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Plant mexico growths on the leaves. Oak diseases: oak powdery mildew, ink nuts. Galls: control measures and disease prevention

The mechanisms of their appearance are somewhat similar to the development of an inflammatory reaction in humans and warm-blooded animals. Under the influence of injury, the immune system of the plant triggers a response in the form of increased formation of tissue components. By forming galls, plants seek to protect themselves from the penetration of foreign objects into their internal environment, only, unlike animals, representatives of this kingdom do not have cellular immunity, so they protect it by forming such growths. They themselves also participate in the formation of galls: for example, insects, when roots, leaves and other parts are damaged, secrete saliva, which causes additional irritation and promotes gall formation.

Caecidia can appear on any plant organs. In most cases, they affect leaves and stems, but can also grow on roots, buds or flowers. These formations are very different from each other in color, shape and size. They can be both almost imperceptible and gigantic, causing deformation and disfiguring plants (in the latter case they are called teratomorphs).

Of all the possible variants of galls, crown galls on tree trunks and "ink nuts", which can often be seen on leaves, are the most common. The crown gall looks like a voluminous brown warty growth located on the base of the trunk or on the roots. This damage is caused by bacteria and can pose a threat to a tree or shrub if it spreads circularly around the entire trunk. (a photo) In contrast, "ink nuts" are formations that are small rounded growths, usually brownish in color, located on the surface of the leaf.

Most nematodes settle on the main roots, although some, such as M. hapla, infect the lateral ones. The size of the caecidia ranges from a few millimeters to more than 10 cm. Roundworms are also found in large numbers inside the galls.

As a result of invasion, the roots are modified and deformed; on root crops and bulbs, typical galls may not form, instead of them there are areas of swelling or necrosis. (a photo) When the roots are damaged, the aerial part of the host plant also begins to suffer. Diseased plants wither on hot days, produce poor-quality crops, and suffer from secondary diseases.

Gall-forming nematodes cause great damage to agriculture. The biggest losses are found among tomatoes, cucumbers and various ornamental crops.

Galls formed by insects

In most cases, the formation of galls occurs with the participation of insects of the Hymenoptera family. Sawflies, gall wasps and chalcids infect both herbaceous plants and trees. At the same time, depending on the structure and degree of complexity, galls can be of two types.

1. Single chamber

2. Multi-chamber

Such cecidia are formed from a group - the descendants of one or more females. As a rule, galls significantly deform the plant. They are created by sawflies of the genus Euura living in the branches of willows, Euritoma chalcides in the roots of ephedra, and many others.

The nature of gall-forming insects can be assumed from the type of galls. Sawflies create single-chamber thickenings on the leaves of woody plants and multi-chamber thickenings on thin branches. The former are either attached to the leaf from below, connecting to it with a narrow base, or they strike both sides of the leaf blade in the form of rounded protruding formations. When the branches are damaged, the growths are woody in nature and quickly spread along the branches.

Chalcides are distinguished by a wide variety of damage to plants. Galls can be imperceptibly inside the stem, deform it, be located on buds, flowers, leaves, roots. Their appearance is very different: Teramesa brevicollis causes rough thickening on the stems of oats and wheat, Teramesa cylindrica "inflates" immature feather grass seeds. Teramesa punctata modifies the panicle of this plant, turning it into a complex formation at the end of a thickened stem, Terames arobusta infects the growth zone, as a result of which herbaceous plants stop growing, and a 3-4 cm gall is formed on them, wrapped in modified leaves.

Peculiar variants of galls are also found among insects belonging to other orders.

So, green Hermes forms galls on the leaves of gymnosperms - needles. emerging from insects feed on the juices of the plant, damaging the young shoots of spruce. The needles are deformed, grow at the base and, merging with each other, form a rather large rounded structure. A characteristic feature of such a gall is that unaltered needle tips remain on its surface. Among the Hermes, each Gaul becomes a "cradle" in which the next generation develops.

