How to draw blueprints. Dirty devils drew a drawing: modern tools for creating drawings What they draw
Instruction
A classic "paper" drawing can also be done quickly or slowly, and it's not at all a fact that speed will certainly lead to slovenliness. Very often it is just the opposite. To be faster, you must first take care of the quality of the tools. Fix the T-square correctly. If you are using an A4 board, check the angle. An experienced draftsman can also use it with a roller, but in this case it is necessary to strictly monitor that it moves smoothly and without jerks.
The T-square provides lines, but only in one direction. Either these are horizontal lines, or horizontal. If you are just starting to master this craft and prefer the classic way to a computer program, mark the opposite sides of the sheet with dots. For an A4 sheet, you can take a distance of 0.5 cm, for an A3 format, you can take a larger step. reference point.
Don't draw a detail or plan piecemeal. If one edge of the object is strictly horizontal, but has notches or protrusions, immediately set aside the dimensions of all segments that lie on one straight line. The field on which the part is located is generally better to mark both vertically and horizontally at once. Then it remains only to connect the dots, which will significantly speed up the process.
If you need to outline the drawing with ink, pick up rulers and squares that are thick enough and at the same time fit snugly on the sheet. Of course, the T-square must also lie tightly, otherwise the mascara will flow under the ruler. Immediately adjust the line thickness to match the standards.
A computer program can significantly speed up the work of even the most skilled draftsman. First of all, you need to choose the software that suits your needs. For example, AutoCAD can be "sharpened" for architecture, mechanical engineering, etc. In order to customize the standard program for a specific task, find and install the necessary applications.
The program needs to be studied. This, of course, can be done from the textbook. But it is better to take some ready-made drawing and experiment with it. First, go through all the tabs of the main menu and see what options you have. Try every option. A line, circle, or polygon can be defined in several ways, and the options can also be defined in different ways. To do this, there are drop-down windows and the command line.
Tailor AutoCAD to your machine and your needs. Set "hot keys" that will allow any frequently repeated operations to be carried out with a flick of the wrist. Set the functions of the right mouse button. In the program, you can configure other parameters, depending on specific tasks. Arrange the toolbars in a convenient way for you. Customize the working field - you can, for example, set a color for it. Understand scale.
Learn to use the built-in calculator. This will significantly reduce the time that is usually spent on calculations. You only need to enter data, and then the program will do everything itself, and not only calculate, but also display.
In order to make even the simplest drawing on paper, it is extremely important to comply with the established norms and requirements regarding drawings, to make drawings to the established scale, using a specific drawing font.
The first thing to start with is the design of a special drawing frame. For it, it is worth making indents of 5 millimeters on top, bottom and right, and 20 millimeters on the left for convenient filing of the finished drawing.
The main inscription is located in the lower right corner of the sheet; a special table is drawn for it, 55 millimeters high and 185 millimeters wide. The main table must be filled in with a font in accordance with GOST 2.304-81.
Before you start work, you need to prepare tools, including:
Pencils of different hardness;
- measuring ruler;
- squares;
- a cookery;
- eraser;
- other tools.
The paper is selected in a suitable format, please note that the quality of the drawing applied to it depends on the quality of the paper. You can buy suitable sheets at any office supply store.
Before you start drawing, you should learn how to write numbers and letters according to GOST. It is advisable to practice on a separate sheet, where you should first draw a special auxiliary grid. Over time, you will develop an eye, and the drawing letters will be the same.
The requirements of GOST indicate that drawing font, both letters and numbers, must be tilted at 75 degrees.
The letters do not correspond to the sizes specified in GOST;
- all letters are different sizes and "jump" in the line;
- the letters have a different slope.
To learn how to write a drawing font correctly, at first you can draw two lines along the height of the letters using a compass. So the font will be even and the letters will not be of different heights.
Beginners are advised to choose to draw lines with an optimal width of 0.8 to 1 millimeter. Please note that the frame and the title block in the drawing must be made with a continuous thick line. A thin solid line will help to make an image of the section of the part, as well as to make detailed dimensions.
Other lines are also used in drawing:
- solid uneven line - designed to indicate the line of demarcation in the figure. It is often carried out in the case when the part is too voluminous and it makes no sense to place it entirely;
- hatching - invisible lines are indicated;
- hatching with a dotted line - designation of the center of the part or axis.
