The main types of oral speech (grade 2). What are the types of oral speech? Basic types of speech Types of oral speech 2

Speech is a form of communication that has developed between people for a very long time. In each language, it differs in particular specifics and certain rules. And in order to correctly speak and express your thoughts, you need to know what types of speech exist in the Russian language.

External speech

There is an extended classification, but there is also a minimum one. I would like to pay attention first of all to the second of these. So this is external speech and internal. What is the first? It includes such types of speech in the Russian language as oral (monologic and dialogical) and written. Everyone knows what a dialogue is - a communication between several or two people. A monologue speech is a presentation of information by only one person. By the way, all these are also types of direct speech. After all, the presentation is in the first person, and not retelling. And finally, a few words about writing. This is also a kind of monologue, only a little more detailed. This is due to the fact that there is no Feedback with an opponent.

inner speech

This is a very special look. Inner speech is a kind of planning phase, both in theoretical and practical activities. It is for this reason that it is characterized by such features as fragmentation and fragmentation. But at the same time, there are absolutely no misunderstandings that can sometimes appear in the process of perceiving the situation. To move from inner speech to outer speech, one must try to expand the topic as clearly as possible so that it is understandable to the interlocutor.

Modern literary language

Expressing thoughts in writing

All types of speech in the Russian language are distinguished by their specificity, history and features. This should be remembered when studying this topic. Types of written speech also play an important role in the formation. After all, an integral part of interpersonal communication is the formulation of quotations and retelling of texts seen somewhere. The history of writing has brought us three types of written speech. The first is pictographic writing, which denotes the expression of thoughts with the help of drawings and diagrams. Ideography was next - it is still used in our lives to this day, only in Chinese writing. And finally, the most common type is speech writing. Everything is simple here - a person writes down what he hears and says.

Publicism

Speaking about the types of oral speech, it is impossible not to note this topic. Another common style is publicistic. It is used in order to competently inform people of any data and influence them in order to convince or encourage them to take certain actions. Not all individuals are able to present information in this way; this requires certain character traits, perfect mastery of all styles of speech, psychological skills and, possibly, the gift of persuasion. Publicistic style is used mainly in the media. Today you can find a huge number of works written in this way - these are various essays, feuilletons, reports, notes and articles. In addition, many speakers and presenters use a journalistic style to present their material. However, there is a fine line to be felt here. After all, the journalistic style is a cross between scientific, official business and colloquial.

Style List

For better assimilation of the material, either a list or a table is usually compiled. can also be remembered in this way. The most used and widespread are scientific, journalistic, official business, colloquial and artistic. Such a table of speech styles visualizes, and if you expand it, supplementing it with information about areas of application, characteristics and genre features, you will be able to master the topic in full. The way it is usually styled can be illustrated by the example of the two styles described above.

		Scope of use		Character traits	Style Features
	Communication and explanation of scientific facts and information.	Official setting..	Report, scientific article and popular science literature.	Accuracy, generalization, consistency and objectivity.	Terms, the predominance of impersonal and complex sentences, keyword repetition.
journalistic	Impact and message.	Political, cultural and social relations.	Interview, reportage, essay, feuilleton, newspaper article, speech.	Emotionality, appeal, appraisal, accessibility, logic.	Colloquial and introductory constructions and words, phraseological units.

In general, it must be said that people learn the language from childhood and improve it throughout their lives. First come the types of coherent speech, which is important to teach the child at a very young age, then more difficult topics. Particular attention should be paid to this at school. Russian language (Grade 4) is one of the most important items. It is necessary to study it, since the correct command of speech in any case will be needed by children in the future. School program quite complex, it includes the study of spelling, syntax, punctuation, style, semantics and much more. However, one should remember how diverse our Russian language is. Grade 4, high school or graduation years - this subject must always be studied, developing and improving your skills.

We can write, read, speak and listen. What are these skills and how do they differ? In psychology, there are two main types of speech and several forms of their manifestation. Read on to find out how it looks in practice and how they differ.

Human speech manifests itself in various forms, but all of them, from a psychological point of view, refer to external and internal forms.