If the weather forecasters do not lie, then the weather should be calm on the weekend, which means you can roam the fields and forests. You can scour with benefit), which is what today's story will be about. On the November holidays, I had a walk through the forests of my native suburbs with an old friend. We wandered along the paths, told each other about the innermost, and suddenly my friend pulled me by the sleeve, pointing to the ground: “Look, what cool cocks!” And cocks (leaf galls or ink nuts) was visible and invisible. In my short life, I don’t remember such a gorgeous harvest. Do not waste good in vain), and therefore, here:

Arises Gaul as follows: It happens at the beginning of summer. An adult winged insect (insects of the genus Cynips or gall wasps) sits on a leaf, pierces its skin and lays an egg inside the latter, from which a larva hatches, which begins to feed on the tissues of the leaf and causes their abnormal growth. The above can be seen if such a gall is cut. In the center of it you can see a small cavity, and in it a barely noticeable larva.

Since gall nuts contain up to 70% tannin, a mixture of tannins, then earlier they (usually a tincture prepared from them) were used to rinsing and irrigation of the oral cavity with inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth and throat, for lubrication and cauterization frostbitten places and rarely - inside from diarrhea.

Application of galls:

They are collected, brewed and drunk as tea in a bite with lump sugar or honey. Outwardly, they are used in the form of decoction lotions (1 tbsp of raw materials per 1 liter of water, brew with boiling water, boil for 5 minutes, insist, strain). Green and unripe galls are most useful.

Medicinal properties of oak leaf galls :

have astringent properties - mixed with vinegar, they help with toothache and earache
promote hair growth (drinking and bathing)
help with cracked lips (drinking and bathing)
good remedy for pulmonary tuberculosis
promote healing of scalded and burnt areas of the body
cure eye ulcers (drinking and bathing)
strengthen the abdominal organs, stop diarrhea and bleeding
dry up secretions from the uterus
treat various skin diseases: lichen, erysipelas (infusion in vinegar), eczema, cracks in the arms and legs, wet ulcers (decoction)
help with various bleeding: from the uterus, stomach, wounds
treat prolapse of the anus (drinking a decoction)

!!! Galls are harmful to the bladder, a single dose - no more than 3 g !!!

Energy of oak.

Oak - explicit night owl. He wakes up in the morning, slowly, By noon, unfolds foliage and branches to recharge his energy, and clearly does not want to part with it. Having had lunch and breakfast at the same time, he falls asleep, remembering, probably, that "after a hearty dinner, one should sleep." And sleeping approximately from 15 to 17 hours. By evening, having had enough and rested, he begins to take an interest in the world around him. Oak willingly communicates with those who listen to him, from 18 o'clock, fueling the energy of creativity and giving inspiration to others. But real tide strength comes to him after nine o'clock when he willingly heals and helps people correct their fate. Having generously distributed his strength to the world, after 3 in the morning he falls asleep soundly, only to wake up again around noon.

Oak is one of the most energetically strong trees in central Russia. Oak in Russia has always been considered a holy tree, a tree, associated with masculine energy and power . No wonder the man was compared to an oak tree.

We have a huge number of traditions and legends associated with this tree, starting from the parable of death of Koshcheeva stored in a casket on cherished oak, before the legend of the horses of the king of the underworld hidden under roots of a three-barreled oak.

Indeed, oak is a very difficult tree. It conducts the energy of the planet into our world Jupiter and is directly related to the zodiac sign Sagittarius. These energies determine world processes, the destinies of people and nations, allow people who have fully mastered them to control their own destiny and the destinies of others. Therefore, oaks are considered sacred trees not only in Russia, but also in all countries where they grow.

Temples and sanctuaries have always stood in oak groves, and people were treated there. The energy of this tree has the power to "raise even the dead", as our ancestors used to say. Oak is a tree-conductor that connects a person with the world and the Universe. Therefore, if a person has managed to establish contact with him, a tree can give him such powers that will not only prolong his life, but also have a beneficial effect on the fate of his children and grandchildren - sometimes up to the fifth generation.

(!) Remember the somewhat rude expression about the dead, so common among us: "Dal oak". Do you know where it came from? From the old legend that souls of the dead exactly along the trunk of an oak, as if on a heavenly ladder, they rise upward - into the bright kingdom of the immortals. In Russia, there have always been many magical practices that made it possible, with the help of the energy of this tree, to turn to the dead for help and gain additional strength and good luck.

But even without using any special magical and extrasensory methods, anyone can get a piece of his strength and health from an oak tree. For this:

a) you need to walk more often in oak groves;
b) if possible, use oak objects in your everyday life (especially great power is transmitted to a person through oak floors or through the walls of a house built from oak logs);
c) you should never break or cut an oak tree for fun.