All the main lines in the figure are made up to 0.3 mm thick on a format up to A1, while the thickness of the hatching is selected in accordance with the dimensions of the part. When performing the projection drawing procedure, the following errors and inaccuracies are most often made:
- incorrect shading of details;
- in axonometric projections, the image of circular and elliptical parts is incorrectly built;
- the secant area of the part is incorrectly selected, and therefore it is not possible to consider all the features of the part.
The depicted object is positioned in such a way that all its faces correspond to six projection planes. In this case, the front view (frontal plane) is the main image.
It is best to position the part towards the observer in such a way that a complete picture of the size, shape and other characteristics of the depicted product is created.
Usually, in the drawings, the part is schematically cut, this is done in order to understand the structure of the part from the inside. This gives a complete picture of cuts, notches and other features that are not visible on the frontal plane.
It is desirable to initially carry out the image with thin lines that will be easy to remove. It is better to circle the drawing with thick lines at the last stage.
2.1. The concept of ESKD standards. If every engineer or draftsman performed and designed the drawings in his own way, without observing uniform rules, then such drawings would not be understandable to others. To avoid this, the state standards of the Unified System for Design Documentation (ESKD) have been adopted and are in force in the USSR.
ESKD standards are regulations, which establish uniform rules for the implementation and execution of design documents in all industries. Design documents include detail drawings, assembly drawings, diagrams, some text documents etc.
Standards are set not only for design documents, but also for certain types of products manufactured by our enterprises. State standards (GOST) are mandatory for all enterprises and individuals.
Each standard is assigned its own number with the simultaneous indication of the year of its registration.
The standards are revised from time to time. Changes in standards are associated with the development of industry and the improvement of engineering graphics.
For the first time in our country, standards for drawings were introduced in 1928 under the name "Drawings for all types of mechanical engineering." Later they were replaced by new ones.
2.2. Formats. The main text of the drawing. Drawings and other design documents for industry and construction are performed on sheets of certain sizes.
For economical use of paper, ease of storing drawings and using them, the standard establishes certain sheet formats that are outlined with a thin line. At school, you will use a format whose sides are 297X210 mm. It is designated A4.
Each drawing must have a frame that limits its field (Fig. 18). The frame lines are solid thick main lines. They are carried out from above, to the right and from below at a distance of 5 mm from the outer frame, performed by a solid thin line along which the sheets are cut. On the left side - at a distance of 20 mm from it. This strip is left for filing drawings.
Rice. 18. Making an A4 sheet
In the drawings, the main inscription is placed in the lower right corner (see Fig. 18). Its form, dimensions and content are established by the standard. On educational school drawings, you will perform the main inscription in the form of a rectangle with sides of 22X145 mm (Fig. 19, a). A sample of the completed title block is shown in Figure 19, b.
Rice. 19. The main inscription of the training drawing
Production drawings, performed on A4 sheets, are placed only vertically, and the main inscription on them is only along the short side. In drawings of other formats, the title block can be placed along both the long and short sides.
As an exception, on A4 training drawings, the main inscription is allowed to be placed both along the long and along the short side of the sheet.
Before starting the drawing, the sheet is applied to the drawing board. To do this, attach it with one button, for example, in the upper left corner. Then a T-square is placed on the board and the upper edge of the sheet is placed parallel to its edge, as shown in Figure 20. Pressing a sheet of paper to the board, attach it with buttons, first in the lower right corner, and then in the other corners.
Rice. 20. Preparing the sheet for work
The frame and columns of the main inscription are made with a solid thick line.
- What are the dimensions of an A4 sheet? At what distance from the outer frame should the drawing frame lines be drawn? Where is the title block placed on the drawing? Name its dimensions. Consider Figure 19 and list what information is indicated in it.
2.3. Lines. When making drawings, lines of various thicknesses and styles are used. Each of them has its own purpose.
Rice. 21. Drawing lines
Figure 21 shows an image of a part called a roller. As you can see, the detail drawing contains different lines. In order for the image to be clear to everyone, state standard sets the style of lines and indicates their main purpose for all drawings of industry and construction. In the lessons of technical and service labor, you have already used various lines. Let's remember them.
In conclusion, it should be noted that the thickness of lines of the same type should be the same for all images in a given drawing.
Information about the lines of the drawing is given on the first flyleaf.
- What is the purpose of a solid thick main line?
- What is a dashed line? Where is it used? What is the thickness of this line?
- Where is a dash-dot thin line used in a drawing? What is its thickness?
- In what cases is a solid thin line used in a drawing? How thick should it be?
- Which line shows the fold line on the scan?
In Figure 23 you see a picture of the part. Various lines are marked on it with the numbers 1,2, etc. Make a table in your workbook according to this sample and fill it out.
