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How are the stomata located in most plants? Determination of the state of stomata in indoor plants. The number of stomata and their distribution on the leaf

It is known that environmental pollution primarily affects the stomatal apparatus of plants. The main functions of stomata are gas exchange and transpiration. Violation of the functions of these stomata can lead to the death of leaves, and, in general, to the death of the entire plant (Lykshitova, 2013). We counted the number of stomata on the leaf blades of the studied plant species in key areas in comparison with the control. Research data are shown in Fig.16.

Rice. 16 Number of stomata on leaf blades Ulmus pumila, Malus baccata, Syringa vulgaris per 1 mm І sheet area

The calculation of the number of stomata per unit area of the leaf blade in woody plants growing in urban conditions showed that, indeed, when approaching the highway, the number of stomata increases. The influence of atmospheric pollution disrupts the integrity of the stomatal cells, and the guard cells of the stomata lose their ability to regulate the width of the stomatal gap.

With constantly open stomatal slits, the consumption of moisture by the plant organism on physiological processes especially affects the intensity of transpiration.

A decrease in the total water content of tissues and an increase in the amount of bound water over the amount of free water may indicate the adaptation of plants to the conditions of the urban environment. As bioindicative indicators of the urban environment, one can use the morphobiological indicators of woody plants, the percentage of dust pollution, and the features of the fractional composition of water.

From the presented figure, it can be seen that in the control area the largest number of stomata is noted in the elm of the squat and is 138, in the apple tree -127, in the lilac -100. Under conditions of environmental pollution, the number of stomata on the leaf blades of all studied species increases sharply. This is a morphological adaptive adaptation to the survival of plants in conditions of atmospheric pollution. An increase in the number of stomata on leaf blades compensates for the decrease in leaf dispersion, as shown earlier. This is due to the fact that a decrease in the area of leaves leads to a reduction in the stomatal apparatus, therefore, an increase in the number of stomata with a decrease in the total area of leaf blades contributes to the preservation of the functions of gas exchange and transpiration of leaves. Data on the number of stomata correlate well with data on leaf dispersion. As mentioned earlier, the greatest decrease in leaf dispersion was observed in elm. Data on the number of stomata indicate that the decrease in the number of leaves per square meter in elm was compensated by a sharper increase in the number of stomata. So, on average, in three plots, the number of stomata in the squat elm increased by 321 in comparison with the reference plot, while in apple and lilac 175 and 106, respectively.

This indicates that the elm adapts well to adverse environmental conditions.

Thus, it can be noted that under the conditions of technogenic pollution of the atmosphere of the city of Ulan-Ude, both tree life forms (apple and elm) and shrubs (lilac) adapt quite well to atmospheric pollution. In all species, morphological mechanisms of adaptation are activated. In conditions of more severe dust pollution, tree forms can be recommended - apple and elm.

All-Russian Verification Work VPR Biology Grade 5 Option 2 All-Russian Verification Work

1.1. Consider the image.

Show with arrows in the figure and sign the organs of the linden: stem, leaf, bud, flower.

1.2. Which of the organs of linden: stem, leaf, bud, flower is a rudimentary escape?

1.3. The list below lists the functions of plant organs. All of them, with the exception of one, are performed by the stem. Write down the function that "falls out" of the general series. Explain your choice.

Supporting (carries leaves, flowers and fruits), mineral nutrition, conductive, vegetative reproduction.

2. In winter, black fruits - nuts - are noticeable on bare linden branches. Nuts hang in small clusters, each cluster has a wing. The wind blew, tore off several clusters along with wings, whirled and dropped one next to the tree, the other - away. Find in the list below and write down the name of this process.

Flowering, development, resettlement, fruiting. 3.

Describe the linden leaf according to the following plan: leaf type, leaf venation, leaf blade shape.

A. Sheet type

B. Leaf venation

B. The shape of the leaf blade

4. Linden has always been considered a valuable tree in Russia. Painted Khokhloma dishes and nesting dolls are made from it (A), and in the old days, shoes (B). Write down the parts of the plant that are used in each case.

BUT: _____________________
B: _____________________

The student looked at the cellular structure of the leaves of various plants under a microscope and made the following drawing. What in the drawing of the cell of the sheet did he designate with the letter B?

6. Insert the missing words from the proposed list into the text "Reproduction".

BREEDING

There are two forms of reproduction of living organisms. During ________ (A) reproduction, special cells are involved - ___________ (B). From two cells a new cell is formed - ___________ (B). The new organism combines the characteristics of both parents.