Oak is one of the few trees capable of transmitting information over vast distances. And if you crippled an oak in Moscow and decided to feed on the power of a tree growing, for example, in Novgorod, you will not get anything good. For he already knows about what happened and looks at you as a barbarian who needs to be punished for outrage. Unlike most trees, which are strongly associated with other trees in the area where they grow, oaks are individual trees. They have energy bonds only with trees of their own kind, regardless of the distance between them. This allows them, like a pine tree, to grow quietly in solitude, without losing their strength at all.

Oak is a strong and powerful tree. Likes ambitious and energetic people. Can't stand people who whine all the time. His masculine energy is strong and tough, powerful and hot. She is not very shown to women, since, with constant communication, she can give completeness and excessive self-sufficiency, which will interfere with meetings with the opposite sex. It is useful for women born under the sign of Sagittarius at least once a year - before their birthday or on that day itself - to stand under an oak tree and mentally communicate with it, discussing their life plans. Such a meeting can help the fastest realization of what you want in life.

Oak loves men more than women. It helps those born or living in an oak grove to find happiness in work, to achieve fame and public recognition, provided that the person does not change their place of residence. Oak increases the strength and energy of a person. Contributes to the growth of his authority, gives protection during magical and religious ceremonies, helps to understand the deep meaning of ongoing events, develops an innate ability to synthesize, often feeds inspiration from creative personalities.

(!) An ordinary oak plank, processed on Thursday at sunrise, on which a protective motto is carved, nailed to the home altar, can protect the family from many troubles.

Oak stabilizes energy human body, opens and cleanses the subtle bodies and upper chakras , fills us with a powerful and even fiery force. These properties are used in medicine.

AT practical magic use it more the ability to open the way to the Cosmos and the information of the near-Earth space for a person. Therefore, in Russia, where there is little sun and a strong shortage of energy, they were very fond of using oak wood for buildings, thus compensating for the lack of warm fiery energy for the human body. Moreover, bog oak has always been the most popular. Bog oak wood is slightly reddish, not greyish; like natural oak. This enhances the warmth of the wood and slightly uplifts the mood. Ordinary oak, of course, calms the nervous system and fills the body with strength, but does not contribute to fun. In a completely oak, unpainted house, you feel like in a church - pleasant, good, light in your soul, but stormy fun seems somehow indecent.

Usually in the old days the walls of a wooden house were made of oak, the floors and floors were oak. Such an arrangement of wood contributed to the best protection of a person from the influences of negative energy from the outside and made it possible to restore the spent forces in the shortest possible time, since the oak easily transfers its energy to a person upon direct contact, and its strength allows us to balance the work of our entire body. No wonder the people said: "Strong as an oak!"

And in a modern city house, oak floors and oak chairs would not be superfluous at all, which would allow you to quickly restore the forces spent during the day!
With pleasure they planted oaks in Russia near the house itself - they helped to maintain health and strength for many years.

Oak wood is little susceptible to decay, as it stores huge reserves of light energy, which it gives off for centuries. Oak buildings and furniture can warm the soul and raise the strength and health of more than one generation.

Oak takes a long time to get used to a person . Sometimes it takes six months - a year before he really begins to consider you his own. But if he takes you into his heart, he will not let you go and will never forget! A particle of his power will be with you wherever you are, because we have already said that the oak has the ability to transmit its energy over great distances. If he accepted you, his leaves will imperceptibly reach out to you when you arrive, and young branches will cling to your clothes, not wanting to let you go. If a double acorn falls on your hand from your favorite tree (!) - save it! By itself, he is a talisman of good luck in business, but in this case, his strength will be greater, since it is supported by the wish of the oak itself. A simple fallen acorn speaks of career changes awaiting you, maybe a little unexpected and confusing, but which will always lead to the best. A fallen dry branch speaks of that. it's time for you to change jobs. A fallen dry leaf - unpleasant news awaits you. Fallen green leaf - interesting business conversations and news. A fallen green branch with green foliage - moving and, maybe, business trips.

The relation of ancestors to the tree.