External are oral and written forms of communication.

In the first version, the words can be heard and said, leaving the information in the head and space. The second option implies that the same information will be recorded using hieroglyphs, that is, alphabetic characters - each language has its own.

Oral speech.

Depending on the number of people taking part in the communicative act, there are two ways of exchanging information.

1. Dialogue.

A conversation is the most common form of oral speech, which is also called a dialogue (when there are two participants), or a polylogue (when many interlocutors take part).

Dialogue Features:

• Conditional brevity, conciseness of remarks;
• Syntactically correct sentences are rare;
• Phrases have an unspoken character;
• Actively used facial expressions, gestures;
• Feedback, exchange of emotions;
• Assessment of the situation "online";
• The use of vocabulary characteristic of everyday style;
• The possibility of an unexpected ending.

2. Monologue.

When a speech comes from only one person and is addressed to him or other silent listeners, it is called a monologue (from the Greek "mono" - one).

This term is used in dramaturgy, literature, linguistics, acquiring different semantic shades in each of them.

Most often, a monologue can be found while listening to a lecturer, speaker, politician, or actor on the theater stage.
Unlike dialogue, a monologue requires the communicator to:

• Coherent presentation of thoughts;
• Logical, intelligibly constructing speech;
• Compliance with literary norms and rules of the language;
• Accounting individual features audiences;
• permanent;
• Thoughtful facial expressions, gestures.

Active and passive perception of the oral form of speech.

Psycholinguists (researchers of the mutual influence of language, consciousness and thinking) found out that when we listen, we almost always repeat to ourselves the words spoken by someone. This can be called the “parrot effect”, in which the main types of speech are combined. We succumb to its influence unconsciously.

If the words of the interlocutor resonate in ours, we take an active position as a listener, spontaneously saying out loud what we want to say right now.

The passive form implies the repetition of the interlocutor's phrases to oneself.

An adult person equally owns both forms. And children first learn to perceive the words of others, and only after that they decide to repeat certain sounds after them. The level of development of these forms depends on individual characteristics, life experience, and other factors.

Written speech.

The main difference between written speech is the presence of a material carrier. His role was once played by blocks of stone, fixing the hieroglyphs of the first people. Then there was parchment, annals, books, and now information is mostly stored on flash drives or hard drives, and special programs recognize it.

The development of progress gave impetus to overcoming the barrier in communication. Social media, Viber, Skype, Telegram and other applications make the exchange of information a continuous process. Latest Research they even showed that we spend three times less time on “live” communication than on virtual ones.

Despite the fact that it is psychologically easier to conduct a conversation with signs, it is still a more complex form, since it requires special concentration and the fulfillment of a number of conditions.

Let's do an experiment.

To do this, you need to ask friends to communicate with each other in letters to any general theme(about weather, pirogues or bad roads). When the conversation reaches a climax, you should continue it orally, recording the remarks on the recorder.

In fact, our "lexical deficiencies" appear in both types of speech. But they can be clearly seen only in the external.

Psychological features of the written form of communication:

• Constant concentration;
• Compliance with the rules of spelling, style, and other norms;
• Difficulty in conveying feelings or (in informal correspondence, you can use "smilies");
• The ability to think over proposals or edit already written ones;
• No instant feedback.

Inner speech.

The basis of our thinking, as well as any action, is inner speech. It is its presence that distinguishes us from animals, which can also think a little or be aware of something. We are all in fact in constant dialogue with our inner "I". Moreover, our consciousness is arranged in such a way that it is impossible to stop the uninterrupted flow of thoughts.

An internal monologue can upset us, cheer us up, convince us, or inspire something. It is characterized by fragmentation, dynamics, fragmentation, understatement.

In most cases, you don’t need to look for a topic for talking with yourself - it appears by itself.
For example, a person, returning from a store, heard someone say: “What a nightmare!”. Immediately, his associative array appears in his head: “What a nightmare! What a nightmare to go back to work tomorrow. They promised a test… We need to prepare well…”

Alternative types of speech: kinetic.

