Schizophrenic scientists. Ten famous people who suffered from mental illness. John Nash Jr. PhD
Genius and madness are twin brothers. Historical examples perfectly illustrate such a statement.
Vrubel
Everyone who sees Vrubel's Demon cannot remain indifferent: a powerful body with twisted arms, a touching and beautiful face with eyes filled with monstrous longing. Despite the fact that this canvas was written long before the tragic events in Vrubel's life, it conveys the full intensity of emotions and experiences that haunted the artist at the end of his life.
In 1899, Vrubel's father died, to whom the artist was strongly attached. Friends began to notice oddities in the behavior of Mikhail Alexandrovich: he stopped listening to the opinions of his friends around him, demonstrating his superiority and considering only his statements to be truly true. Two years later, Vrubel had a son. The boy was born with a "cleft lip" - this congenital defect made a painful impression on the artist. At the time when visitors to the exhibition were admiring the Demon Downcast, Vrubel was already in one of the psychiatric hospitals in Moscow. The artist was diagnosed with dryness of the spinal cord - an incurable disease that threatened insanity. Doctors' predictions soon began to come true. Vrubel's condition is deteriorating so much that even his sister and wife are not allowed to see him. It was during this period that thoughts come to the artist about his own worthlessness, he considers himself worthless. Vrubel recovers, but not for long - his son dies. After that, Vrubel turns into a permanent resident of mental clinics. At the end of his life, the artist goes blind and in 1910 dies in the hospital from pneumonia, which he deliberately gets from standing for a long time at the open window on the most frosty days.
Gogol
The author of Dead Souls suffered from schizophrenia, which was exacerbated by periodic bouts of psychosis. Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol was tormented by sound and visual hallucinations. He was often in a state of apathy, sometimes did not respond to external stimuli - while working, he could not notice the mortal danger that threatened him. States of lethargy alternated with extreme activity and excitement. Often he was haunted by claustrophobia. Gogol's mental disorders became especially aggravated after the death of the sister of a close friend of the writer Ekaterina Khomyakova. He began to refuse food, constantly referring to malaise and weakness - the doctors found the writer did not have a fatal illness, but just an intestinal disorder. On a February night in 1852, Gogol burned his manuscripts, later citing the machinations of the devil. The writer's condition began to deteriorate sharply. He stopped eating. On February 21, Gogol died of exhaustion. The causes of his death have not yet been precisely established - some hypotheses speak of mercury poisoning, others of suicide. However, the version with deliberate bringing to death is quite justified, given the fact that Gogol himself believed that all the organs in his body were displaced, and the stomach was completely located “upside down”. Such a statement against the background of the development of schizophrenia could well lead to tragic consequences.
Ivan the Terrible
The reign of Ivan the Terrible can be divided into two stages: the era of reforms and the era of reprisals. The end of the first stage coincided with the death of the beloved wife of the Tsar, Anastasia. After her death in 1560, the Tsar became unsociable and suspicious. There is a version that the king believed that his wife was poisoned by the princes. Four years later, an out of the ordinary event took place: the tsar left Moscow, refused the royal crown and settled in the Alexander Sloboda. True, the tsar was soon persuaded to "cancel" the decision to "resign." Ivan the Terrible agreed, but on one condition - he would rule as he pleased. However, Ivan the Terrible did not leave Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda: he set up barrage cordons, dressed in monastic robes, and spent the whole day reading the Gospel. Church services alternated in his life with torture and execution of enemies. Foreign guests have noticed more than once with what a beaming face the tsar passed from the dungeons to the church and back. The reprisals of the king were not only merciless, they often wore a perversely mocking connotation. Of all the former associates, he recognized only the executioner Malyuta Skuratov. Modern science believes that Ivan the Terrible suffered from a severe mental disorder, the cause of which, perhaps, was a newfangled disease in those days in the Old World - syphilis. This version is supported by the fact that in the autocrat's room there was always a cast-iron filled with mercury, the only known remedy for venereal disease at that time, on the fire. However, mercury vapor led to paroxysms of consciousness, in other words, to convulsions and seizures.