Oak is one of the most revered trees among the Slavs . It symbolizes the masculine principle, power, strength, firmness. Associated with the image of the Thunderer Perun, served as a place and object of sacrifice. Veneration of oaks among the Eastern Slavs until the 18th-19th centuries. preserved in some places a religious character: prayers were served near them, they performed marriages, turned to them in conspiracies, attributing healing power to them. The Spiritual Regulations (1721) stated that some "priests with the people pray in front of an oak tree, and the priest distributes the branches of this oak tree to the people for blessing." At the end of the 19th century the Belarusians of the Minsk province told a legend that a long time ago "an old oak tree" of very large sizes grew in one clearing. oak tree, then, falling, it crushed all those who chopped it, and in addition, a terrible storm raged for a whole week, with thunder and lightning, which caused many troubles. In Serbia, each rural community had several sacred trees (usually oaks).

Among a number of European peoples, the OAK was dedicated to the God of Thunder; the connection of OAK with the cult of Perun of the Slavs is indicated, in particular, by the area "Perunov Oak" , mentioned in the Old Russian charter of 1302. In medieval apocrypha ("Conversation of three saints", "From how many parts Adam was created") OAK or iron OAK is depicted as world tree : it was planted at the beginning of the creation of the world, stands "on the power of God" and holds the rest of the world on its branches. (!) In a carol of Carpathian Rusyns world creation described as follows: in the beginning there was neither sky nor earth, but only one blue sea, and in the middle of it were two oak trees, on their branches two doves sat; they took sand and stone from the bottom of the sea and created the rest of the world out of them. As a tree of universal proportions, the OAK is depicted in riddles, for example: "There is an oak-vertodub, on that oak-old oak a spindle bird sits; no one will catch it: neither the king, nor the queen, nor the red maiden." In Ukrainian invocations of rain, a pot of borscht, set for birds, falls from OAK or willow, after which it starts to rain.

Tree sacred to Jupiter and for antique druids, therefore, the bishop in the act of baptism, when his foot stands on a fallen oak, symbolizes the conversion of the Gentiles (BONIFATIONS). The oak (or often the acorn) is the emblem (impresa) of Popes Sixtus IV and Julius 11 of the Rovere dynasty. The latter was the patron of Raphael, who frescoed for him in the Vatican Stanzas, where this emblem can be found. Like all trees, it represents the world axis. Oak - a tree that has a deep allegorical meaning; in view of the strength of its wood itself, it is a symbol of immortality and longevity. The fact that the oak is dedicated to Jupiter, perhaps due to an ancient belief, according to which the oak is stronger than any other tree, attracts lightning . This symbolic and allegorical meaning of the oak manifests itself in Aryan cultures - in Russia, Germany, Ancient Greece and Scandinavia. From ancient times to this day, observations about the frequent hit of lightning in the oak live in the people's memory, which is included in sayings like: "From lightning under an oak tree to escape - gather ahead of time for the next world" (literal translation: "Keep away from the oak tree during a thunderstorm" ). Therefore, it is no coincidence that in antiquity the oak was considered sacred and associated with the god of lightning and sky Zeus (Jupiter). In the sacred grove was Dodona oak, to the rustle of the leaves of which they listened, believing that the will of Zeus was transmitted in this way. In ancient Rome, there was an oak grove managed by the forest king on Lake Nemi, dedicated to Jupiter, and the oak wreath was a sign of the dignity of the ancient Italian rulers.

Among the Celtic Druids, the oaks on which the mistletoe grew were held in high esteem, however, as among the Germans. In the latter, moreover, the oaks overshadowed the Tingplatz - the judicial-veche square and were dedicated to Thor (Donar), similarly among the Lithuanians - to Perkunas. The Druids ate acorns on the eve of predictions; in addition, the acorn usually meant the male sexual organ (glans penis; in Oswald Krollius, 1629: "The acorn very clearly shows the head of the male oud") and in this sense was used as an amulet.

In the folk ideas of antiquity, oaks were considered as if living beings, the habitat of special nymphs (patrons of trees) - dryads (from the Greek drys - oak), related by their origin to the oak-genus. Oak leaves were credited with the ability to enchant and tame lions. Oak ash was considered to protect against grain rust, and an oak pillar in a dunghill was considered to repel snakes.

Customs.

In Russia, there was such a custom: in the villages on Ivan Kupala, all Ivanovs were decorated with oak wreaths.

In conspiracies and songs, OAK is identified with a man, and birch with a woman. In Ukraine, the mother of the child. suffering from insomnia, she turned to OAK with a conspiracy: “Oak, oak! you are black: you, Oak, have a white birch, you have oaks, sons, and birches have daughters. sleep and grow!"

