§22 Theory. Participle as a special form of the verb What is a reflexive participle
Participle- a special form of the verb that denotes a sign of an object by action and answers the questions what? which? which? which?
Note.
Some scientists consider participles to be an independent part of speech, since they have a number of features that are not characteristic of the verb.
As verb forms, participles have some grammatical features. They are perfect kind and imperfect; present time and past; returnable and irrevocable.
The forms of the future tense do not have participles.
There are participles real and passive.
Denoting a sign of an object, participles, like adjectives, grammatically depend on nouns that agree with them, i.e. become in the same case, number and gender as the nouns they refer to.
Participles change by cases, by numbers, by gender.
The case, number, gender of participles is determined by the case, number, gender of the noun to which the participle refers. Some participles, like adjectives, have a full and short form.
initial form communion- nominative singular masculine. All verb signs of the participle correspond to the initial form of the verb - indefinite form.
Like an adjective, participle in full form in a sentence it is a definition.
Participles in short form are used only as a nominal part of a compound predicate.
Active and passive participles.
Valid participles designate a sign of the object that itself produces the action.
Passive participles denote a sign of the object that is experiencing the action of another object.
The formation of the sacraments.
When forming participles, the following verb signs are taken into account:
- Transitivity or intransitivity of the verb(both real and passive participles are formed from transitive verbs; only real participles are formed from intransitive verbs).
- Verb type(Present participles are not formed from perfective verbs. Real participles of the present and past tense are formed from imperfective verbs, passive past participles are not formed from most imperfective verbs, although these verbs have the corresponding forms of passive present participles).
- Verb conjugations(both active and passive present participles have different suffixes depending on the conjugation of the verb).
- Reflexivity or non-recurrence of the verb(passive participles are not formed from reflexive verbs). Real participles formed from reflexive verbs retain the suffix -sya at all times, regardless of which sound (vowel or consonant) is in front of this suffix; the suffix -sya stands at the participle after the end.
From a number of verbs are formed Not all types of sacraments.
Note.
Most transitive imperfective verbs do not have a passive past participle form.
Morphological analysis of the sacrament.
I. Part of speech (special form of the verb); from which verb the general meaning is formed.
II. Morphological features:
1.
The initial form is the nominative singular masculine.
2.
Permanent signs:
a) real or passive;
b) time;
c) view.
3.
Irregular signs:
a) full and short form (for passive participles);
b) case (for participles in full form);
c) number;
d) kind.
III. syntactic role.
| Parts of speech |
According to a considerable number of philologists, participles are considered just a special form of the verb, denoting the qualities of the subject or object in action, and also answering the questions of adjectives: what? which? what is it? which? what? what are which? which? However, most often this category of words in the Russian language is considered as a separate part of speech, which expresses a sign of a phenomenon or object that changes over time. For the correct spelling, understanding, morphological analysis of such a part of speech, it is important to correctly determine the characteristics of the words that are included in it.
Verbal signs of participle
According to verb properties, participles are returnable and irrevocable. Also, the properties of the verb of this part of the part of speech include:
- Time - bathing(present tense) loving(past tense);
- View - dyed(kind of perfect), working(view imperfect);
- Pledge - singing(active voice), taken(passive voice);
- Transitivity - running(intransitive participle), drawn(has the transitivity property).
Return and irrevocable of the sacrament
Recurrence is a property of the verb that has also passed to the participle and indicates the direction of this or that action or state on the subject.
For participles, as well as for a part of speech denoting the action of the subject or his state, this is a permanent feature. In other words, no matter in what gender, number or case they are used, they are always reflexive or irrevocable - just like in the initial form.
The recurrence of the sacrament allows you to feel the semantic shades of the word:
- the action of the subject is aimed at himself - dressing, turning, bathing;
- the action is performed by several subjects in relation to each other - meeting, colliding, different;
- state of the object rejoicing, upset, sad;
- permanent property of an object wrinkled fabric, scratchy cat.