A person mastered the ability to transmit information by moving parts of the body even earlier than he learned to scratch out some signs. This is the most ancient way to understand each other. With the advent of words, we have ceased to use gestures as the main means of communication. Most turn to them as an auxiliary opportunity to express their emotions.

Kinetic speech remains the main form of communication for deaf and dumb people. Modern techniques have made the sign system as perfect as possible for conversation, reading special books, and the ability to write down thoughts.

Human speech is very diverse and has a variety of forms. However, any form of speech refers to one of the two main types of speech: - oral, - written. Both of these species, of course, have a certain similarity with each other. It lies in the fact that in modern languages, written speech, like oral speech, is sound: the signs of written speech do not express an immediate meaning, but convey the sound composition of words. Thus, for non-hieroglyphic languages, written speech is only a kind of oral presentation. Just as in music a musician who plays notes each time reproduces the same melody practically without change, so a reader, voicing a word or phrase depicted on paper, will reproduce almost the same scale each time.

Speaking

The main initial type of oral speech is speech flowing in the form of a conversation. Such speech is called colloquial, or dialogic (dialog). The main feature of dialogic speech is that it is a speech actively supported by the interlocutor, that is, two people participate in the conversation, using the simplest turns of language and phrases. Conversational speech in psychological terms is the simplest form of speech. It does not require a detailed presentation, since the interlocutor in the course of the conversation understands well what in question, and can mentally complete the phrase uttered by another interlocutor. In a dialogue said in a certain context, one word can replace one or even several phrases.

monologue speech

Monologue speech is a speech uttered by one person, while listeners only perceive the speaker's speech, but do not directly participate in it. Examples of monologue speech (monologue): speech of a public figure, teacher, speaker. Monologic speech is psychologically more complex than dialogic (at least for the speaker). It requires a number of skills: - to present coherently, - to state consistently and intelligibly, - to observe the norms of the language, - to focus on the individual characteristics of the audience, - to focus on the mental state of the listeners, - to control oneself.

Active and passive form of speech

The listener, of course, also makes some effort to understand what is being said to him. Interestingly, when we listen, we repeat the words of the speaker to ourselves. The words and phrases of the speaker still "circulate" in the mind of the listener for some time. At the same time, this does not appear outwardly, although speech activity is present. At the same time, the activity of the listener can be very different: from sluggish and indifferent to convulsively active. Therefore, active and passive forms of speech activity are distinguished. Active speech - spontaneous (coming from within) speaking aloud, a person says what he wants to say. The passive form is a repetition after the interlocutor (usually to oneself, but sometimes this repetition breaks out, as it were, and the person follows the active speaker aloud). In children, the development of active and passive forms of speech does not occur simultaneously. It is believed that the child first learns to understand someone else's speech, simply by listening to the people around him, and then he begins to speak on his own. However, it should be noted that starting from the first weeks of life, the voice characteristics of the child begin to correlate with the voice of the mother, to some extent, already during this period, the child learns to speak actively. Both children and adults differ quite a lot in the degree of development of active and passive forms of speech. Depending on life experience and individual characteristics, some people can understand other people well, but express their own thoughts poorly, other people can do the opposite. Of course, there are people who can both speak badly and listen poorly, and those who both speak well and listen well.

Oral speech- this is a speech uttered in the process of speaking; the main form of using natural language in speech activity.

For the colloquial style of the literary language, the oral form is the main one, while the book styles function both in written and oral form (a scientific article and an oral scientific report, a speech at a meeting without a pre-prepared text and a record of this speech in the minutes of the meeting).

The most important distinguishing feature of oral speech is its unpreparedness: oral speech, as a rule, is created in the course of a conversation. However, the degree of unpreparedness can be different. This may be a speech on a topic unknown in advance, carried out as an improvisation. On the other hand, it can be a speech on a previously known topic, thought over in certain parts. Oral speech of this kind is typical for official public communication. From oral speech, i.e. speech generated in the process of speaking, one should distinguish speech read or learned by heart; the term "sounding speech" is sometimes used for this type of speech.

