to sing a cheerful song or tell an amusing story. The second part contains the story of a coachman who responded to the request of a rich rider. The poem ends with a replica of the rider, interrupting the driver's story and declaring that he had entertained him enough.

The main part of the literary work is the coachman's story about his wife named Grusha, who, being a serf, was brought up in a manor house from childhood, together with the owner's daughter. Grusha received a good education, knew how to read and play musical instruments. She dressed like a real lady. But one day her life changed dramatically, and not for the better. The landowner's daughter got married and left for St. Petersburg. The owner of the estate soon died, and his son-in-law took over the estate. The new owner did not agree in character with Grusha, who still lived in the master's house. Taking advantage of the fact that the girl was a serf in her position, he sent her to the village, to the peasants. Soon Grusha was married to a coachman.

With the advent of a white-handed wife in the life of a simple peasant, his worries increased significantly. The wife, although she was not lazy, did not know peasant work at all. It was very difficult for her to get used to the new reality. The coachman felt sorry for her and tried to console her by buying simple new clothes. But Grusha did not help much, she often cried. The coachman was sincerely worried about the fate of his son, whom Grusha raised as a young lady - she washed him, cut and combed his hair, taught the boy to read and write. All this, according to her husband, was not worth doing at all. Complaining to the rider that his wife ate very little, the coachman expressed fears that with such a lifestyle she would not stay long in the world.

The coachman's story creates a mood of hopeless despondency, the hopelessness of existence, but for his rider this story is a means of entertainment. He was not at all touched by the misfortunes and sorrows of ordinary people, serfs.

The main idea of ​​\u200b\u200bthe poem "On the Road" is that serfdom, as a form of enslavement of people, humiliates the dignity of a person and gives rise to an innumerable number of personal tragedies. So it happened in the case of Pear. Brought up in an atmosphere of freedom, she suddenly found herself a slave, someone else's property. This change in her life inflicted a severe mental trauma on Grusha, from which she was never able to recover.

A characteristic feature of the poem "On the Road" is the absence of a compositional and stylistic device, called "remark" in literature. This technique consists in the author's retreat from direct plot narration. There are no remarks in the poem "On the Road". Another characteristic feature of the poem is that an essential part of the text - the coachman's monologue, addressed to the gentleman, is essentially a hidden dialogue: "Listen, you ...", "You understand, a hundred ...".

When writing this poem, Nekrasov used a three-foot anapaest as a poetic size. The choice of this poetic size makes the poem look like a song, increases the melody of the work. At the same time, the author uses several rhyming schemes in the work - cross, adjacent and ring.

Based on the analysis of the work “On the Road”, it can be concluded that the song basis is visible in the text of the verse, which is felt in the following: in the echoes of the tunes of the coachmen’s songs, in the folklore epithets “white-handed”, “white-handed”, in the dialogic nature of the folk song, in using a characteristic size.

Nekrasov actively used various means of artistic expression when creating the poem "On the Road". He used such epithets as "tireless work", "daring coachman", "dashing wench", as well as metaphors "villainous wife", "drunken hand", "persistent boredom". When describing the appearance of the coachman's wife, the author gives such comparisons as "pale and thin, like a chip", "roaring like crazy." The poem also contains a large number of folk expressions, with the help of which the author conveys the driver’s direct speech: “you understand, a hundred ...”, “hitting ...”, “bait”, “sam-at”, “hear”, “ali”, “tois " and others. These dialects give the coachman's story credibility and increase the realism of the work.

In the poem, I liked that the heroine of the coachman's story, his wife Grusha, does not give up in a difficult life situation. Yes, it is very difficult for her, but she continues to read books and raises her son in the way she thinks is right - she teaches the child to be clean, tidy and teaches the boy to read and write. This little episode in the coachman's story shows that no life tragedies will break a Russian woman. She will be able to fulfill her maternal duty to the end.

The poem "On the Road" was written by Nekrasov in 1845, the poet is only 24 years old. This is a genre scene created in the form of a dialogue between a gentleman and a coachman (long-distance carrier). Coachmen often sang songs and told stories to bored riders, so Nekrasov describes a typical life situation. The song-complaint of the coachman as a genre existed in folklore.

Literary direction, genre

Nekrasov's poems are realistic. They describe the typical hero in typical circumstances. In times of serfdom, peasants often became a toy in the hands of the masters. Sometimes this happened as if by accident, as described in the poem "On the Road": a serf girl was taken to the manor's house as a friend and companion of the owner's daughter. When the young lady grew up and got married, and the old master died, his son-in-law sent the girl, accustomed to living like a young lady, to the village and married her off. The landowners did not think about the fate of their serfs. The change in life has made the young peasant woman unhappy and threatens her with death. In fairness, it must be said that there were also unequal marriages between landowners and serfs, but they were rarely happy.

The poem belongs to civil lyrics and denounces the social structure of feudal Russia.

Theme, main idea and composition

The plot of the poem is the coachman's complaints about his wife, who grew up in the master's house. Pear was taught the sciences, sewing, knitting, reading, playing the piano. She dressed like a master, ate the master's food (porridge with honey). A teacher even wooed her, “yes, to know, God did not judge her happiness.” After a new owner came to the house, Grusha for some reason was sent to the village and married, and her life, as well as her husband's, became unbearable. Her husband does not consider her lazy, but she does not know how to do anything, "neither mow, nor go after the cow." It is difficult for a woman to perform any physical work. The coachman husband takes pity on her and comforts her, as is customary among peasants, but even new clothes do not please her, unusual clothes and shoes are uncomfortable. The pear cries, eats little and, obviously, will not live long in the world. She is reading some book (perhaps the only one she has), looking at some portrait (isn’t it a portrait of a teacher?) The coachman does not understand his wife at all, does not see his own guilt, because he treated her according to -peasantly good, even almost did not beat. He is also worried about the fate of his son, whom his mother is raising as a young lady.

The main idea of ​​the narrator is contained in two lines: "The gentlemen destroyed her, And there would be a dashing woman." The coachman implies that the peasant woman was ruined by the lordly upbringing. The master, who asked to be entertained with a story, stops the peasant on the words that he beat his wife only under a drunken hand. The master understands how much a girl should be oppressed by such a life. Not because she has to do dirty peasant work, but because she is humiliated. The theme of the poem is the unfortunate fate of a person with self-esteem. The master is aware of all the hopelessness and bleakness of the fate of the unfortunate spouses and, in general, of all people in a class society, which was serf Russia. The idea of ​​the poem is anti-serfdom.

Size and rhyme

The poem is written in three-foot anapaest, reminiscent of tonic Russian songs-complaints. This rhythm falls on the sound of hooves. The liveliness of speech conveys the alternation of female and male rhymes, as well as a variety of rhymes that alternate randomly: cross, pair and ring.

Paths and images, speech

Realistic speech of the coachman is made by colloquial expressions: you hear, you understand, a hundred, tois, crashing, bait, sam-at, patret. Nekrasov accurately managed to convey the condition of a peasant who does not know how to help his wife and what is his own fault. The master at the beginning of the dialogue is calm and indifferent: he does not care what story to listen to. But he is not heartless. The barin's speech is ironic. Sarcasm is felt in the last phrase “You dispersed my persistent boredom”: it was sad, but it became even sadder and hopeless.

There are no paths in the coachman's speech, and where would they come from a peasant. There are two vernacular comparisons roars like crazy, like a sliver thin and pale and one epithet - the highest peasant praise dashing wench. epithet master persistent boredom emphasizes his bitterness from what he heard.

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