How do deaf people communicate? What kind of communication do deaf people have? New program for communication - All-Russian Society of the Deaf
How did you learn your native language? Probably - even in infancy, listening to relatives and friends speak it. Most people learn the language by ear and express their thoughts through speech. When formulating a thought, hearing people reproduce words and phrases in their minds and pronounce them.
But what if the child was born deaf? How are thoughts formed in the mind of a deaf person?
In people who do not hear, the function of language learning is usually performed not by hearing, but by the eyes. The human desire to communicate is so strong that it forces to overcome any obstacles. Throughout the world, in an effort to satisfy their need to communicate, the deaf have developed more than one sign language. Life brought these people together and a complex speech appeared, adapted for visual perception - SIGN LANGUAGE.
What is the peculiarity of this language and the people for whom this language is native?
Features of the language and thinking of the deaf
For us, hearing people, certain combinations of sounds - words, are processed by a part of the brain and are associated with certain pictures in the human imagination. For example, remembering what we did yesterday, we remember not a set of words, but images. Our brain encodes these images into words, and we pronounce them aloud. Deaf brains don't encode images into words. The received information is imprinted in the brain in the form of pictures.
It is in the form of pictures that the deaf think. It is not at all necessary for deaf people to clothe thoughts, abstract and concrete concepts in verbal form. Many deaf people think in sign language in the same way that we formulate thoughts in our native language.
Also, reading, as a rule, is associated with auditory memory: while reading, we remember the sound of words. And a significant part of what we read is understandable to us because we have already heard these words. While some of the deaf read well, most have difficulty reading. When hearing children learn to read, they begin to match the sounds and words they already know with the signs printed on paper.
Now imagine that you are in a foreign country in a soundproof room with glass walls. You have never heard the language spoken here. Every day the locals come up to you and say some words through the glass. You don't hear what they say, you only see the movement of their lips. Realizing that you do not understand them, they write the same words on paper and show you through the glass. For some reason, they think that you will definitely understand them.
How will you feel? In such a situation, it would be almost impossible for you to communicate. Why? Because what is written reflects speech in a language that you have never heard.
This is the situation in which most deaf people find themselves. The thinking of deaf people differs from the thinking of hearing people - the deaf use a unique sign language for communication and are a people with their own culture, behavioral and communication habits.
Many who have extensive experience with the deaf notice that it takes effort to understand the culture of deaf people. Their thinking and behavior are straightforward. Sometimes this is surprising and can lead to misunderstandings. The deaf are accustomed to comparing everything.
So, for example, they are, and this is not something offensive - this is a feature of their people. Sign language has its own grammar. For example, at the beginning of the sentence, the subject of discussion is indicated and then something is reported about it.
The main feature of many sign languages is also the construction of events in a temporal sequence. Often, facial expressions also perform grammatical functions: for example, it helps to distinguish a question from a command, a “conditional mood” from a statement. The visual nature of sign language made it possible to develop these and many other features inherent in it alone.
Deaf people are great storytellers, very good, and they have a good sense of humor. One person whose parents are deaf says: "For as long as I can remember, there have always been deaf people next to me. They give me much more than I can give them. You can learn a lot from the deaf".
By carefully observing such and thinking deaf people, we will learn to better communicate with them in their "native" language!
Our world is diverse. It cannot be said that there are people who are one to one friend to another, both externally and internally similar. So, another universe, which has its own properties, is also inhabited by those who are commonly called deaf and dumb people. Their perception of the environment is many times different from how a person who does not have such physical abnormalities understands reality.
But it is important to note that the sign language of the deaf and dumb has the same versatility and colorfulness as that of a healthy person. There are more than 2,000 gestures in the dictionary. And sign signs are whole words, so showing yes and learning some of them will not be difficult.