• The unprepared nature of oral speech gives rise to a number of its specific features:
  • an abundance of unfinished syntactic constructions (for example: Well, in general ... contemplation ... I can draw for friends);
  • self-interrupting (There are still many people in Russia who want ... who write with a pen, not on a computer);
  • repeats (I would…I would…would like to say more);
  • designs with a nominative theme (This boy / he wakes me up every morning);
  • pickups (A - We invite you... B - to the theater tomorrow).
  (Zemskaya E.A. Oral speech. // Russian language. Encyclopedia, M .: BRE-Drofa, 1997, S. 582-583).

The specific features caused by the unpreparedness of oral speech, indicated above, are not speech errors, because do not interfere with the understanding of the content of speech, and in some cases serve as an important means of expression. Moreover, speech designed for direct perception, which is oral speech, loses if it is too detailed, consists exclusively of detailed sentences, if direct word order prevails in it.

In a speech designed for the listener, the structural and logical pattern of the phrase often changes, incomplete sentences are very appropriate (saving the energy and time of the speaker and listener), passing additional thoughts, evaluative phrases are allowed (enriching the text and well separated from the main text by means of intonation).

One of the most significant shortcomings of oral speech is its discontinuity (logical, grammatical and intonation), which consists in an unjustified stop of speech, in the break of phrases, thoughts, and sometimes in the unjustified repetition of the same words. The reasons for this are different: ignorance of what needs to be said, inability to formulate a subsequent thought, the desire to correct what was said.

The second of the most common shortcomings of oral speech is its inseparability (intonational and grammatical): phrases follow one after another without pauses, logical stresses, without a clear grammatical formulation of sentences. The grammatical-intonational undividedness, of course, also affects the logic of speech: thoughts merge, their order becomes fuzzy, the content of the text becomes vague and indefinite. Written speech- this is a speech created with the help of visible (graphic) characters on paper, other material, or a monitor screen. The written form of speech is the main one for official business and scientific styles speech, for the language of fiction. Publicistic style uses equally written and oral form speeches (periodicals and television).

The use of the written form allows you to think about your speech longer, build it gradually, correcting and supplementing, which ultimately contributes to the development and application of more complex syntactic structures than is typical of oral speech. Such features of oral speech as repetitions, unfinished constructions in a written text would be stylistic errors.

If in oral speech, intonation is used as a means of semantic separation of parts of the statement, then in writing, punctuation marks are used, as well as various means graphical selection of words, combinations and parts of text: using a different type of font, bold, italics, underlining, framing, placing text on the page. These means ensure the selection of logically important parts of the text and the expressiveness of written speech.

• Types of speech are:
  • speaking- sending sound signals carrying information;
  • hearing- perception of sound signals and their understanding;
  • letter- the use of visible graphic symbols to convey a message;
  • reading- perception of graphic symbols and their understanding.

Improving skills speaking includes increasing readiness to maintain a conversation on various topics and mastering the technique of speech.

In order to be ready to maintain a conversation on various topics in public and private communication, a person needs to constantly engage in self-education in the broad sense of the word, i.e. acquire new knowledge, and not only in their specialty, but also other knowledge in the field of science and art of public interest, develop independent thinking, trying to give their own assessment of information received from books and newspapers, read fiction in order to better understand life and improve the style of his speech.

• The main elements of speech technique are:
  • phonation (speech breathing);
  • voice (correct voice formation skills);
  • diction (the degree of distinctness of pronunciation).

The correct organization of speech breathing has great importance for oral speech. Intermittent, choking speech does not make a favorable impression and even sometimes irritates listeners. In addition, improper speech breathing tires the speaker.

The voice of a person is of great importance for oral speech. This is an individual characteristic of a person, as unique as fingerprints. In the physical sense, the voice is understood as a set of sounds of various pitch, strength and timbre, resulting from the vibrations of the vocal cords.

The ability to control the voice is important not only for a speaker, but for any person whose profession requires constant communication with people. In personal communication, possession voice also turns out to be a positive quality of a person. The necessary qualities of a good voice are: a beautiful timbre, strength, flight, endurance, a large range.