Word list:
1) sexual
2) gamete
3) asexual
4) zygote
5) germ
6) larva

Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.
Answer:

A	B	IN

7. 7.1. Using the table "Number of stomata", answer the questions.

Which plant contains stomata only on the upper side of the leaf?
Which plant has the most stomata?
Which plant has approximately the same number of stomata on both leaf surfaces?

7.2. Below are images of the plants indicated in the table. Label each picture with the name of the corresponding plant.

A B C D:______________

7.3. These plants are used by man. Under each of the examples below, write the name of the corresponding plant that is of practical importance to humans.

A B C:______________

8.1. Read the text and do the task.

Which sentences of the text describe the signs on the basis of which it can be concluded that the bustard is the heaviest migratory steppe bird in Russia? Write down the numbers of the selected proposals.

8.2. Read the text and do the task.

(1) The main habitats of bustards are steppes, forb meadows and winter fields. (2) The average weight of adult birds is 16 kg, sometimes even 25 kg. (3) Plumage color is red with black speckles, white below. (4) Bustard nests are arranged in winter fields right on the ground. (5) The bird's gait is unhurried, measured. (6) Some birds winter in Transcaucasia, but most fly away for the winter outside Russia

Make a description of the great egret according to the following plan.

A) In comparison with the bustard: larger/smaller.
B) The similarity between the bustard and the great egret is that they
C) Where does the great white heron live and what does it eat? (Give at least two examples.)

Answers

1.1.

1.2. The kidney is the organ of the plant, from which the shoot appears in the process of development.
Answer: Kidney.

1.3. The function that falls out of the logical series is mineral nutrition. Mineral nutrition is provided by the root.
2. pollination

4. A - wood, B - bast

5. cytoplasm.

7.1. water lily white; olive; oats.

7.2. A - oak, B - oats, C - olive, G - white water lily.

7.3. A - peas or potatoes, B - rice, C - corn.

8.2. The correct answer should contain a description / features for three points of the plan:
A) smaller
B) large migratory birds;
C) swamps, reservoirs; fish, frogs, mollusks, worms, small birds.

"Competition in biology" - Brush. Teams. Erythrocyte. The science. Erudite competition. Warm up. Pope Innocent. The science of preserving and strengthening human health. Term. nasal cavity. English scientist. Fixed connection of bones. Field of Dreams. The science of the structure and form of the body and its organs. Competition for captains. Find the mistake.

""Game in biology" 6th grade" - Little white dress. Capercaillie. Earthworm. Walk in the forest. Basket. Insect. Beet. Blizzard. What is superfluous. Living letter. Petals. Catch a bird. Command. Linden. Biology game. Spring is coming. Weed. Freeze. Crossword. Guess the puzzle. Find the mistake. Golden mean.

"Biology Quiz" - You will be happy with life again. "Roots" Potatoes Tomatoes Carrots Cabbage Pepper Henbane Eggplants. The berry is delicious. What plant is in the black box? From the garden we will take a potion, For a pill we will go to the garden, We will quickly cure a cold. In addition to fruits, tops are used. An hour of entertaining biology. Tip #2 Symbiosis.

"The game of biology" - grade 11. “The views of scientists K. Linnaeus, J.-B. Discussion of the course and results of the game. Preparation for the event. The game is a creative discussion. Orientation. The game is a guided discussion. Didactic possibilities of educational games. "Make a three-digit number." "The fifth extra". Classification of educational games (according to T. P. Voitenko).

"Games lessons" - herbaceous plant with purple corolla. And between the zones of conduction and growth? 13. Astra. 12. Bell. 17. After passing through the maze, find the pairs of symbiosis. Some of the letters in the braid are hidden. Cactus. How are root cones formed? Conifer tree. Pear fruit. Vertical: thuja, biota, yew, fir, cedar, spruce.

"Game in biology" - What is the name of the older sister of the zucchini and patisson? Name the plant. Name the bird Athena, goddess of wisdom. Third round. What did I. P. Pavlov call “amazing food prepared by nature itself”? The rules are similar to the rules of the TV show "Own Game". In which countries the highest award is the Order of the Chrysanthemum. Cannes - "Palme d'Or", Berlin - "Golden Bear", Venice - ...

Hello, dear readers of the Skype biology tutor blog.

This page of my blog contains the first 200 questions open bank assignments FIPI OGE on the 3rd section "System, diversity and evolution of living nature".

To check your level of preparedness for the exam, answer the tests yourself, and then you can check your answers with my answers by ordering them.

At flowering plant allocate the following organs: root, stem, leaf, flower, fruit with seeds. Select the characteristics that correspond to the structural features of the flower as a plant organ according to the following plan: definition of the organ, growth of the organ, location of the growth point, main functions and participation of the organ in the nutrition of the plant.