Rice. 23. Task for exercises
Graphic Work No. 1
Prepare an A4 sheet of drawing paper. Draw the frame and columns of the title block according to the dimensions indicated in Figure 19. Draw different lines, as shown in Figure 24. You can also choose a different arrangement of line groups on the sheet.
Rice. 24. Task to graphic work № 1
The main inscription can be placed both along the short and along the long side of the sheet.
2.4. Drawing fonts. Sizes of letters and numbers of the drawing font. All inscriptions on the drawings must be made in drawing font (Fig. 25). The style of letters and numbers of the drawing font is established by the standard. The standard defines the height and width of letters and numbers, the thickness of stroke lines, the spacing between letters, words, and lines.
Rice. 25. Inscriptions on drawings
An example of building one of the letters in the auxiliary grid is shown in Figure 26.
Rice. 26. An example of building a letter
The font can be both slanted (about 75°) and non-slanted.
The standard specifies the following font sizes: 1.8 (not recommended, but allowed); 2.5; 3.5; 5; 7; ten; fourteen; 20; 28; 40. The size (h) of the font is taken as the value determined by the height of uppercase (capital) letters in millimeters. The height of the letter is measured perpendicular to the base of the line. The lower elements of the letters D, C, U and the upper element of the letter Y are performed due to the spaces between the lines.
The thickness (d) of the font line is determined depending on the height of the font. It is equal to 0.1h;. The width (g) of the letter is chosen to be 0.6h or 6d. The width of the letters A, D, Zh, M, F, X, C, SH, W, b, Y, Yu is 1 or 2d more than this value (including the lower and upper elements), and the width of the letters Г, 3, С is less than d.
The height of the lowercase letters roughly matches the height of the next smaller font size. Thus, the height of lowercase letters of size 10 is 7, of size 7 is 5, and so on. The width of most lowercase letters is 5d. The width of the letters a, m, c, b is 6d, the width of the letters w, t, f, w, u, s, u is 7d, and the letters h, c are 4d.
The distance between letters and numbers in words is taken equal to 0.2h or 2d, between words and numbers -0.6h or 6d. The distance between the lower lines of the lines is taken equal to 1.7h or 17d.
The standard also establishes another type of font - type A, narrower than just considered.
The height of letters and numbers in pencil drawings must be at least 3.5 mm.
inscription Latin alphabet according to GOST is shown in Figure 27.
Rice. 27. Latin script
How to write in cursive font. It is necessary to draw up drawings with inscriptions carefully. Indistinctly made inscriptions or carelessly applied figures of different numbers can be misunderstood when reading the drawing.
To learn how to write beautifully in a drawing font, first a grid is drawn for each letter (Fig. 28). After mastering the skills of writing letters and numbers, you can only draw the top and bottom lines of the line.
Rice. 28. Examples of inscriptions in drawing font
The contours of the letters are outlined with thin lines. After making sure that the letters are written correctly, circle them with a soft pencil.
For the letters G, D, I, I, L, M, P, T, X, C, W, W, only two auxiliary lines can be drawn at a distance equal to their height A.
For letters B, C, E, N. R, U, H, b, Y, b. Between two horizontal lines, one more should be added in the middle, but with which their middle elements perform. And for the letters 3, O, F, Yu, four lines are drawn, where the middle lines indicate the boundaries of the fillets.
To quickly make inscriptions in a drawing font, various stencils are sometimes used. You will fill in the main inscription in font 3.5, the name of the drawing in font 7 or 5.
- What is the font size?
- What is the width of the capital letters?
- What is the height of lowercase letters of size 14? What is their width?
- Complete a few inscriptions in the workbook for the teacher's assignment. You can, for example, write your last name, first name, home address.
- Fill in the main inscription on the sheet of graphic work No. 1 with the following text: drew (surname), checked (name of the teacher), school, class, drawing No. 1, the name of the work "Lines".
2.5. How to measure. To determine the size of the depicted product or any part of it, dimensions are applied to the drawing. Dimensions are divided into linear and angular. Linear dimensions characterize the length, width, thickness, height, diameter or radius of the measured part of the product. The angular dimension characterizes the magnitude of the angle.
The linear dimensions in the drawings are indicated in millimeters, but the designation of the unit of measure is not applied. Angular dimensions are indicated in degrees, minutes and seconds with the designation of the unit of measurement.
The total number of dimensions in the drawing should be the smallest, but sufficient for the manufacture and control of the product.