Yesenin
The famous American ballerina Isadora Duncan was the first to speak about the madness of Sergei Yesenin to the whole world. She also took the poet to American, French and German psychiatrists. Alas, the treatment did not work. According to researchers of the life of Yesenin's work, Sergei Alexandrovich really suffered from manic-depressive psychoses. He was obsessed with persecution mania, sudden outbursts of rage and inappropriate behavior were replaced by a state of peace and tranquility. There were legends about Yesenin's brawls, allegedly, he was even expelled from the USA "for kitchen squabbles and fights." He destroyed furniture, broke dishes and mirrors, insulted anyone who came under a hot hand. His illness developed on the basis of hereditary alcoholism. A few days before his death, Yesenin complained of great fatigue and called himself "a dead man." He seemed to be looking for his death, constantly repeating that he was fucking tired of everything. Moreover, such fatigue was found in him at an early age, already at the age of 16 he wrote that he did not know whether he should live or not. According to the official version, the poet hanged himself on a steam heating pipe in the Angleterre Hotel in St. Petersburg. Interesting statistics: in 339 verses, the poet mentions death, the end of life or rhymes funeral paraphernalia 400 times.
Khrushchev
Two people seemed to live in Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev: one was sincere, kind, even a little naive, the second was aggressive, ignorant, cultureless and extravagant. It was sometimes difficult to follow his speeches, they were so full of puns that only he could understand. He talked a lot, giving lengthy interviews almost every week. He could instantly lose control of himself and become enraged. Kremlin doctors diagnosed Khrushchev with manic-depressive psychosis, until that moment only his wife Nina Petrovna watched melancholy come after her husband's excessive cheerfulness and cheerfulness. His maniacal humor usually did not amuse anyone. He could go from caustic sarcasm to furious malice in an instant. By the 60s, he no longer belonged to himself. His thoughts often began to get confused, he began to see an enemy in everyone. He allowed himself harsh and humiliating statements on those issues in which he absolutely did not understand. He became obsessed with ideas - if he was possessed by some thought, he brought the embodiment of the idea to the point of absurdity. Consider, for example, his desire to make corn the number one crop. Foreigners who met with Khrushchev poured unflattering assessments on his intemperance, and sometimes simply stated that Khrushchev had lost his mind. In recent years, he practically nullified the circle of communication, closed himself, acted without anyone's advice or help, while always shifting responsibility for his mistakes onto the shoulders of others.
Rachmaninov
The great composer, conductor and pianist Sergei Rachmaninov was a very modest, withdrawn and estranged person from everything worldly. Today, perhaps, medicine would diagnose him with autism. The vulnerable soul of Rachmaninov went through great upheavals and losses. His family went bankrupt, and they were forced to live with relatives in St. Petersburg. The eldest and beloved sister Elena died of leukemia, the younger Sophia died of dephtheria, her father left the family, and her mother, under the weight of the trials that had piled on her, withdrew and withdrew into herself. In 1900, Rachmaninoff falls seriously ill, it seems to him that the music that he gives people does not need them at all. Relatives, watching the torments of the composer, began to fear for his mind. Friendly conversations with psychiatrist Nikolai Dahl did their job: gradually Rachmaninoff returned to normal life, began to write music again. Another blow for the composer is the death of Chekhov, with whom Rachmaninoff was very friendly. It is from this moment that he feels the fullness of his loneliness, and he cannot get rid of this thought until the end of his days. Having emigrated to America in 1917, Rachmaninoff stopped composing (he would write several works shortly before his death). Receiving huge fees, he continues to lead a modest and secluded lifestyle, does not accept invitations to banquets, refuses honors. Everything that happens in Russia is hard going through: wars, repressions, famine, devastation. Sergei Vasilyevich Rachmaninov died on March 28, 1943 from cancer in Beverly Hills.
Lermontov
Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov was born with a whole bunch of hereditary and acquired diseases: scrofula, rickets, increased nervousness. His grandfather committed suicide (poisoned), and his mother passed on to her son an extraordinary nervousness. The father was a quick-tempered, cruel petty tyrant, he reveled to a stupor, played cards and was distinguished by "frivolity in behavior." Already in early childhood, the boy demonstrated the schizophrenic nature of his nature: cruelty was surprisingly combined in him with extreme kindness and a heightened sense of justice. He had a passion for destruction, was extremely irritable, capricious, stubborn. The thought of suicide visited him from an early age. Closedness, unsociableness, and most importantly disregard for people repelled those around him. The poet's communication took place within himself, he had a hot fantasy, which he realized in his works. Lermontov's schizoid psychopathy was so pronounced that not only specialists noticed it. Another fact that influenced the isolation of the poet was his ugliness, which almost disappeared with age, but left an indelible imprint on the soul. Gifted with brilliant abilities and an extraordinary mind, Lermontov too often directed these qualities to ridicule those around him - the number of his enemies increased at a rapid pace. In addition, Lermontov himself was extremely amorous, but women simply could not like such types - evil and arrogant. This greatly offended the pride of the poet. As a result, he was shot dead by a kind and warm-hearted man, whom he brought almost to madness with his ridicule and slander.