Recurrence can be detected by the presence at the end of the word -sya. Moreover, such a sacrament is always valid. Example: “Princess Helen smiled; she got up from the same unchanging quite a smile beautiful woman with whom she entered the drawing-room."("unchanging" - reversible due to the presence -sya).
If there is an irreversibility of the word, then at the end, as with adjectives, only the ending can be found. For example: “And with the techniques of a St. Petersburg business lady, able to take advantage of the time, Anna Mikhailovna sent for her son and went out into the hall with him.(“able” is irrevocable, since there is no -sya).
Features of the formation of recurrent participles
To create new words, word-forming morphemes (affixes, parts of a word) are used. These include prefixes, suffixes, and postfixes.
Reflexive participles are formed on the basis of reflexive verbs, which, in turn, were obtained using a postfix -sya following the end of a word. Example: Anna Pavlovna greeted him with a bow, related to the people of the lowest hierarchy in her salon"(“pertaining” - reflexive, was formed on the basis of the verb “relate” with the help of the suffix of the real form -box- and genitive endings -them).
In Russian, there are participles containing suffixes of passive participles (first of all, the past tense), which correlate in meaning with reflexive verbs (see. Syntax of participial phrases / item 3. Syntax of phrases with passive participles), as well as the discussion in [Knyazev 1989: 193–196], [Knyazev 2007: 533–551], and especially in [Kholodilova 2011: 40–48]). This model of correlation is most obvious in those cases where the personal forms of the corresponding verb without reflexives simply do not exist, cf. agreed, which is comparable in meaning to agree(cf. * condition), or when such reflexive verbs themselves are non-correlative, that is, they are not connected by regular relations with the corresponding non-reflexive ones, cf. crazy(associated with go crazy, but not with interfere), agreed(associated with reach an agreement, but not with to finish),confused(associated with get confused, but not with lose). Here adjoin participial formations, which are close in meaning primarily to reflexive verbs, although they, in turn, are derived from correlative non-reflexive verbs according to one of the productive models. So, enamored refers to the situation described by the verb fall in love, but not necessarily fall in love. Finally, there are also passive participial formations, which in a certain context are correlated in meaning precisely with reflexive verbs; yes, normal combed will be used in relation to a person who himself combed my hair(though not required) broken can refer to a causative situation described by a transitive verb smash, but in a certain context it can acquire decausative semantics characteristic of the verb crash(cm. Return / p.2.3. decausative):
(28) Often with such intensive use, various breakdowns occur: a broken joystick, scratched or even broken when the screen falls, the speakers fail . (Yandex), example from [Kholodilova 2011: 44]
Some of these formations satisfy the key criteria used to distinguish participles from other verbal adjectives (see below). clause 5.1); moreover, they are characterized by a certain degree of productivity, as evidenced by their extensive fixation in colloquial and informal speech ( hired; cracked up to the ears; Windows question[Kholodilova 2011: 44–46]). Thus, one of their possible interpretations is to consider these formations as passive participles of reflexive verbs. With this approach, in this marginal case, when the participles are formed, the return indicator is removed, just as it happens when the action names are formed (cf., for example, striving, striving, touch and strive, try, touch).
6.1.2.2. Dialect and vernacular formations of the type working
In dialect and substandard speech, some formations are recorded that look like real participles of the present tense, devoid of a reflexive indicator, but correlated in meaning with reflexive verbs: working(= laborer)issuing(= outstanding), partly fit(= suitable) and even washing(= washable):
(29) I want to choose wallpaper for the kitchen, they say that washing wallpaper- most the best way to the kitchen. (forum http://peredelka-forum.ru)
The status of such forms is not entirely clear. Apparently, such formations penetrate into texts in literary Russian through imitation of dialect speech or vernacular, while we are talking about the use of single forms, and not about the productive process. In fact, in such cases, it is not dialect participles proper that end up in literary texts, but adjectives developed on their basis, often stylistically colored.