If the night crying ("crixies") pestered the girl, then the conspiracy began like this: "Birch, birch! you are white: you have a black oak, birch," etc.

In the Zhytomyr region, in a conspiracy against childhood insomnia, they turned to OAK, each branch of which has its own name: a branch with acorns is male, and without acorns is female. If a girl suffered from insomnia, then the name of the branch is mentioned in the conspiracy - the boy, and vice versa. The sorceress or the child's mother suggested that OAK "make a fuss" and not touch each other's children.

Our ancestors asked their gods, who lived, according to legend, in oak forests, for peace, prosperity, and health. Women decorated oak branches with beads, wreaths and asked: "Give us, great, the strength to give birth as easily and abundantly as you give birth to your children" - an oak abundantly strewn in autumn was considered a symbol of fertility, strength of offspring. The oak also "participated" in sad rituals: it was on a fire of oak branches and trunks that the bodies of soldiers who fell in battle were burned, because, according to ancient belief, "the oak is a tree of men, its flame cleanses the soul of a warrior."

In folk medicine, OAK was used for toothache, hernia, angina pectoris and other diseases. At the end of the 18th century in Pronsky district, the fat old OAK was highly respected. with a through hole through which children with a hernia were dragged three times, after which the tree was tied up with a belt or sash. In the Voronezh and Saratov provinces, sick children were carried into the forest, a young oak tree was split in two, the child was dragged through it three times, and then the tree was tied with a thread.

In Bulgaria, not far from Sofia, there were three revered oaks that guarded the surrounding fields from the hail of storms and other disasters. Every year on Trinity, they were smeared with sacred oil, or even a trunk was drilled and oil was poured into it.

In some places, among the Old Believers - Bespopovtsy back in the middle of the 19th century. the marriage union was concluded in this way: the guy, conspiring with the girl, went with her to the cherished OAK and went round it three times. In the Voronezh province, the ancient OAK was respected; leaving the church after the wedding, the young people went to him and circled around him three times.

The Greeks put a wreath of oak branches and leaves on their heads for their heroic deeds.

Here is how the agricultural calendar of ancestors was connected with oak:

The oak gets dressed - the cattle eats up.
When the oak turned into a hare's ear - this oats.
If the oak leaf unfolded, the earth took on its kind.
Not this wheat before the oak leaf.
When the buds bloom on the oak - this flax is on light lands.
Oak in front of an ash tree will let a leaf go - by a dry summer.
If there is a top with an edge on Fedot on an oak tree, you will measure oats with a tub.
A lot of acorns on oak - for a warm winter and a fertile summer.

Sayings and folk wisdom:

Hold on to the oak tree: the oak tree is deep into the ground.
The oak is old, but the root is fresh.

hazelnut ink

The most ancient and most stable inks were made on the basis of charcoal and soot and were diluted on a vegetable-fruit resin glue - gum.
Then, for many centuries, walnut ink of dark brown color, which was distinguished by its high quality and light fastness, served for writing and drawing. They had an amazing property: under the action of light, they not only did not lose their color, but, on the contrary, acquired a more intense dark brown hue.
At present, the industry does not produce hazelnut ink, and some graphics that work with a pen prepare this ink themselves.

Ink is prepared from "nuts" - galls, light green or reddish growths on the leaves of some oak species.
To prepare the ink galls - "nuts" with leaves are torn off in the fall, when they become large. The collected and washed "nuts" are crushed and juice is squeezed out of them. To squeeze the juice, gauze folded in half is used. Pour 1.5 liters of water, boil, filter, add 50 g of iron sulfate (to give them a more intense color, from which the ink becomes dark and acquires a cold tint). and for stickiness - 50 g of glue (you can add it if you wish - but it's better to be careful, as you can ruin everything - approx. Izhitsa.) (in the old days, cherry gum was usually used). Initially, the ink has a slight brown tint. Then the ink is kept in the light for 10-12 days, and they become even darker in color.

Composition of hazelnut ink

Ink "nuts" -75 g
Iron vitriol -50 g
Gum arabic - 50g
Phenol - 0.5g
Water - 1.5l

To prepare a solution of ferrous sulfate, it is dissolved in hot water and left for 2-3 hours. The resulting foam is removed, and the vitriol solution is drained, trying not to disturb the sediment. Gum arabic serves as a binder and thickener for the ink. Instead of gum arabic, you can take dextrin.
(!) Hazelnut ink is only suitable for drawing with a goose or reed pen.