Unfortunately, mental illness and acting often go hand in hand.
Recently, the media spread information about the accident with the actor Vasily STEPANOV, the star of the film "Inhabited Island", whose bright appearance made more than one woman's heart tremble. A 28-year-old man fell from the window of a five-story building onto the canopy of the entrance. Shortly after he was released from the hospital, he was put in a cast and entered a psychiatric clinic, where he was diagnosed with schizophrenia. Unfortunately, mental illness and acting often go hand in hand.
Handsome man fell out of the window
Vasily Stepanov suffered from lack of demand, he could not even get a job as a seller in a store, because the owners were afraid of unhealthy excitement.
The actor’s mother, speaking on the air of the “Let them talk” program, expressed confidence that in fact her son was not sick at all. And he didn't want to commit suicide.
He fell not from the fifth floor of our apartment, but from the third - from the flight of stairs, - the woman claimed. - Just reached for the cat.
You can understand her. It is difficult to admit even to oneself that a loved one has serious mental problems. In fact the sentences are filmed Stepanov did, and regularly. But Vasily suffered from a prolonged depression and behaved inappropriately.
Depression and social disorientation are characteristic symptoms of schizophrenia, states an expert of the Capital Medicine portal Valentina Zorina. - However, a person with this disease is more likely to commit suicide if he is young, is a white man and has never been married. Compared with healthy people, the risk of suicide among schizophrenics increases eight times.
It is not clear how Stepanov's future life will turn out. So far, he has only one job offer. 20 year old daughter of a millionaire Nastya Curls invited Vasily to star in her video for one hundred thousand rubles. As soon as they are released from the hospital.
Pain of the Tamer
The famous trainer Margarita NAZAROVA, known throughout the country for the film "Striped Flight", had a bright and scary life.
At the age of 15, during the war, the Nazis took her to Germany, where she served in a German family as a servant, and then as a dancer in a cabaret. And although she recalled that she was treated well, this could not but affect her mental state.
The profession did not contribute to mental health either. Once a tiger, having jumped over the trainer's head, actually scalped her, hitting her with his claws. To hide the scars, she began to wear a bow, which the next pet did not like. One stroke of the paw - rupture of the temporal artery. Until the end of her life, the artist suffered from headaches. Against their background, obsessive states began to develop. And then suddenly grief struck - beloved husband and colleague Konstantin Konstantinovsky died of a brain tumor that developed after being hit by a tiger's paw. After burying her husband, Margarita spent a year and a half in an institution for the mentally ill. When I returned to the arena, a psychiatrist with medicines was always on duty nearby - you never know. But after the tiger, with whom she was swinging on a swing under the dome of the circus, fell and crashed at the rehearsal, she left the profession forever.
She left for Nizhny Novgorod. Mental illness turned her into a recluse for 20 years. She told journalists: “I can’t invite you to visit, I don’t even have a kettle.” And it was true. She died in 2005 in dire poverty. She was 79 years old.
Pension 14 thousand
Natalia NAZAROVA has nothing to do with the famous tamer Margarita NAZAROVA. But, in addition to the surname, there is, alas, something that unites them , - illness after physical injury.
Natalia Nazarova- one of the most sought-after actresses of the 70s and 80s. One can recall the unpleasant Verochka (“An Unfinished Piece for a Mechanical Piano”), the treacherous Tamara (“Young Wife”), the rustic Nyura (“Old New Year”), the faithful Lucy (“Beloved Woman of the Mechanic Gavrilov”). Sometimes she had four films a year, and also work at the Moscow Art Theater, filming on television ...
Everything collapsed overnight when, in 1989, some scumbag attacked her in the alley next to the house, hitting her head with a heavy object. The actress spent almost a year in the hospital. On the basis of a traumatic brain injury, she developed schizophrenia. The unfortunate woman was fired from the theater, given a disability of 2 groups. Now she lives in the Moscow "Khrushchev". Neighbors complained that once she flooded them, but did not let them into her apartment. I had to call a psychiatric ambulance.