First you need to understand what a sacrament is. There is no single opinion on this matter. Linguists are divided. Some believe that this is a verb form, since it is the action that is its main meaning. But one cannot deny its external resemblance to an adjective. They answer the same question, have a common declension system, similar personal endings. Therefore, we can safely say that participles have the features of a verb and an adjective.
Other linguists say that the presence of a number of features gives it the right to be called an independent part of speech. Both of them are right in their own way. Indeed, the sacrament causes a lot of controversy. For example, the ability to enter into participial turnover speaks of his independence. But at the same time, direct dependence on the verb does not allow us to call it fully independent.
Signs of the verb and adjective in the participle
The rule governing what features this form took from other parts of speech is simple.
The first thing to know is the origin of the sacrament. Historically, it goes back to the verb and has a number of common features with it. They are very closely related. For example, from verbs of an imperfect form, we can form only participles of the same form (read (sov.v.) - read (sov.v.).
The verb form itself has no conjugation category. However, she is very dependent on him. For example, the spelling of participle suffixes directly depends on it. Verbs of the first conjugation give suffixes -usch and -yusch :) run (1 ref.- running, building (2 sp.) - building.
As for the passive participles, it will be written here - om (em) from 1 sp. : attract - drawn, occupy - occupied. From verbs 2 sp. The suffix -im is formed: depend - dependent.
As you can see, the connection between these two parts of speech is inseparable, and therefore the participle is considered as a special form of the verb.
Adjectives are also not to be overlooked. First, it is a resemblance. The most common mistake students make is the inability to appearance distinguish one from the other. The main thing is to remember that the participle is always formed only from verbs, but takes the outer shell from them. adj.
Secondly, they both answer the question "which one?" and have almost the same endings. For example: beautiful - read, yellow - printed.
Thirdly, they have a common syntactic role - both are definitions in most cases.
View
We managed to find out what signs of a verb and an adjective have a participle. It is worth dwelling on each of them in more detail.
Participles enter into aspectual relations in the same way as verbs.
In Russian, there are two varieties of them: perfect and imperfect. It is not difficult to define them. One has only to ask a question to the participle itself or to the verb from which they are formed.
For example: swim - what to do? (non.v.) - floating - what is doing? (nes.v.); talk - what to do? (sov.v.) - who spoke - what did he do? (sov.v.)
In fact, you need to remember one simple trick: if the question for a verb or participle begins with the letter "C", then the look will be perfect.
recurrence
The next sign that the participle took from the verb is reflexivity. It is easy to define it. If the word has the suffix -sya or its variant -sya, then this form will be called reflexive. For example: laughing - return, floating - non-return.
Now that we remember that the participle has the features of a verb and an adjective, it is worth saying that this category also changes according to them. general rule. If the verb is reflexive, then its form will certainly retain this feature. If he does not have a suffix -sya, then he will not appear at the sacrament either. If this rule is not observed, then an incorrectly formed form will otherwise result. Agree, the words twirled and spinning have absolutely different meaning. In the first case, an addition is required to the sacrament, for example: spinning someone (something)). In the second, the action returns to itself, so its face performs on its own.
Remember that -sya historically comes from the pronoun self. Therefore, all participles with this meaning are called reflexive.
Time
We managed to analyze in detail some of the features of the verb and adjective of the participle, but that's not all. Next we will look at the category of time.
The participle, like the verb, has several of its forms. The present and past tense can be determined not only by the meaning and question, but also by the suffix.
If we have a participle with suffixes -usch, -yushch, -ashch, -yashch, -om, -em, -im, then it conveys the action taking place in this moment. For example: singing, speaking, drawn, repeated, persecuted. You can substitute the auxiliary word "now" for each of them.
When we see participles with suffixes -vsh, -sh, -enn, -t, nn, then in this case they have the category of the past tense. For example: played, grown, brought, ground.