UPD: Many thanks asgeth and her invaluable experience in making ink! :

“If you stick to the recipe, you can’t screw up. The main thing is to do without gag at least the first two or three times.
And further: the main thing here is to accurately observe the proportions and not overdo it. If there is a lot of ferrous sulfate, then there will be problems for sure. Excess salt in the solution gives sulfuric acid, which destroys the paper. And free divalent iron can turn into ferric, which accelerates the oxidation of cellulose - the paper begins to break down (the phenomenon is called corrosion of iron-gall ink, you can score in Yandex and admire what it does from books over time)

By technology:
Nuts are crushed and poured with water so that gallic acid is released from tannins. Then iron sulfate (ferrous sulfate) is added to the solution, it interacts with the acid and forms black iron gallate. Black iron gallate is the base of the ink.
Further, cherry and acacia resins (gum), honey or other thickeners are added to the ink.

(!) Iron vitriol (iron sulfate) is taken in the stores "Chemical reagents", and it also happens in large centers for any gardening (all sorts of plants are sprayed with iron sulfate diluted in water).

(!) Dextrin is freely obtained at home in the kitchen from starch. To obtain dextrin, starch is heated to 180-200°C or heated to 50°C with dilute acids. And that's it :))))))))))
(c) Asgeth Ladonna

Wood dye:

If you collect such nuts and dry them (and they are stored for years), you will get a very durable and light-resistant dye for any wood.

Coloring is done like this. Take a piece of wood that contains little tannins, such as birch, pear or linden, and put it in an enameled metal bowl, put nuts in the same place (one third of the weight of the wood) and fill it with water. Put the dishes on fire. Let the wood and nuts boil for 5-10 minutes. Then take the wood out of the water, dry it and moisten it with mordant (an aqueous solution of iron sulphate). When interacting with iron salts, tannins absorbed into the wood will turn black. Oak wood contains a large amount of its own tannins. Therefore, to obtain a black color on its surface, it is enough just to impregnate it with a solution of iron sulfate. With deep pickling, the wood is kept in vitriol for several days.

Resources used for preparation:
(с)http://www.floraprice.ru
(с)http://www.mtu-net.ru
(с)http://www.treeland.ru
(с)http://www.belmagi.ru
(с)http://worldleonard.h1.ru
(c) Photos of Izhitsa (apart from inkwells)

P/S HAVE A GOOD WEEKEND EVERYONE!!! Well, I'm back in the woods)

Galls are various growths on plant leaves caused by gall mites.

The focke gall mite (Phyllocoptes fockeui) is most commonly found on the leaves of the sugar maple (Acer saccharinum).

In total, about 3600 species of gall mites are known, but this is probably less than 10% of the actual number of species existing in this family, since this entomological branch is one of the most poorly understood to date.

Ticks are tiny, microscopic organisms, no larger than 0.1-0.6 mm in size, from yellow to pinkish white or purple. The body shape of a tick can be spindle-shaped or cigar-shaped. There are 4 legs in total, closer to the head, the hind pairs are reduced.

They do not have organs of vision and respiration, they feed on the contents of the parenchymal * sugar-containing cells of the plant leaf, causing the destruction of plant tissues, various deformations and deformities of leaves and shoots. Most of the life cycle of an insect sometimes occurs inside the galls.

By forming galls, plants try to protect the site of the lesion (insect bite). The pests themselves also contribute to the formation of galls, secreting saliva and thereby irritating the plant tissues more and more.

The Foke gall mite is imported to Russia along with planting materials from Poland and Germany.

The fight against gall mites consists mainly in preventive treatment. If the outgrowths on the leaves have already appeared, then the struggle is difficult. Already damaged hardwood plate is not restored.

In this case, treatments are carried out with systemic acaricides and pyrethroid insecticides. A properly selected acaricide will stop the development of the pest population. And, conversely, improperly selected drugs can even spur the activity of the tick, making it difficult to further fight. Insects have a unique ability to adapt to any poison. In gall mites, such adaptation occurs very quickly. Therefore, it is important to choose an insecticide that acts on a particular type of pest in order to destroy the entire population at once (or in several treatments, depending on the time of treatments, the degree of infection and the selected drugs).