Not so long ago, Natalia managed to talk to the reporters of the site.
When I got sick, my colleagues stopped talking to me,” she admitted bitterly. “My mother and I struggled with grief alone. We lived on her salary and my disability allowance. She died and I was left all alone. When one of my friends turned to the Moscow Art Theater, they said that I "seemed to have died a long time ago." The pension is small: together with the disability allowance - 14 thousand. I pay for the apartment, I go to the store a couple of times, and nothing remains. By the end of the month, I eat only porridge.
Two husbands in a psychiatric hospital
- Keitel has an ass instead of a head! - the fascist general Stirlitz says with disgust - Tikhonov in the train compartment. In one of the most striking episodes of the picture "Seventeen Moments of Spring" played a brilliant Vakhtangov member Nikolay Gritsenko. What does he have in common with Leonid KMIT, who embodied on the screen the image of orderly Petka in the cult film Chapaev? Both of them were the beloved men of the photographer Galina KMIT, who turned 85 this year. And both ended their days in a psychiatric hospital.
Galina, who became famous for pictures Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Sophie Marceau, Alain Delon, Vladimir Vysotsky, told Express Gazeta about a love triangle with her participation, in which two prominent actors were involved. Being a wife Kmita, a man with an explosive temperament, Galina left him for a handsome Gritsenko. But alas ... He, according to the photographer, turned out to be a dishonorable person.
I lived with him in a civil marriage, because at that time Kmit refused to give me a divorce, - said Galina. - I asked Gritsenko to give the child his last name and offered to sign any papers refusing alimony. However, Kolya consulted with a lawyer, who told him that I could change my mind at any time. Therefore, he did not recognize his son. His greed was legendary… I told Gritsenko: “Child apostasy is a grave sin that will have to be paid for.” But I did not expect that the punishment would be so cruel ...
A drinker, suffering from dyslexia (inability to read), as well as memory lapses, Nikolai Olimpievich ended up in a psychiatric hospital. A terrible death awaited him. People's Artist of the USSR stole someone else's food from the refrigerator, he was beaten so badly that he died ...
As soon as I left Gritsenko, Kmit appeared in my house, - Galina recalled. - He treated little Denis with love. Even went to the dairy kitchen. When the question arose about registering a child, Kmit registered Denis in his last name. He was a good stepfather to him.
Later, their paths parted again, although they communicated until his death. Over time, the furious temperament of Leonid made itself felt more and more. He could, for example, offended by his granddaughter, who did not play the mini-piano donated by him (the girl just fell ill), in a rage chop the musical instrument with an ax. As a result, relatives isolated him from society. But Galina Kmit still do not agree with this.
I never thought he was crazy. He was a very impulsive person. Under the arm crushed everything. We once hung cabbage from cabbage soup on a chandelier. After that, my mother sent him plastic dishes. But I contend that it was a global mistake to put him in the hospital. Once I came to visit him and got into my lunch break. The door was closed and I started knocking loudly.
Who knocks there? - asked security.
This is my wife! exclaimed Kmit. - And she does everything right!
Thus came the belated recognition of my merits. A few days later he was gone...
Sneak Punch
St. Petersburg actor Konstantin GRIGORIEV (“Trans-Siberian Express”, “Tavern on Pyatnitskaya”, “Slave of Love”, “Green Van”, “Treasure Island”, “The Queen of Spades”, “Walking Through the Torments” ...) has never been mentally ill. But in a psychiatric hospital to visit him yet happened.
He painted oil paintings, published in magazines, played the guitar virtuoso, made fine silver jewelry, wrote operettas and songs. Minion of fate, favorite of women. But on February 17, 1984, he quarreled in a restaurant with a company at the next table. Allegedly, these were representatives of sexual minorities who were staring at him. When Konstantin went out onto the stairs, he was hit on the head from behind and pushed down. The artist was in a coma for two weeks, underwent eight operations, a liter of fluid was pumped out of the brain area. Grigoriev with difficulty expressed himself, partially lost his memory, but not his mind. In the theater, he even played the janitor Gerasim in Mumu. However, the diagnosis of “aphasia” (speech disorder), which is not dangerous for society, was called into question.