The rules for sizing are set by the standard. Some of them you already know. Let's remind them.
1. Dimensions in the drawings are indicated by dimensional numbers and dimension lines. To do this, first draw extension lines perpendicular to the segment, the size of which is indicated (Fig. 29, a). Then, at a distance of at least 10 mm from the contour of the part, a dimension line parallel to it is drawn. The dimension line is limited on both sides by arrows. What should be the arrow is shown in Figure 29, b. The extension lines extend beyond the ends of the arrows of the dimension line by 1...5 mm. Extension and dimension lines are drawn with a solid thin line. Above the dimension line, closer to its middle, a dimension number is applied.
Rice. 29. Drawing linear dimensions
2. If there are several dimension lines parallel to each other in the drawing, then a smaller size is applied closer to the image. So, in Figure 29, first the size 5 is applied, and then 26, so that the extension and dimension lines in the drawing do not intersect. The distance between parallel dimension lines must be at least 7 mm.
3. To indicate the diameter, a special sign is applied in front of the dimension number - a circle crossed out with a line (Fig. 30). If the dimension number does not fit inside the circle, it is taken out of the circle, as shown in Figure 30, c and d. The same is done when applying the size of a straight segment (see Fig. 29, c).
Rice. 30. Applying the size of circles
4. To designate the radius, a capital Latin letter R is written in front of the dimension number (Fig. 31, a). The dimension line to indicate the radius is drawn, as a rule, from the center of the arc and ends with an arrow on one side, resting on the point of the circular arc.
Rice. 31. Dimensioning Arcs and Angle
5. When specifying the size of the corner, the dimension line is drawn in the form of an arc of a circle with the center at the apex of the corner (Fig. 31, b).
6. Before the dimension number indicating the side of the square element, a "square" sign is applied (Fig. 32). In this case, the height of the sign is equal to the height of the digits.
Rice. 32. Drawing the size of the square
7. If the dimension line is located vertically or obliquely, then the dimension numbers are arranged as shown in Figures 29, c; thirty; 31.
8. If the part has several identical elements, then it is recommended to put the size of only one of them on the drawing, indicating the quantity. For example, the entry in the drawing “3 holes. 0 10" means that the part has three identical holes with a diameter of 10 mm.
9. When depicting flat parts in one projection, the thickness of the part is indicated, as shown in Figure 29, c. Please note that in front of the dimension number indicating the thickness of the part, there is a small Latin letter 5.
10. It is allowed to indicate the length of the part in a similar way (Fig. 33), but in this case they write a Latin letter before the size number l.
Rice. 33. Drawing the size of the length of the part
- In what units are linear dimensions expressed on engineering drawings?
- How thick should extension and dimension lines be?
- What distance is left between the image outline and the dimension lines? between dimension lines?
- How are dimensional numbers applied on inclined dimension lines?
- What signs and letters are applied before the size number when indicating the size of diameters and radii?
Rice. 34. Task for exercises
- Redraw in a workbook, maintaining proportions, the image of the part given in Figure 34, increasing it by 2 times. Apply the required dimensions, indicate the thickness of the part (it is 4 mm).
- Draw circles in the workbook with diameters of 40, 30, 20 and 10 mm. Enter their dimensions. Draw circular arcs with radii of 40, 30, 20 and 10 mm and dimension.
2.6. Scales. In practice, it is necessary to make images of very large parts, for example, parts of an aircraft, a ship, a car, and very small ones - parts of a clock mechanism, some instruments, etc. Images of large parts may not fit on sheets of a standard format. Small details that are barely visible to the naked eye cannot be drawn in full size with the available drawing tools. Therefore, when drawing large parts, their image is reduced, and small ones are increased compared to the actual dimensions.
Scale is the ratio of the linear dimensions of the image of an object to the actual. The scale of the images and their designation in the drawings sets the standard.
Reduction scale-1:2; 1:2.5; 1:4; 1:5; 1:10 etc.
Natural size-1:1.
Magnification scale-2:1; 2.5:1; 4:1; 5:1; 10:1 etc.
The most desirable scale is 1:1. In this case, you do not need to recalculate the dimensions when rendering the image.
Scales are written as follows: M1:1; M1:2; M5:1, etc. If the scale is indicated on the drawing in the main inscription specially designed for this, then the letter M is not written before the scale designation.
It should be remembered that, no matter what scale the image is made, the dimensions in the drawing are applied to the actual ones, that is, those that the part should have in kind (Fig. 35).
The angular dimensions do not change when the image is reduced or enlarged.