Preparations for the fight against gall mites:
contact (not by galls, but by the mobile phase - in the leafless state and at the time of blackening of the galls)
Neoron, Agravertin, Akarin, Fitoverm, Mavrik, Talstar, Clipper, etc.
systemic - act on ticks inside the galls, but the galls remain
DIMETHOAT (bi-58, perfection, rogor, roxion,
fostion MM, phosphamide, hematoate, cygon)

Ticks hibernate on trunks and branches in microshelters (for example, in cracks in the bark).
Therefore, it can be treated with a drug before swelling of the kidneys.
When the galls begin to turn black, the mites begin to crawl out, then you can process it again.
During the period of presence of green or red galls - systemic drugs (Bi-58, in extreme cases Actellik, Fufanon or Karbofos).
No need to heavily fertilize with nitrogen fertilizers.
It is possible to mechanically remove the leaves affected by the gall mite, but not more than 15% of the green mass of the crown.

*Leaf parenchyma is an internal chlorophyll-bearing tissue that performs the main function - photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is more often understood as a photoautotrophic function - a set of processes of absorption, transformation and use of the energy of light quanta in various endergonic reactions, including the conversion of carbon dioxide into organic substances and, in particular, sugars.

The same maple two years later after regular treatments with prescribed drugs.

Photo: Konstantin Yuryevich Sinelnikov

Gauls- formations on the leaves, stems, buds of plants, provoked by the bites of insects - gall mites. Galls can be red, white, green, spherical or oblong, shiny or dull.

As a rule, the galls themselves are harmless, but they speak of a rather serious plant problem. Normally, galls should not be visible on the plant at all. If outgrowths are found on a large part of the crown of the plant, then this is not normal and must be dealt with.

The mechanism of gall formation is similar to the development of an inflammatory reaction in the human body. When injured, the immune system contributes to the enhanced formation of additional tissues at the site of injury. The same thing happens with plants. By forming galls, plants try to protect the site of the lesion (insect bite). The pests themselves also contribute to the formation of galls, secreting saliva and thereby irritating the plant tissues more and more. Galls can appear not only on leaves, stems, but also on buds, roots or flowers. They can be almost invisible or grow to enormous sizes, causing a real deformity of the tree.

Among all varieties of galls, the greatest danger to a tree is caused by crown galls in the form of a brown warty growth on the trunk or roots, which is caused by bacteria. If the crown gall wraps around the trunk in a circular fashion, the consequences for the tree can be disastrous.

A more common variety are galls that appear on leaves and are caused by gall mites . gall mites- four-legged insects of the arachnid superfamily, order of acariform mites. Gall mites are very small - their size does not exceed 0.1-0.6 mm. They do not have organs of vision and respiration, they feed on the contents of the cell, causing the destruction of plant tissues, various deformations and deformities of leaves and shoots. Most of the life cycle of an insect sometimes occurs inside the galls. For example, a female nutworm insect pierces an oak leaf bud and lays a larva there. A ring-shaped outgrowth begins to develop around the larva. Already after 5-6 months, the developed larva turns into a gall waster, gnaws through the gall that sheltered it and gets out. Adult mites hibernate under the scales of the kidneys. There are up to 1.5 thousand of them in one kidney. In early spring, before bud break, females lay their eggs in the same place where they hibernated. The hatched larvae feed inside the kidneys. During the period of deployment of the first leaves, the larvae turn into females of a new generation, which penetrate near the central vein into the leaf tissue, where they make passages and suck out the juices. At the site of introduction and feeding of mites, leaf tissues grow, and flat yellowish-brown swellings (galls) form on the surface, which later turn black and dry. They can be mistaken for scab spots.

Galls are arranged in rows along the central vein of pear leaves. At apple trees they are scattered throughout the sheet, especially from the underside. With a strong colonization, the leaf blade is covered with a solid black tumor, bordered by a narrow strip of healthy tissue. In the galls, females lay eggs, and the larvae that emerge from them settle on new young leaves and shoots. In autumn, from the end of August - until October, some ticks move under the scales of newly formed buds, feed by sucking out juices, and hibernate. During the season, the pest develops in 2-3 generations. The harm from the tick lies in the fact that the damaged leaves during the growing season dry out and fall prematurely, the annual growth of shoots weakens, and the buds do not develop normally and, as a rule, die. Decreased fruit yield. With strong reproduction of insects, buds and ovaries can be damaged. Particularly common pear gall mite in young gardens.