• The system of exercises for voice development includes:
  • exercises that teach you to correctly direct the sound without straining;
  • exercises aimed at developing the vocal range, strength, flight ability.

It is important to find the natural pitch of the voice, which is usually in the middle register of a person and at which the voice sounds good. Then it is necessary to improve the sound quality on other registers, performing breathing exercises simultaneously with sound ones.

• Diction includes three main indicators:
  • correct articulation;
  • the degree of distinctness of articulation;
  • way of pronouncing words.

Correctness of articulation - these are movements of the organs of articulation that correspond to the desired place and method of sound formation.

The degree of distinctness of articulation is an indicator of the intelligibility of oral speech. Moreover, clear articulation gives the impression that a person is self-confident, knows what he is talking about, which is one of the tasks of oral communication.

Way of saying words includes the rate of speech characteristic of each individual, the extension or reduction of syllables, special modifications of intonation.

To improve speech skills related to the manner of pronouncing words, it is necessary to constantly listen and try to accurately reproduce the normative speech of a full or neutral styles. Unfortunately, samples of such speech are now rarely heard even on radio and television; these are mainly the speech of people who have gone through special training, - professional announcers and actors.

The sound side of oral speech plays no less important role than its content. It is known that a speech that is brilliant in content loses in many respects if it is uttered sluggishly and inexpressively, with hesitations and speech errors. Conversely, a speech of little substance, delivered phonetically flawlessly, can make a favorable impression. This comparison, of course, is not advice to prepare speeches of little substance, it only shows the significance of the role played by a good sounding oral speech.

The success of communication depends not only on the ability to speak, but also to no lesser extent on the ability to listen.

• Hearing is an integral part of the communication process and includes two stages:
  • the stage of the primary analysis of the sound signal and its psychomechanical processing;
  • stage of semantic interpretation.

Scientists have found a significant gap between the amount of information expressed by the announcer, speaker, participant in a normal conversation and the amount of information perceived by the listeners. It has been experimentally established that when perceiving speech by ear, a person on average achieves only a 25% level of efficiency in 10 minutes. Even in informal conversations, the listener learns, on average, no more than 60-70% of what the interlocutor says.

• The reason for this gap is a number of typical listening deficiencies:
  • thoughtless perception, when sounding speech is only a background for any activity;
  • fragmentary perception, when only separate parts of sounding speech are interpreted;
  • narrowness of perception, i.e. inability to critically analyze the content of the message and establish a connection between it and the facts of reality.
• In order to develop effective listening skills, you need to be able to answer the following questions for yourself:
  • Why is it necessary to listen?
  • What are the factors for effective listening?
  • How to listen?

1. Why listen? This question helps to evaluate the useful things that you can learn for yourself when listening to a lecture, oral presentation, TV show, speech of the interlocutor.

• It may be useful:
  • Receiving the information. This is the main goal of listening in professional activities, but useful information can be gleaned not only from lectures and speeches at production meetings, but also from everyday conversations.
  • Entertainment. This is one of the most important human needs. The purpose of entertainment is present in ordinary conversations and in listening to some TV shows.
  • Inspiration. Often a person listens not to learn the facts, but to be inspired. It is also one of the human needs.
  • Analysis of facts and ideas. It is necessary for a more complete perception of speech and the inclusion of the information received in the structure of existing experience and knowledge.
  • Improving your own speech. Observing the speech of others teaches a person to be more attentive to his own speech.

• 2. Factors for effective listening are:
  • Listener attitude. Successful communication requires an objective, open-minded, cooperative attitude of the listeners. Overconfident people are usually bad listeners. An educated person is usually more attentive than an uneducated person. Uneducated people become passive listeners, because they have little knowledge with which to match the speaker's words.
  • listener interest. It has been observed that people show more interest in familiar things than in unfamiliar ones, and are also interested in practically useful and new ideas. Therefore, the speaker in his speech should be enthusiastic, talk about exciting and concrete things, use the language of action.
  • Listener motivation. The attention of the listeners is enhanced if the speech touches on issues related to the basic needs of life and human feelings. Such motives are self-preservation, interest in property, the desire to expand influence, concern for reputation, affection, sentimentality, taste.
  • Emotional condition. Unwanted emotions that interfere with uninterrupted attention may come from the listener's state of depression, his attitude towards the speaker, his objections to the speaker's statements.