This is where the permanent (that is, those that cannot be changed) signs of the verb and adjective of the participle end. Let's move on to the rest.
Non-permanent signs
Everything that the verb “gave” to its form - participle, we considered. Now it is worth talking about those that he got on behalf of the adjective. These categories are gender, number, and case. These features are not permanent and may change.
The gender of the participle is easy to determine by the end. If this is the -th (th), then the word is masculine: falling, split.
When a word ends in -aya, it is feminine: coming.
Accordingly, with inflection, the th participle will be neuter: brought.
The participle case, like that of adj., must be determined by the word with which it is used.
For example: flying ball - im.p., burning flame - creative p.
Sample parsing
Now that the morphological features of the adjective and the verb of the participle have been studied, we will show how to parse it.
We are approaching a house under construction.
- Initial form - under construction (sign by action)
- Formed from a verb build up by adding the suffix -box.
- Permanent signs:
- Mismatched view
- Present tense (suf.-yashch)
- Returnable (suf.-sya).
4. Non-permanent signs:
- Male gender
- unit
- Date case
5. In a sentence is a definition.
Constant signs of participles
- View- is determined by the verb form from which the participle is formed. Separate participles:
- perfect look (to do - done, to swim - to swim);
- Imperfect kind (run - fled, lose - lost);
- Pledge- a category indicating whether the action is performed by the object itself (real) or it is directed at the object (passive). Participles are of two pledges:
- Valid (dreaming, taking);
- Passive (resolved, shot down);
- Time- denotes the ratio of the expressed action (attribute by action) to the time of its execution. Separate participles:
- Present tense (filling, stored);
- past tense (asking, pushing).
- recurrence – returnable (laughing, washing up) and irrevocable communion (chosen, willing).
- Transitivity(only for real participles) - transitional (drawing with chalk, knitting) and intransitive communion (running on the grass, walking in the forest).
Inconstant signs of participles
- The form – complete (called, readable, written) and brief (call, read, written). The short form is formed only from passive participles.
- Number – the only thing and plural (answering - answering, playing - playing, donated - donated).
- Genus – masculine, feminine and neuter (explaining - explaining - explaining, visible - visible - visible).
- case- participles agree in case with a noun or pronoun (talk about the winning athlete, listen to the singing birds).
Full participles change by gender, number and case, and may be part of participle turnover. Brief - only by gender and number.
Morphological signs of participles
Verbal signs:
Perfect/Imperfect.
The form of the participle coincides with the form of the infinitive from which it is formed. What to do? - a question for an imperfect look, but what to do? - for the perfect. For example: caused(to the blackboard) - call(what to do?), therefore, this is a perfect participle. writing student - write(what to do?) - imperfect view.
Recurrent/irrevocable participles.
Time.
The category of time can be determined both by the meaning of the word and by its suffixes. For example: broken the table (the one that was broken) is the past tense. To date, participles with the following suffixes are attributed: -usch, -yushch, -ash, -yashch, -em, -im, -om. For example: washing, screaming, whistling, played, translated, led. And the indicator of the past tense are suffixes: -ш (carried), -vsh (twisted), -enn (built), -t (stitched), -nn (played).
Pledge.
Participles are real and passive. The pledge is determined by the suffixes: -usch, -yushch, -ashch, -yashch, -sh, -vsh - real, and -em, -im, -enn, -om - passive. The pledge can be determined by the meaning of the participle. For example: fallen(leaves) is a valid participle, since the action is performed by itself, without an intermediary. BUT played(draw game) is a passive participle because the game was played by someone and not by itself.
Conjugation.
The participle itself has no conjugation, but the conjugation is determined by the verb from which it is derived, and determines the vowel in the present participle suffix: writing(pen) - write(I conjugation), so the participle has a suffix -usch-; adhesive(envelope) - to glue (II conjugation), the participle has the suffix -box-.