His third wife Lena agreed on the basis of alcohol with Grigoriev's former passion - Alla Mayorova who was previously a muse and mistress Bulat Okudzhava. Grigoriev tried to stop one of the drinking parties. Lena complained to her father, who considered the disabled son-in-law a burden. And he put him in a psychiatric hospital.
Grigoriev escaped from there. He even played a patient with schizophrenia in the film "Tanks are walking along Taganka." Yes, so convincingly that there was a rumor about his true madness.
At the end of his life, he barely made ends meet, he died in St. Petersburg at the age of 70.
stabbed son
On February 3, 2016, actress Alexandra ZAVYALOVA was killed in St. Petersburg. She gained national fame by playing the role of the stern Pistimea in the monumental Soviet TV series Shadows Disappear at Noon.
According to investigators, a day before her 80th birthday, she was stabbed to death with a kitchen knife in her own apartment by a drunk 40-year-old son. But the acting career of a talented beauty ended long before that. According to one version, the film bosses blocked her way to the screen, not forgiving the affair with a US citizen. She refused small roles, then hit the religion.
The last years of her life were severely poisoned by mental illness. During periods of exacerbation of the disease, she ran around the house and asked passers-by to "take her to her husband in America." Or tried to call the US on the intercom. Most of her life was spent in the room near the radio, with which she spoke. Although there were long glimpses. The son, according to the neighbors, did not really work anywhere, but he loved his mother. It can be seen that they lost their nerves against the background of personal failures and the illness of a loved one.
disgust for life
It was difficult for someone to compete in popularity with Yuri BELOV at 50 - 60s, who starred in "Carnival Night" with Lyudmila GURCHENKO.
However, even classmates noticed that his gaiety was suddenly replaced by isolation and alienation. He, a successful artist, was constantly haunted by thoughts of suicide. After Belov tried to carry out his plan (the neighbors saved), the people's favorite was sent to the appropriate institution. After the clinic, where he was stuffed with drugs, he began to forget the text, “hang out”, not understanding where he was. Career went downhill. It got to the point that Belov bombed on the Moskvich, bought in bygone years. He died on December 31, 1991, when "Carnival Night" was shown on TV, which made him an idol.
beaten legend
"Great old woman" Tatyana PELTZER somehow called an ambulance. She had a severe headache. As a result, I ended up in a house with bars on the windows.
Unfortunately, Tatyana Ivanovna's head was really bad. She developed Alzheimer's disease. However, there was no indication for emergency hospitalization. Moreover, the actress, famous throughout the USSR, was beaten by local patients, considering her a “lady”. When the leadership of Lenkom rescued Peltzer She had scratches on her face and bruises on her body. After that, there was a mental breakdown. She still went on stage in "Memorial Prayer" with a couple of words that prompted her Alexander Abdulov. But soon the disease completely engulfed her consciousness. She ended her days in a specialized elite clinic.
By the way
In the famous Clinic Kashchenko - now she bears the name of a psychiatrist Alekseeva, repeatedly lying Vladimir Vysotsky, whom they tried to cure from alcoholism. The institution is dedicated to the famous song "At the Kanatchik's Dacha". The bard knew what he was talking about!
Who is a normal person? The answer is simple, indicators of the level of its development correspond to indicators of age. Psychodiagnostics offers a lot of all kinds of methods for determining intelligence, using which, each person wants to know that his own level exceeds the norm. What does "above normal" mean? This expression already speaks of the "abnormality" of a person.
A deeper deviation from the norm is observed in geniuses. The very idea of the abnormality of geniuses occurred to the thinkers of ancient Greece. Plato called genius "nonsense given by the gods."
All the great discoveries of the world originate in crazy ideas and theories. At the present stage, the opposition of Giordano Bruno or the thought of Leonardo da Vinci seems absurd. We talk enthusiastically about how far-sighted many geniuses were, and we are surprised at the situation that their environment did not understand this. If great theories were considered insane, then, naturally, their authors had the same characteristic.
genius and
The term "schizophrenia" was first introduced by the Austrian psychiatrist E. Beyler in 1908. Schizophrenia meant a splitting of the will, emotions and holistic thinking.
The reasons are not fully understood and still need to be studied in depth. One of the triggering causes is determined by stress, disease and heredity. The same reasons are also called as the main mechanisms for the appearance of genius. The famous professor Lombroso pointed out that the causes of the origin of schizophrenia and genius are the same.