3. How to listen?

• In order for listening to be useful, you need to develop the following skills:
  • 1) the ability to concentrate;
  • 2) the ability to analyze the content;
  • 3) the ability to listen critically;
  • 4) the ability to take notes.

• Ability to concentrate allows you to constantly monitor the progress of the presentation of thoughts and all the details of what is being reported. This skill includes the following:
  • Take an objective and cooperative stance towards the speaker.
  • Remember what you already know about the subject of speech.
  • Think of a topic and try to guess how the speaker will develop it.
  • Think about how the content of the speech can help you.
• Ability to analyze the content is necessary, first of all, for listening to public speeches, because they contain different ideas, and if one of them is missed, then the connection between parts of the text will be broken. The ability to analyze is based on the following techniques:
  • determination of the purpose of speech;
  • determination of the composition of speech;
  • definition main topic speech;
  • identification of the main ideas of the speaker;
  • definition of forms of argumentation;
  • definition of forms of summary and final conclusions.
• Listening skills critically can be developed if you perform the following actions:
  • Link what the speaker is saying with your own own experience. You can agree with the speaker, postpone the decision until further information is received, question the speaker's words.
  • Summarize and organize what you heard. Get ahead of the speaker and try to anticipate how he will develop the main topic.
  • Analyze and evaluate what you hear. Correlate the speaker's statements with reality, with each other and with the goals of speech.
• The ability to take notes required in cases where it is important for the listener to keep a record of a lecture, report, speech. When taking notes, it is recommended to adhere to the following principles:
  • Use short sentences and paragraphs.
  • Write down only important provisions and factual material.
  • Use abbreviations and symbols.
  • Make legible notes.
  • Emphasize important ideas.
  • Review your records periodically.

<Совершенствование навыков letters perhaps on the basis of constant training in writing those genres that a person needs in his work. The development of writing skills is helped by reading fiction, good works of journalistic style, and scientific literature. To draw up official business texts, it is necessary to familiarize yourself with the relevant regulations and sample documents. Recently, collections of sample documents (investigative, judicial, notarial) have been published to help lawyers.

Skills reading are not the same for different people. Sometimes high school graduates read fast enough, but ineffectively, quickly forgetting the content of what they read. The development of reading skills helps to process more information and save time.

• At the stage of visual perception of the text, an important role is played by:
  • fixation of the gaze - stopping the eyes for a fraction of a second when perceiving what is written;
  • eye movement - movement of the gaze from one section of the text to another;
  • field of view - a section of the text that is clearly perceived by the eyes with one fixation of the gaze.
• Typical disadvantages of reading are:
  • Regressions, i.e. unjustified, mechanical returns to what has already been read, slowing down the reading process.
  • Articulation, i.e. internal pronunciation of the readable text, slowing down the reading speed by 3-4 times.
  • Small field of view. When 2-3 words are perceived in one fixation of the gaze, the eyes have to make many stops. The wider the field of view, the more information is perceived at each stop of the eyes. A person trained in the technique of reading can perceive an entire line, and sometimes a paragraph, in one fixation of a glance.
  • Poor development of the semantic forecasting mechanism. The ability to anticipate what is written and make semantic guesses is necessary to improve reading efficiency.
  • Low level of organization of attention. The reading speed of most readers is far below what they could have without compromising comprehension if they could control their attention. In a slow-reading person, attention quickly switches to extraneous thoughts and objects, so interest in the text decreases.
  • Lack of a flexible reading strategy. Often people, starting to read, do not set themselves any goal, do not use the rules of text processing. In fact, depending on the purpose of reading, you can choose such methods as reading-viewing, introductory reading, in-depth reading.