Non-verbal sign language
Before proceeding to the dictionary of sign language, it will be appropriate to note that one of the misconceptions about it is the opinion that it depends on the verbal language that we use every day (sound and written) or that it supposedly evolved from the latter, and even that the language of the deaf and dumb was founded by a hearer. Not only that, it is commonly misunderstood that the gestures of a silent language are accepted as dactyling of letters. That is, letters are depicted by hand. But it's not.
In this language, dactylology is used to pronounce geographical names, specific terms and proper names. It is very easy to get acquainted with its basics, since there is a well-established alphabet. And you will be able to easily communicate with a deaf-mute, pronouncing the word with the help of gestures by letter. The sign language for the deaf in Russian dactylology has 33 dactyl signs.
Sign language lessons
More detailed information about the language of the deaf and dumb can be found in the book by Zaitseva G.L. "Gesture speech". Let's take a closer look at the most common gestures.
If you ask yourself the question: “Do I, a healthy person, need to know such a language?”, The answer is simple - there is not much knowledge sometimes, sometimes they are unclaimed. But perhaps someday, thanks to them, you will be able to help, for example, a lost deaf-mute.
Most of us have mastered the language by ear and convey our thoughts through speech. We reproduce words and phrases in our minds and pronounce them, thus expressing what we wanted to say. But how do deaf people communicate?
Eyes instead of ears
The human desire to communicate is very strong and able to overcome any obstacles. In deaf people, the function of language learning is usually taken over by sight. Life brought such people together, and they themselves developed a special way of communicating, known as sign (kinetic) language. Over time, it acquired new vocabulary and was a whole linguistic system. Of course, many of us have seen at least once how deaf-mutes communicate.
Previously, the deaf in many schools were forbidden to use gestures, while they were forced to read lips, and express their thoughts in writing. But those of them who first mastered kinetic speech coped with their studies more easily and learned to read and write faster.
What language do the deaf and dumb think in?
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The life of a person with hearing problems is deprived of all the benefits that a normally hearing person can easily join.
If newspapers and books contain very complex words, and television programs without subtitles, then for a deaf-mute person the perception of such information seems almost impossible.
There are many problems for the deaf and Everyday life: when visiting shops, pharmacies, when traveling by public transport. Even using a simple telephone causes serious difficulties.
It is common for people with hearing loss to feel that others around them do not understand because of their slow perception of incoming information. As a result, the hearing impaired are quite closed. And isolation from society leads to even more significant problems on the part of the psyche.
The Significance of Speech and Language for the Deaf and Dumb
A person with a hearing impairment from the very early childhood You need to communicate with normal hearing people. If a child, when communicating with ...
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Features of communication with those who have a hearing impairment
Before you speak to a person who is deaf, signal that you are going to say something to them. Stand facing him. Thanks to this, he will be able to follow your articulation and catch all consonant sounds. Go, if possible, to the person...
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With any disability, compensatory mechanisms come into play: the absence or weakness of one function is compensated for by others. People with severe hearing impairments use visual means of communication. At the same time, a “tool” is involved, which is always “with you” - hands.
Communication of the deaf and dumb with each other
Deaf and dumb people use two types of sign systems - dactyl alphabet and sign language.
The dactyl alphabet is a system of hand signs corresponding to letters. A hand clenched into a fist denotes the letter "a", a palm with straightened clenched fingers and a large set aside - "c", etc. These alphabets differ from language to language. In some countries (for example, in the UK) they dactylize with two hands.
The Russian dactyl alphabet involves dactyling with one hand (the right hand is more often used, but this is of no fundamental importance). The arm is bent at the elbow, the hand is in front of the chest.
In gestural speech, gestures do not denote individual ...
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Deafness (deafness)
What is deafness (deafness) -
Deafness is a congenital or acquired lack of hearing, which leads to dumbness. Deafness is a primary disorder, the result of which is dumbness - a secondary disorder, because dumbness is not a defect of the organs of speech, but the result of a lack of hearing. As a rule, children lose their hearing before the age of 2-3, which prevents them from learning to speak. In order for a child to develop normal speech, his hearing must be intact. It is the first three years of life that are considered decisive in the development of speech. Hearing loss from any cause during this critical period of development results in speech impairments. When a child has lost his hearing in preschool age(5-7 years old), then the acquired speech is not lost, since he has already fixed his speech skills.