Galls: control measures and disease prevention.

Galls spoil the appearance of an ornamental plant, reduce the crown area involved in the process of photosynthesis. Gall mites can become sources of infection. The fight against gall mites consists mainly in preventive treatment. If the outgrowths on the leaves have already appeared, then the struggle is difficult. Already damaged hardwood plate is not restored. In this case, treatments are carried out with systemic acaricides and pyrethroid insecticides. A properly selected acaricide will stop the development of the pest population. And, conversely, improperly selected drugs can even spur the activity of the tick, making it difficult to further fight.

Insects have a unique ability to adapt to any poison. In gall mites, such adaptation occurs very quickly. Therefore, it is important to choose an insecticide that acts on a particular type of pest in order to destroy the entire population at once (or in several treatments, depending on the time of treatments, the degree of infection and the selected drugs.

1. Collection and burning of fallen damaged leaves.

2. Spraying trees with 10% karbofos (75-90 g per 10 l of water), 20% celtan (20 g per 10 l of water), 10% isophene (60 g per 10 l of water) in the spring during pinking of buds.

3. Treatment with a suspension of colloidal sulfur (100 g per 10 liters of water) immediately after flowering. Treatments should be repeated in June and July with a strong pest infestation of young gardens.

White coating on oak leaves powdery mildew of oak. It infects the leaves and young shoots of oak almost every year. What to do with it and what other troubles and oak diseases waiting for lovers of this amazing tree?

I have several oak trees of different ages growing in my garden. Alas, almost every year in the middle of summer, the leaves of my oak trees - from annuals to fully mature trees - are covered with a painful white bloom. Tired! It's time to deal with this infection once and for all.

Powdery mildew oak

Powdery mildew of oak, which forms a white coating on leaves and green shoots, is a fungal disease. It is generally not dangerous for the tree, but spoils its appearance. In addition, any damage to the leaves, even if they are simply eaten by caterpillars or aphids, weakens the tree. After all, the leaves supply the plant with nutrients produced under the action of sunlight.

Powdery mildew affects not only oak, but also other trees and shrubs. Black currant, for example. The fungus does not affect the lignified parts, but develops only on the green parts.

It is believed that this disease did not become common in Europe until the early 20th century, when the fungus was apparently introduced from the Americas.

How to deal with oak powdery mildew?

With powdery mildew, you can try to fight by spraying the foliage with sulfur-containing preparations or other fungicides powdery mildew. From simple means, a solution of soda or potassium permanganate is recommended. From folk remedies - spraying with fermented milk products, kefir, for example, at the rate of 1 liter per bucket of water. Sour-milk microflora displaces the fungus (as in the human body). They say that a biofungicide also helps with powdery mildew. phytosporin, which also contains a complex of beneficial microorganisms.

This year I spilled a young oak tree with a solution of the EM (“effective microorganisms”) series directly on the leaves from a large watering can. It seems that the manifestation of the disease has decreased. Gotta try this next year. before appearance of powdery mildew.

But once and for all, powdery mildew of oak, apparently, will not be done away with. Spraying a large tree several times a season is tedious to say the least. If you are annoyed by white bloom on the leaves, plant species that are resistant to this infection, for example, red oak(Quercus rubra).

Or galls- spherical formations on the lower surface of the leaf the size of a cherry. Actually, it's not a disease. Small worms live inside the growths - insect larvaegall midges.An adult gall midge pierces a leaf with its ovipositor and lays eggs in it.

The developing larva secretes special substances that provoke active division of leaf cells, resulting in the formation of a cozy (for the larva) apartment - gall. The gall protects the larva from birds and bad weather, and provides food. Inside the gall, it can pupate and overwinter together with a fallen leaf in the forest floor.

The Gauls are called ink nuts because ink was indeed prepared from them back in the 19th century. If iron sulfate is added to a decoction of such nuts, a black liquid will be obtained.

Like powdery mildew, this attack is not fatal for oak. Burning fallen leaves will reduce its spread. In my opinion, individual ink nuts do not reduce the decorativeness of the tree, and, in any case, look very natural.