Oral and written forms of speech

As already mentioned, the modern Russian literary language functions in two forms - oral and written. Oral speech is primary, written speech is secondary. For written speech, there are special graphic signs that convey elements of sounding speech. Any literary language has both forms, but not all national languages ​​have a written form, for some of them the oral form remains the only form of existence.

Written and oral forms of speech differ in a number of ways.

1. By the presence of the addressee. Written speech is addressed to everyone and everyone individually, in other words, to the absent, since the writer does not see a specific reader; oral speech implies the presence at the moment of speech realization of the interlocutor, the listener.

2. According to the form of implementation. Written speech is graphically designed, it obeys the norms of written speech (spelling, punctuation); oral speech sounding, subject to intonational norms and norms of orthoepy.

3. By the nature of generation. Written speech can be improved, edited repeatedly; oral speech is spontaneous, it is formulated in the presence of the addressee, at once, even if it is carefully thought out beforehand.

4. In relation to the addressee. Written speech is created in the absence of an addressee who cannot have any influence on the writer; oral speech is realized in the direct presence of the addressee, who can influence the speaker, correct him, prompting him to change the form or content of speech.

5. By the time of existence. Printed (written) sources have an almost unlimited "lifetime"; oral speech (even if it is preserved in a quality recording) tends to be corrupted and lost.

Traditionally, the close relationship and close interaction of oral and written forms of speech is recognized. In the 80s of the twentieth century, the state of the Russian literary language was characterized by the fact that the leading role remained with the written and literary variety. As for the situation at the beginning of the 21st century, it has changed significantly: there is a strong influence of the elements of oral speech on written speech. This is manifested in the widespread use of elements of oral speech in book and written sources (especially in the press and in fiction), for example, colloquial, colloquial and other layers of reduced vocabulary.

Despite the fact that in oral speech “all changes in the language are forged” (L.V. Shcherba), the priority of the written basis of the Russian literary language remains, since with the competition of forms, the form that is supported by writing, literary and book tradition has more chances to survive.

The form of speech (oral or written) affects the selection of language material (grammatical, lexical). Depending on what language material (words, grammatical structures) speech is built from, it acquires a bookish or colloquial character. Book and colloquial speech exists in oral and written forms.

Book speech serves the political, legislative, scientific spheres of communication, and colloquial speech is used in a semi-official setting, as well as in the everyday sphere of communication.

Book speech is built in accordance with the norms of the literary language, violation of the norms in book speech is considered unacceptable and is assessed as an error. Following the literary norm is manifested at different language levels. The most noticeable differences between book and colloquial speech are manifested at the level of vocabulary.

The main composition of book speech is neutral vocabulary. It is found in any kind of speech: in oral conversation, and in textbooks, and in scientific articles, and in various genres of fiction and newspapers. In dictionaries, such words are not provided with marks: man, table, clock, city, country, TV, lecture, theatre, work, walk, ride and others. Neutral vocabulary is represented by all grammatical categories of words (parts of speech). Neutral vocabulary is the basis of the vocabulary of the language and the background against which the words "written speech" and the words "oral speech" stand out.

The vocabulary of book speech includes words that are used in written varieties of the literary language: in scientific articles, textbooks, business papers, in official documents and are not used in casual conversations, in everyday speech.

The vocabulary of written speech is represented by 3 groups of words:

1) book vocabulary, 2) high vocabulary, 3) official vocabulary.

Book words give speech a general "bookish" sound. The “bookishness” is most pronounced in borrowed words denoting abstract concepts: indifferent, confidential, conjuncture, alternative and others. Words from the Old Slavonic language have a bookish sound: very, truly, during, in continuation, due to the fact that, since - insofar as as well as nouns with suffixes –ani(e), -eni(e): collection, emergence, penetration, disappearance and etc.

High vocabulary has a touch of elation, often solemnity: chosen one, creator, death, accomplishment, fatherland, associate, sovereign, unforgettable, transform, predestinate, erect etc. It is used when it comes to significant events.

Official vocabulary used in documents: accrual, due, location, competition (positions, positions) and etc.