What provokes / Causes of Deafness (deafness):
There are two types of deafness: congenital and acquired. In the acquired form, the part of speech in children ...
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1. Social science includes elements of several sciences. The study of society is
geography
sociology
biology
chemistry
2. Are the following judgments about society correct?
A. Society is made up of people living in the territory of a particular country.
B. Society refers to all of humanity as a whole.
only A is correct
only B is correct
both statements are correct
both statements are wrong
3. Andrey, a sixth grader, helped an elderly man cross the street on his way to school. To what area public life can this act of Andrey be attributed to political
economic
social
spiritual
4. Economic (economic) activity of people consists of
religion, science, education, art
upper class, middle class, lower class
legislative branch, executive branch, judicial branch
production, exchange, distribution, consumption
5. Select from the list...
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First of all, it should be noted that the term "deaf-mute" is incorrect - deaf people can speak with their voice, they just prefer to use sign language.
Sign language is national - in each country it has its own, in Russia, for example, Russian Sign Language, in America - American Sign Language, in the UK - British Sign Language. But there is an international sign language or the so-called "gestuno" (English International Sign Language, gestuno). It can hardly be considered as a full-fledged language, since it does not have any clear grammatical or lexical rules. Deaf people communicate in International Sign Language both in informal settings and at official events - for example, at the Deaflympics, youth forums and festivals, various scientific conferences and World Congresses on the problems of the deaf, in summer camps. International Sign Language allows deaf people to communicate with each other different countries and during...
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How to communicate with the deaf
Sign language, fingertip, lip reading and writing are the simplest ways to overcome the obstacles created by deafness. The choice of one or another method depends, as a rule, on the purpose and conditions of communication.
We noted that on the street when meeting with strangers, in a store, on the subway or bus, lip reading is the only means of communication. But in a semi-dark theater hall or at a meeting, when the distance from the stage to the deaf spectator is great, it is difficult, and sometimes impossible, to use this method. Under such conditions, the advantages are on the side of gestural speech, supplemented by dactyl alphabet. This way of communication requires special translators. It remains indispensable and, perhaps, the only one in teaching the deaf in technical schools or institutes.
The speed of perception and transmission of speech in people with normal hearing is relatively high. Radio announcers read their texts at a speed of 700-800 letters per minute. With an average length of words in the Russian language, seven ...
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10
Communication is an important process of human interaction with environment. Since deaf and dumb people cannot communicate in the language we are used to, they use a special means of communication.
What is a deaf-mute language?
The language for the deaf and dumb is an artificially created way of communication between members of society who are not able to speak and perceive speech by ear. This method is based on sign language and has deep roots.
A brief excursion into the history of sign language
Today, the question remains unresolved about what appeared first: sound speech or gestures. Although many references indicate that sign language was used before spoken language. This is evidenced by rock paintings and many other archaeological sites. Gesticulation was used not only in the presence of speech defects, but was also the main ritual component in some tribes. For example, before a woman who lost her husband had to talk ...
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11
Similarities and differences between verbal and non-verbal communication. Definition of the concept of deaf-mutism and speech. The role of hearing in the formation of speech. Sign language, its linguistics and features. Characteristics of the main methods and the importance of teaching oral speech to the deaf.
Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.
Hosted at http://www.allbest.ru/
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF RUSSIA
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution
higher professional education
"Chelyabinsk State University"
FGBOU VPO "ChelGU"
Language of the deaf and dumb
Completed:
Students Elovikova A.