The remaining signs do not correlate with the verb, but are directly related to the adjective.
In the category of non-passive participles, it is necessary first of all to single out formations in -sya, return forms participles. Their sharp morphological difference from adjectives (i.e., the final -sya), their pledge meanings serve as an obstacle to their qualification. Only the complete grammatical isolation of such a participle from other forms of the same verb, including it in the circle of purely qualitative meanings, can lead to the neutralization of its verbal properties (cf. shade of potential quality: a story that did not dance, an unsuccessful enterprise, a failed actor, cf. an unexploded bomb, "Young, unexpired blood boiled in him" (Scheler-Mikhailov, "Rotten Swamps"). ; cheerful inhabitant; unvarnished nudity, etc.).
The use of participles in -sya in a passive sense can only strengthen and emphasize their verbal character (especially the forms of the past tense of the imperfective form on -shusya, -shiasya, since the corresponding passive forms with suffixes -nn-, -t- are uncommon). Compare, for example, the building erected by the City Council. To judge the strength of the verbal beginning in participles in -sya, at least the following examples can serve:
Silent, greedy, boring wheezing,
The dreary clang and knock of a knife,
And colliding blocks
Grinding teeth.
(Pasternak, "Ice drift")
"A crouching old woman with a worn and faded face" (Herzen, "The Past and Thoughts").
It is clear that participles in -shy, -shysya are especially rarely amenable to qualitative transformation.
Participles without -sya also most clearly express and retain their verbality most strongly in forms in -s. In these forms, the relation to the past tense (cf. the past) is palpable. The past tense as a strong tense of the verb retains its meaning in mixed verb formations. Attitude to the past, with pronounced specific shades of meaning, enhanced by prefixes, eliminates the possibility of a qualitative transformation32. For example: "The secretary of the feuilletonist, who has sweated up to his shirt, makes five hundred and one and a half lines" (Mayakovsky, "Newspaper Day"); "That night, as if on purpose, the empty sheds that belonged to tax-farmers caught fire" (Herzen, "The Past and Thoughts"); “Having finally kissed him on his face, reddened from a bent position and shining with tenderness, the girl parted her hands and wanted to run back” (L. Tolstoy). Compare: "His round face was chilled and wrinkled" (A.N. Tolstoy). Apparently, the past participles into -ves, formed from the stems of the infinitive into a vowel (read, wrote, fell asleep, etc.), as well as from single verbal stems into -d-, -t- (fallen, attacked, acquired, sat down, stole, ate from eating and some others, but cf .: flourished, brought, etc.), express verbal meanings brighter than past participles in -shi. In fact, most of the qualified past participles fall precisely on the forms with -shi from the stems of the perfect form of intransitive verbs: crazy, fallen, deceased, arch. deceased, past, faded (withered face), expired (in the past year, for the past day), etc. Compare: "His mouth was ajar, and water dripped from the drooping brim of his hat onto his wet shoulders" (Fedin, "Cities and Years"); "A guy, about 40 years old, with a purple, somewhat swollen and flabby face" (Dostoevsky, "Demons").
Participles in -shi, formed from verb stems into a consonant (in the infinitive), are unproductive. They are attached to a strictly limited circle of verb stems. They more and more lose their correlation with the forms of gerunds, because in colloquial speech, and under its influence in the styles of the book language, gerunds in -shi become little used or are supplanted by forms in -I like bringing, sweeping, weaving, coming, taking away and etc. In a word, these participles are increasingly isolated from the system of other forms of the verb. This contributes to their convergence with adjectives, turning into individual words with quality value.