Plato, defining genius as delirium, pointed to its versatile manifestation. The splitting of thinking and emotions manifests itself in a wide variety of forms and is by no means associated with dementia, as many mistakenly believe. Brad characterized many poets, artists, musicians, and scientists. Contemporaries of geniuses often observed how they, moving away from others, mumbled incoherent remarks and phrases under their breath, which, subsequently, became brilliant poems, sonnets, studies and scientific works.
There are known facts that the father of rocket technology, Tsiolkovsky, saw the inscription “paradise” in the sky, which he repeatedly told his assistants about. The works of Salvador Dali are the result of delusional visions. The persecution mania with delusional visions that accompanies genius is demonstrated in the film A Beautiful Mind, based on real facts from the life of Nobel laureate in economics John Forbes Nash.
Geniuses often manifest themselves in one or more areas. For example, Leonardo da Vinci could not master Latin, and most of the great mathematicians confused the names of colors and cardinal points. Such features of geniuses were often perceived as eccentricities, among them the famous academic Sakharov's shoe tied with a lace, the refusal to cut and shave the father of Western aircraft construction, Howard Hughes.
Not spared the genius and features of sexual desire. History states the facts that Michelangelo, remaining single, claimed that his wife was replaced by art. Leonardo da Vinci was a homosexual and Newton was a virgin. Famous personalities were also bachelors: Spinoza, Schopenhauer, Leibniz, Gogol, Turgenev and others. And the famous thinker Rousseau, on the contrary, was distinguished by depravity.
Schizophrenia and genius are side by side, coexisting with each other, and according to many scientists, they may be a consequence of each other, in any order.
Great geniuses suffering from schizophrenia
The vast majority of brilliant people had the characteristic features of schizophrenia. Naturally, they did not have clear psychiatric diagnoses during their lifetime. The historical facts of their lives, the observations of contemporaries and their own diaries allowed psychiatrists, after many years, to establish this diagnosis.
BATYUSHKOV K.N. (1787 - 1855)- Russian poet, known for such works as "Merry Hour", "Bacchae", "My Penates", etc. He survived a deep spiritual crisis and radically changed the direction of poetry, proclaiming a deep tragedy: "The Dying Tass", "The Saying of Melchizedek".
BULGAKOV M.A. (1891 - 1940)- Russian prose writer, who is a closed and "dark" personality for his contemporaries. He is a morphine addict, as a result of which original images of his works were obtained.
VAN GOGH Vincent (1853 — 1890) - Dutch post-impressionist painter. His creative path is divided into 2 parts: the first is a gloomy range of works; the second part is characterized by a manner of painful tension, which is based on color contrasts: “Night cafe”, “Landscape in Auvers after the rain”, etc. The artist spent his last years in a hospital for the mentally ill.
VRUBEL M.A. (1856 - 1910)- Russian painter. Vrubel's work is dominated by philosophical themes of good and evil, accompanied by tension: "Demon", "Lilac". The artist suffered from severe forms of mental illness.
Garshin V.M. (1855 - 1888)- a Russian writer with a heightened sense of perception of social injustice. Works: "Coward", "Red Flower", etc. Committed suicide.
GAUDI Antonio (1852 - 1926)- Spanish architect (Barcelona). He was obsessed with the idea of fantastic fashioned forms, which he achieved in his works to the point of fanaticism.
GOGOL N.V. (1809 - 1852)- Russian writer. Visual and auditory are the basis for the plots of his works. He suffered from apathy, depression, hypochondria (fear of death).
Dostoevsky F.M. (1821 - 1881)- Russian writer. His works - "Crime and Punishment", "Double", "Notes of the Dead House", etc. - are permeated with the search for meaning, great psychologism and tragedy, which in extreme borderline forms were inherent in the author himself.
KAFKA Franz (1883 - 1924)- Austrian writer His parable novels combine nightmarish fantasy and descriptions of the impotence and tragedy of the common man.
Mandelshtam O.E. (1891 - 1938)- Russian poet. His poetry is saturated with a special perception of the world, called concrete-material. He managed to penetrate deep into everyday life and everyday life, endowing familiar situations with special meaning.
Guy de Maupassant (1850 - 1893)- French writer. The author of short stories, where the Master of the short story. In numerous stories, addiction to scenes of sensual addictions. The writer died in a mental hospital.