Mulobaeva Ya.
academic group
LMBA-301, course 3
Chelyabinsk 2014
Introduction For many years scientists have been studying the similarities and differences between verbal and non-verbal communication. Also, many scientists are trying to find the cause of...0 0
12
As you know, deaf-mutes with open eyes orient themselves in space almost like normal children. We took deaf and mute children with non-functioning labyrinths for research. The absence of the function of the labyrinths was established using the Barani test. Deaf-mutes were selected who did not experience nystagmus and other vestibular reflexes as a result of 10- and 20-fold rotation for 20 seconds. For comparison, we also took deaf-mutes who, as a result of rotation, developed nystagmus, which indicated the preservation of labyrinth receptors (Beritashvili and Kherkheulidze, 2).
Studies have shown that blindfolded deaf-mutes with non-functioning labyrinths at the age of 10-12 cannot repeat the path they were taken one or even several times. At the same time, the deaf-mute receives a lot of skin and proprioceptive irritations from the walking limbs. Obviously, these stimuli in man do not serve to directly create spatial relationships, to establish ...
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Get the other person's attention before you start chatting or talking to them. Make eye contact. If necessary, you can wave or lightly touch the person to get their attention. But you have to be careful not to poke people, as it is considered impolite among deaf people, so lightly touch people you don't know. It is best to touch the shoulder by lightly pressing it several times.
Stay in their line of sight. Try to keep your eyes at the same level as theirs (sit down if the person is sitting down, stand up if the person is up, make up for the big difference in height), you should be slightly further away from them than usual (3-6 pounds , 1-2 meters). This is necessary in order to see all the gestures. If you are indoors, then make sure that there is enough light and the interlocutor can see you well. If you are outside, stand facing the sun so that there is no shadow or glare on it.
Say hello in a normal voice and tone. Whispering or screaming will distort your lips, and the interlocutor may not understand exactly what you are saying (many can read lips to a certain extent). Similarly, if you speed up your mouth movements, you will be harder to understand than if you were speaking normally. Raising your voice only helps if a person is hard of hearing, but this method has negative aspects such as attracting extraneous attention, and the person you are talking to will feel awkward. If you see that a person cannot read lips, you can communicate with him using a notebook and a pen. Write a greeting, your name, and an introduction.
Think about the essence of what you are going to say. Once the deaf person has established the essence of the conversation, it will be easier for him to understand you. Do not abruptly change the topic of conversation: even someone who can perfectly read lips understands only 35 percent of what you say, he guesses the rest from the context. Stop and ask if he understands you. Pause often and ask if they are following you.
Make eye contact. You probably don't realize how much they communicate through your eyes and facial expressions. If you have glasses, take them off. If you can use facial expressions to indicate a point (smile, eye and brow movements), do so.
Use gestures and visual cues. Stop or linger on any subject you are talking about, wait until the person looks at you, and then continue the conversation. You can also use facial expressions such as drinking alcohol, jumping, or eating to illustrate your words. Raise your fingers to show numbers, scribble in the air to show that you are writing a letter, etc.
Be polite. If you are distracted by things that a deaf person might not notice, such as a phone ringing or knocking on a door, explain why you are distracted. Do not joke about their hearing (in their presence), do not interrupt communication after you know that he is deaf. Do not show irritation after being asked to repeat. Let him voice his disagreement as if you were not talking to a deaf friend. There are good and bad people among the deaf, as well as among the hearing well. Treat them politely and you'll look decent.
Learn sign language. For better communication with deaf people who communicate better with gestures than with words, learn sign language. Sign language is an ordinary language with its own grammatical and syntactic features. For example, the American phrase "I give you" is one word, or sign, in American Sign Language (AZL). Most countries have their own sign language. These languages are very different from each other, depending on geographical location(for example, British Sign Language is very different from ASL). Many community colleges, universities, or local deaf organizations offer education for all levels of learning.
There are many languages in the world, but sign language occupies a special place among them. In order to communicate with deaf and dumb people, in the 18th century, the first sign language was developed, called Amslen. Subsequently, closer to the 20th century, it had many branches and interpretations. In the middle of the 20th century, an international sign speech, Gestuno, was developed to standardize the language of the deaf and dumb, which is still relevant. It is mainly based on the gestures that the speaker shows with his hands, with the help of facial expressions and due to various turns of the body.