However, it is easy to see that qualitative meanings develop only in those participles in -shi that are formed from the stems of intransitive perfective verbs (flabby, withered, swollen, sagging, etc.). In participles, the category of time is closely related to the category of aspect and to some extent subordinate to it. The meaning of participles is species-temporal. The time of participles in - and -shi depends not so much on the time of the main verb of the sentence, but on the time of the action-quality they designate. But the use of past participles from stems of the imperfect form is syntactically limited. Imperfect past participles in modern language are more often used in the presence of a verbal form of the past tense of any kind or a form of the future tense of the perfect form in the meaning of the past tense, less often in the presence of the present tense and simple future forms in direct meaning and very rarely - with the form of the future tense of the imperfect form. For example: "Another time bile will rush to the heart and raise from the bottom the hatred that has recently raged there" (Goncharov, "An Ordinary Story").
Past participles of the perfect form designate an active sign as a result of a completed, completed action. The action-quality expressed by these participles bears a bright imprint of the resultative meaning of the perfect form. As a result of this, past participles of the perfect form can be freely combined with any tense of the verbal predicate (127).
It is clear that the more sharply the transitive meaning is expressed in the participle, the more sharply the specific shades of action appear in it, emphasized by prefixes and suffixes, the more the verbality prevails in it.
Verbal meanings very strongly make themselves felt in participles in -us, even from verbs with an intransitive meaning and, moreover, not complicated by quantitative aspect prefixes and suffixes (like -well-). In participles with a transitional meaning, the presence of an object of action completely paralyzes the possibility of developing qualitative meanings.
It is clear that the past participles do not have short forms. The past participles cannot put up with the category of time in its expression, which is characteristic of the short forms of the adjective.
A completely different picture is presented by participles in -schi (-schy) and -schy (-shy), formed from the 3rd person plural of the present tense (but with the stress shifted to -schy (-shy), according to the stress of the infinitive, except for the words loving , breathable and simple - regional employee, but also compare: powerful)33 . In the absence of sharp quantitative and specific signs (for example, suffixes -yva, -iva, especially in combination with such prefixes as under-, at-, on-: coughing, yawning, bargaining, etc.), participles in -shchy are easy acquire qualitative shades of meaning. After all, they are essentially devoid of the form of time. It is usually said that participles in -sch express simultaneity with the action of the main verb or, in relatively rare cases, the extended meaning of the present tense (i.e., the meaning of an indefinitely lasting period of time). But this view stems only from the negative property of the form itself: the participles in -schy by themselves cannot indicate either the past or the future tense, they designate only a present procedural sign. In relation to the participles in -whose, their meaning seems to be the meaning of the present, i.e. non-past time.
Qualitative meanings develop especially widely and freely in formations in -sch with an intransitive meaning or when the transitional meaning is eliminated. For example: a stupefying smell; defiant look; piercing wind; annoying tone; depressing, overwhelming impression; brilliant abilities; pleading eyes; threatening position; probing look; repulsive look; caressing sounds; aspiring writer; charming smile; exciting (exciting events, exciting voice). Compare: "Pickets, patrols, posts and detachments joyfully carry out their brilliant, brilliant, shining duty" (K. Fedin, "Brothers"). Wed Turgenev's "Diary" extra person":" I will always remember this devouring attention, this gentle gaiety, this innocent self-forgetfulness, this look, still childish and already female, this happy, like a blossoming smile, which did not leave half-open lips and blushing cheeks.
From participles of this type, with a pronounced qualitative meaning, short, non-membered forms are sometimes formed34.
The proximity of participles in -sch to the adjective is also manifested in the increasing tendency of the bookish language to form complex participial words with the stem of the noun in the first part, like a distribution network; antipyretics, painkillers; heartbreaking cry; grain trading organizations, etc. Wed in Saltykov-Shchedrin: "the fattening character of civilization." This method of word formation is supported in the literary language by the influence of special, professional dialects. In pure verb forms word formation in Russian can be a phenomenon of only secondary origin: it can either reflect the method of exact morphological tracing of someone else’s, for example, Greek, word (cf. .d.), or arise as a result of the transformation of the syntagma into one word (please).