NIETZSCHE (1844 - 1900)- German philosopher. In the works of the philosopher, one feels an idealistic attitude towards oneself, in comparison with the general world.
RUSSO Jean Jacques (1712-1778)- French writer and thinker suffering from persecution mania. The thinker created the image of a new hero - a romantic savage, subject only to his feelings and desires.
Toulouse-Lautrec Henri de (1864 - 1901)- French painter. Master of the "sharp" perception of the bohemia of France of that time.
KHLEBNIKOV Velimir (1885 - 1922), Russian poet and writer. The creator of the futuristic trend in literature. Distinguished by his utopian views.
EINSTEIN Albert - (1879 -1855)- German theoretical physicist, Nobel Prize winner. He suffered, in the attacks of which he brought his loved ones to the extreme.
Schizophrenia - translated from ancient Greek, it actually means a split of the heart and mind. It is a pathology that puts people under a siege of illusory ideas and images and turns their life into a nightmare. According to the degree of disability, schizophrenia is one of the most severe diseases. In a recent study of schizophrenia in 15 states, it is recognized as the third most severe disease after paralysis of the arms and legs and senile dementia. However, even in our time, we know almost nothing about this pathology. Out of every 100 people on earth, one schizophrenic. At the same time, this figure - 1% of patients from the total population of the Earth - is stable for all parts of our planet and does not change under the influence of any social factors. Perhaps for this reason, there are a large number of myths, prejudices and stereotypes in society that concern people with such disorders.Causes of schizophrenia.
For the first time, the term schizophrenia was used in 1908 by the Austrian psychiatrist Eugene Bleiler. By schizophrenia, he meant the splitting of holistic thinking, will and emotions. Before him, such a deviation was called dementia.
The cause of schizophrenia until the end is not known. The starting point can be both stress and every disease. The environment also plays an important role, especially intrauterine development. Thus, many schizophrenic children were born to mothers who conceived children during the 1944 famine in the Netherlands. Finnish mothers who lost their husbands in World War II had more schizophrenic children than those who learned about the loss of their husband after the end of the pregnancy. There is a lot of evidence showing that stress and cramped life circumstances also increase the risk of developing schizophrenia.
Symptoms of schizophrenia.
Signs of schizophrenia can be both positive and negative. Positive include delusions, hallucinations, and atactic thinking. The latter is characterized by the presence in the patient's speech of uncoordinated, normally incompatible concepts. Negative symptoms include emotional dullness, alogia (poverty or complete cessation of speech), hypobulia (weakening of volitional activity, desires), abulia (complete lack of motives) and parabulia (perverted forms of work - mannered actions, gait, postures, gestures).
Diagnosis and expected
Schizophrenia is not fatal or contagious, although schizophrenics live an average of 10 years less than mentally normal people. The first reason is that schizophrenics often commit suicide. Another reason is that schizophrenics smoke more seriously than the mentally normal. There is also evidence that immunological changes in schizophrenia may be responsible for diseases of other organs of the body. The prognosis depends on how early treatment is started. At the same time, it then began schizophrenia the easier the disease progresses.
Peak age for schizophrenia falls on men at 16-26 years, women - at 27-35 years.
Treatment
There are currently no effective treatments for schizophrenia. All R. of our century, the treatment of this pathology was reduced to large doses of sleeping pills and narcotic drugs, which “stunned” the patient during an attack, but did not affect the pathology in any way. To stop the exacerbation, electric shock and large doses of insulin were used, causing a hypoglycemic coma. In both cases, the patient lost consciousness for a short time. A sharp change in the metabolism in the brain, for reasons not yet understood, sometimes brought patients back to reality and had a therapeutic effect. In the 50s. schizophrenia was treated with antipsychotics. About every 5th patient the pathology stopped and never returned. However, at the same time, long-term use of antipsychotics caused a number of undesirable effects.
In general, over the 200 years of its existence, psychiatry has made tangible steps towards the understanding and treatment of schizophrenia. The hopelessness of the previous one is replaced by a very reasonable hope.
famous schizophrenics.