Book vocabulary is used in all written varieties of speech: in textbooks, in journalism, in scientific articles, in newspaper materials, etc. It is necessary to use book words sparingly and only in cases where it is impossible to replace it with simpler neutral words. The abuse of bookish vocabulary can give a written text a dry or unnatural character.

The vocabulary of oral speech includes words that are characteristic primarily for casual conversation. However, the vocabulary of casual conversation is also based on neutral vocabulary.

Among the words of oral speech, colloquial vocabulary and colloquial vocabulary are distinguished. Colloquial vocabulary is divided into literary colloquial and colloquial everyday. Literary and colloquial words include such words that, compared with neutral, on the one hand, and bookish, on the other, have a certain shade of reducedness, but in general they are acceptable in all forms of speech. For example, words correspondent, evening party, pick up, celebrate housewarming, etc.

Colloquial everyday words are used in everyday communication. They do not violate the generally accepted language forms, but their use, for example, in official business and scientific styles would be inappropriate. Often they have additional coloring: disapproving, playfully familiar (for example, minion, anonymous, troublemaker and etc.). This also includes words with diminutive suffixes and suffixes of subjective evaluation, for example: cucumber, carrot, shoe, light, liar)

Colloquial words differ from the actual colloquial vocabulary, which are even more reduced in their expressive and stylistic coloring. Some of them are within the limits of literary use and come close to colloquial words (for example, joker, smack), others have a pronounced negative meaning and are outside the boundaries of literary use, for example: swindle, dunce, buzzer etc. This also includes vulgar and swear words. Compare: neutral . hand, unfold pen, simple. paw; neutral .skip, unfold . blink, simple . miss; neutral smart, unfold . smart, simple . brainy.

Describing the modern language situation, linguists note the increased use of elements of vernacular in unusual, previously uncharacteristic areas of communication - in the media, in official speech, in journalism, in the author's narrative of literary texts. Modern vernacular is “(and first of all) a special functional variety of the Russian language, a specific sphere of everyday, oral-colloquial, non-literary, mostly expressive and often vulgar communication, involving the deliberate use of non-normative units with certain communicative attitudes” (V.V. Chemist). In common speech, the non-literary speech of poorly educated urban residents, regional dialects, partly colloquial form of the literary language, and professional speech interact in a difficult way. With regard to syntax, vernacular cannot be clearly distinguished from the colloquial form of the literary language. Of course, vernacular are those linguistic means that are either colored by the expression of emphasized rudeness, or clearly contradict the literary norm, are perceived as definitely wrong (V.V. Khimik. Modern Russian vernacular as a dynamic system, St. Petersburg, 1998). Interestingly, researchers distinguish 2 types of vernacular: "old" and "young". The bearer of the first is older citizens who do not have education, the bearer of the second is the citizens of middle and young age, who have incomplete secondary education and do not know the norms of the literary language, their speech contains a lot of jargon. Currently, both varieties are called "urban vernacular".

Differences between oral and written speech manifest themselves not only at the level of vocabulary, but also in grammar. For example, differences at the level of syntax are manifested in the use of different syntactic constructions: in written speech, participial and participial phrases are widely used, complex sentences with complex conjunctions that have a book shade ( because, since, because, if ..., then; not only but; while, not only, but also), constructions with "bookish" prepositions (because of, as a result of, as a result of). At the same time, in oral speech, the above constructions are either not used at all (for example, participial and adverbial constructions), or are used in a limited amount, or are replaced by other structures (for example, subordinate clauses).

Summarizing the above, we note that when implementing each of the forms of speech, depending on what language material is used, you can get a variety of options. So, for example, if a scientist writes an article for a scientific journal, he uses book speech in writing. Speaking at the conference, the scientist uses book speech orally. When telling a colleague about the conference in a letter, the scientist uses the written form of colloquial speech, and at home, with his family, he resorts to the oral form of colloquial speech.

At the same time, one should not forget that book-written speech is built in accordance with the norms of the literary language, the violation of which is unacceptable. Oral speech is not so strict in compliance with the rules.