- What is the scale for?
- What is called scale?
- What scales of increase are known to you, established by the standard? What scale of reduction do you know?
- What do the entries mean: М1:5; M1:1; M10:1?
Rice. 35. Drawing gasket, made in different scales
Graphic Work No. 2
Drawing "flat part"
Make drawings of the “Gasket” parts according to the existing halves of the images separated by the axis of symmetry (Fig. 36). Apply dimensions, indicate the thickness of the part (5 mm).
Do the work on an A4 sheet. Image scale 2:1.
Instructions for work. Figure 36 shows only half of the part image. You need to imagine how the part will look like in full, keeping in mind the symmetry, sketch its image on a separate sheet. Then you should proceed to the execution of the drawing.
A frame is drawn on an A4 sheet and space is allocated for the main inscription (22X145 mm). The center of the working field of the drawing is determined and the image is built from it.
First, axes of symmetry are drawn, a rectangle is built with thin lines, corresponding to the general shape of the part. After that, images of rectangular elements of the part are marked.
Rice. 36. Tasks for graphic work No. 2
Having determined the position of the centers of the circle and the semicircle, they are carried out. Apply the dimensions of the elements and overall, i.e., the largest in length and height, the dimensions of the part, indicate its thickness.
Outline the drawing with lines established by the standard: first - circles, then - horizontal and vertical lines. Fill in the main inscription and check the drawing.
Any design begins with the creation of a drawing. Agree, no one will build, say, a bridge without first designing it and producing all necessary calculations. Any detail, before putting it into production, should be developed, drawn, and all its necessary parameters should be determined. What do you think this means, dear friends? This means that if you are a “techie”, then you cannot do without the ability to draw in most cases.
The need to draw gives rise to legitimate questions - what, where and how to create a drawing? Which program is the best?
Modern programs for creating drawings and diagrams, as well as other graphic objects, will be discussed in this article.
A drawing is a projection image of an object on a scale on a certain information carrier, made using graphic samples.
The times when an engineer or architect came to work, took a sharply sharpened pencil and stood with it at the drawing board all day, creating a drawing, are gone forever. Now, in our information age, everyone, or most, sit at their personal computers and laptops. And there is a very good reason for this - the existence of many computer-aided design systems (CAD).
These software products almost completely eliminate the need to draw directly by hand. The finished drawing, even if it is of the largest format, can always be printed on a plotter specially designed for this.
The most popular drawing programs
So, let's look at the most popular electronic drawing tools, their pros and cons.
With this product, you can create two-dimensional and three-dimensional drawings, while Autodesk AutoCAD allows you to render three-dimensional objects at the level of full-fledged 3D graphics editors. In addition, Autodesk AutoCAD provides the ability to work with 3D printers, a truly wide range of functions for professional design, the ability to work with layouts.
The disadvantages are rather high system requirements. So, you won't be able to use the Autodesk AutoCAD suite without a powerful enough PC. At the same time, however, Autodesk specialists were able to make their product as accessible as possible through the ability to work with Autodesk AutoCAD online. After uploading the data to the server, you can edit your drawing by simply connecting to the Internet and having a kind of portable program for creating drawings on your mobile. Moreover, almost every year a new, improved version of the product is released.
Autodesk AutoCAD works with several file formats. The most common format is DWG (closed format for editing drawings).
As negative points, again, we note the high system requirements.
Other programs for creating drawings
The considered CAD systems are the most common. These products allow you to solve largely similar problems. In addition to Autodesk AutoCAD and Ascon KOMPAS, which are the most powerful CAD systems, you can also pay attention to the Nanosoft nanoCAD program. We noted this program for the reason that it has the simplest interface. Yes, the software capabilities of Nanosoft nanoCAD are not so high, this program is focused on working with two-dimensional drawings. Nevertheless, the main functionality of the program complies with CAD standards, and the availability of a free version and ease of use make Nanosoft nanoCAD a noteworthy product.
Which program for creating electronic drawings to choose depends on your capabilities, goals, and skills. The fact remains: if you are burning with desire and interest, you will be able to master any, even the most complex product. And if you know the goal, you will definitely find the means to achieve it.
Drawing and engineering graphics are one of those subjects that are not easy for everyone. Almost every student who has studied drawing knows the situation when a test or a test is already on the nose, it is urgently necessary to make and submit a drawing, but it is not ready. We are also familiar with such situations. That's why our team of experienced writers is always ready to help you out in difficult times and complete the drawing according to all the stated requirements in any required format and in the shortest possible time.