In our country, Gestuno is not popular. If in European countries there are 300 sign language interpreters per hundred deaf and dumb people, then we have only 3. In 2012, amendments were made to the draft law “On the Social Protection of the Disabled” regarding sign language. The language received official status, special educational institutions for the training and retraining of interested people, teachers, disabled people. This had a positive effect on the percentage of those wishing to teach Zhestuno.
- Local communities of the deaf and dumb provide special free classes that anyone can sign up for. In a few months, you will learn the basic aspects of Gestuno and, of course, try out the acquired knowledge in practice.
- Educational sites - institutes and colleges, often include the subject of "sign language" in their programs. To a greater extent, this applies to social and linguistic specialties. So if you are still a student or planning to become one, then you have the opportunity to get acquainted with this subject for free.
- In the event that you cannot find free courses, there are specialized paid classes based on research institutes, methodological centers, specialized schools for the deaf and dumb.
The structure of learning the language of the deaf and dumb
Let's take a closer look at what these special courses are and what you will receive at the end of the training.
Note that there are 3 levels of mastering Gestuno, which include the following skills:
- Level 1 - a basic course for beginners, where they analyze the basic lexical norms and practice live communication.
- Level 2 is a course for those who are already familiar with the base. It is designed for an initial acquaintance with the skills of translation from Gestuno.
- Level 3 - includes the improvement of linguistic skills and in-depth training in simultaneous and consecutive translation.
Training at the levels lasts 3 months and consists of 44-50 academic hours. At the end of the course, you will receive a special certificate, which will indicate your level. But do not equate this piece of paper with the testimony of a sign language interpreter. To obtain such a crust, you will need to go through a special commission. You can try your hand at this after level 2.
How to learn a deaf and dumb language yourself
In addition to the methods listed above, you can learn deaf and dumb gestures yourself using the following resources:
- On the Internet, you will find websites that will help you learn the language of the deaf. The most popular of them is the "City of gestures". Also a lot useful information you will find in social networks, in specialized groups for Zhestuno. In them you will work out both the theoretical part and the practical component with like-minded people.
- Since progress does not stand still, for mobile devices special applications were created, which are alphabets and textbooks on sign language. Download the app to your phone and free time learn or repeat the information you need.
- Books are a universal option for gaining knowledge in this area. However, this method is only suitable for those who are patient and willing to invest extra effort into learning. This is due to the fact that there will not be a teacher nearby who can clearly explain everything to you, and, therefore, you will need more time to analyze the material.
- Video lessons are a way to learn sign language close to special courses, but with the caveat that no one will correct you in case of mistakes. The main advantage of videos is the variety and clear, visual explanation of the material.
How to start learning sign language on your own
Before we figure out where to start, we note the following feature:
Gestuno is confused with the dactyling of letters, i.e., the image of individual letters with hands. Dactylology differs from the gestures of the deaf and dumb in that it is used to say proper names: cities, names of people, geographical names, etc., or to say a word for which a special gesture has not yet been invented. So keep that in mind when you get started.
So, having chosen one of the options for self-study, find information resources and choose those that are understandable and interesting.
- To become fluent in sign language, you must first learn the alphabet. Once you feel confident in your handwriting skills, move on to learning non-verbal sign language. Build your lesson plan based on the difficulty levels described above. So, gradually you will be able to learn the language perfectly.
Do not forget that the most effective and quick way to learn a language is to communicate in it. So, even if you are studying alone, you still need to find yourself an interlocutor. So you can learn how to express thoughts correctly and understand what a like-minded person is thinking.
Learning Gestuno on your own is difficult, but after a while you will achieve visible results. The main thing is not to abandon training and reinforce theoretical knowledge with practice. Sign language is not more difficult than a foreign language, so gain strength, patience and soon get the desired result.