Many of the geniuses suffered from schizophrenia. According to contemporaries, Pushkin, Einstein, Freud, Lermontov are schizoid psychos. The bad psyche of Diesel, Goethe, Saint-Simon, Kant, Dickens, Hemingway, Gogol, Maupassant manifested itself acutely. Nietzsche and Vrubel spent the last few years of their lives in a lunatic asylum. Napoleon, Tolstoy and Dostoyevsky suffered from epilepsy. When Leo Tolstoy was overcome by apathy and despondency, his creative declines lasted for several years. And the writer Gogol from 21 to 33 years old spent summer and spring in severe depression.
Contemporaries claim that the famous Spanish artist Salvador Dali (1904-1989 gygy.) suffered from schizophrenia. What he painted and how he behaved in society does not fit in the mind of an ordinary person. His paintings were included in the golden fund of surrealism. Dali created images similar to nightmarish visions, which he himself called "painted pictures of dreams." He claimed: "I saw what others did not see; and what others saw, I did not see."
Schizophrenia is the most "expensive" mental illness. In some developed countries, it takes about 2% of all health care costs. For example, in the US this amount in 1990 amounted to $19 billion.
There is an opinion among the people that all geniuses are schizophrenics. I personally absolutely disagree with this: a true genius must necessarily be a mentally healthy person. As for the famous people who, after their death, were called schizophrenics... Probably, they had some kind of their own mental characteristics. However, in general, such statements are not substantiated by anything and, most likely, have their own purpose to shock the people.
Five out of a thousand people have schizophrenia. This disease is equally common in men and women. And the first descriptions of schizophrenia-like symptoms can be found already in the 17th century BC, in the "Book of Hearts" - part of the ancient Egyptian papyrus Ebers. Which of the brilliant people suffered from schizophrenia?
Philip K. Dick
It is believed that a mild form of schizophrenia was in the writer Philip K. Dick, who became famous for the sky-fi novels Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep, which was made into the movie Blade Runner, and Wholesale and Retail Memoirs, which formed based on the film Total Recall. Some believe that it was the disease that helped the author create such plots of books.
Vincent Van Gogh
It is believed that the Dutch Post-Impressionist painter created most of the paintings at the moment when his schizophrenic seizures became more frequent. At this time, he created several paintings a day and could not sleep for days on end.
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche
Researchers agree that this famous stateless philosopher was the owner of a frightening diagnosis - "nuclear mosaic schizophrenia." At present, this ailment is called obsession, and its most striking symptom is megalomania. Most likely, it was schizophrenia that served as the impetus for the idea of a superman.
Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol
Researchers of Gogol's work and life believe that he suffered from schizophrenia, which was supplemented by periodic bouts of psychosis and claustrophobia. Nikolai Vasilyevich was often visited by sound and visual hallucinations. It was on their basis that the writer created some of the heroes of his works. Apathy and depression were abruptly replaced by periods of excessive activity and inspiration. The writer said about himself that the organs in his body were displaced or even located upside down.
Isaac Newton
Some researchers believe that Isaac Newton suffered from schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. He was a brilliant mathematician and physicist, but it was very difficult to talk to him and his mood changed hourly.
Parveen Babi - Indian actress
The famous Indian actress, who at the age of thirty began to be treated for schizophrenia. Considered the most glamorous Bollywood actress. She accused the CIA, the KGB, the Mossad of wanting her dead.
Alexander Nikolaevich Skryabin
Alexander Nikolaevich was a suspicious and extremely religious person. He frightened relatives and friends with sudden changes in mood, as well as his views on everything that was happening. In addition to the unique music, his merits include the first ever use and popularization of color music. According to doctors, Alexander Nikolaevich suffered from schizophrenia.
Maya Myakila
Swedish artist diagnosed with schizophrenia. She lives in the small town of Norrkoping. Her drawings are also studied by attending physicians. It is considered one of the most provocative artists of our time.
John Nash
John Forbes Nash Jr. is a famous American mathematician who worked in the field of game theory as well as differential geometry. He is the recipient of the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1994. The public is known for the film "A Beautiful Mind", filmed about his life. It is noteworthy that John Nash was able to come to terms with his illness and learned to ignore its manifestation, which doctors initially considered an improvement. He died in a car accident in May 2015.
Bettie Page
American fashion model Bettie Page is a sex symbol of the 50s of the last century. Filmed in the genres of erotica, fetish and pin-up.
In 1958, Page became interested in religion, in 1959 she became a Christian. In the future, she actively worked in Christian organizations.
In 1979, doctors diagnosed him with schizophrenia.