A. Definition of a plant organ
1) a lateral vegetative organ, which, as a rule, has bilateral symmetry
2) a reproductive organ that develops with the growth of the ovary of the pistil after pollination
3) modified generative escape
4) axial vegetative aboveground organ that carries the kidneys
5) axial vegetative underground organ

B. Organ growth
1) growth of the organ continues throughout the life of the plant
2) the growth of the organ continues for a certain time, after which it stops

B. Location of points of growth
1) the organ is characterized by growth by the base
2) the organ is characterized by apical growth
3) the organ grows due to the division of all cells

D. Organ functions
1) provides photosynthesis, evaporation, gas exchange
2) connects the aboveground and underground parts of the plant
3) strengthens the plant in the soil
4) participates in pollination, fertilization, seed development
5) serves to preserve and distribute seeds

D. Participation of the organ in the nutrition of the plant
1) only stores nutrients
2) provides the plant with water with dissolved minerals
3) does not provide the plant with nutrients, but only uses them for its own growth
4) carries out the synthesis of organic substances from carbon dioxide and water
5) provides the movement of mineral and organic substances, and sometimes stores them

Answer: A B C D D

Number of eggs in clutch	Percentage of surviving chicks (in %)
1	100
2	95
3	90
4	83
5	80
6	53
7	40
8	35
9	32

1) What is the relationship between the number of eggs in a clutch and the proportion of surviving chicks?
2) What is the percentage of chicks that have flown out of the nest with a clutch size of 5?
3) How can one explain that there are a small number of eggs in the clutch of a starling?

1) fruit
2) inflorescence
3) flower
4) fruiting body

Which organ is missing in sharks and rays?
1) intestines
2) gills
3) gill slits
4) swim bladder

Establish a correspondence between the animal and the number of chambers of its heart: for each element of the first column, select the corresponding element from the second column.

ANIMAL
A) a whale
B) really
B) crocodile
D) sparrow
D) frog
E) triton

NUMBER OF HEART CHAMBER
1) four
2) three

1) formation of trachea and spiracles
2) the formation of a three-chambered heart, in the ventricle of which there is an incomplete septum
3) the development of cubs in the uterus of the female
4) development of the nervous system of the nodal type
5) the appearance of paired lungs Answer: 41523 Incorrectly designed test. The answer will look like this: 1 then 5, if the word “lungs” means only the lungs that appeared in vertebrates (not taking into account paired lung sacs or “lights” in arachnids). But maybe the authors-compilers had conceived the answer 5 (light arachnids) then 1.

A specialized organ of air nutrition of a plant is
1) green leaf
2) root crop
3) flower
4) fruit

Modern lobe-finned fish include
1) shark
2) stingray
3) sturgeon
4) coelacanth

Which common property combines two depicted anatomical formations? Both of them are

1) the roots of living plants
2) solid particles of soil
3) insect larvae
4) plant residues

In the table below, there is a relationship between the positions of the first and second columns.

What concept should be entered in place of the gap in this table?
1) pedicel
2) gametophyte
3) fruiting body
4) sprout

What mollusks lead a terrestrial lifestyle?
1) toothless
2) slugs
3) barley
4) squid

The tuber is a modified shoot, this proves the presence on the tuber
1) membranous scales
2) buds-eyes
3) fleshy and juicy scales
4) flat stem - bottom

What animal is shown in the picture?

1) green euglena
2) infusoria shoe
3) common amoeba
4) malarial plasmodium

The figure shows light and dark moth butterflies on a birch trunk. As part of the experiment, light and dark butterflies were released into an isolated area of a birch forest in a ratio of 1: 1. How will the ratio of the number of light and black butterflies change over several years if there was an unregulated emission of soot and burning particles by enterprises?

3) the ratio of light and dark butterflies will not change

In fact, the dark pine trunk is clearly visible in the figure (the characteristic structure of the bark, and not the alternation of white and dark areas on the birch trunk). But in any case, with prolonged pollution of the trunks with soot, dark-colored butterflies will be less noticeable for pecking by birds.

Establish a correspondence between the characteristic of the plant and the department for which it is characteristic: for each element of the first column, select the corresponding element from the second column.

PLANT SIGN
A) there is a germ in the development cycle
B) the sporangium on the plant looks like a box
C) a green thread grows from the spore - a pregrowth
D) there are no roots
D) sporangia are located on the underside of the leaf
E) have rhizomes

THE DEPARTMENT
1) Mossy
2) Ferns

In the table below, there is a relationship between the positions of the first and second columns.

What concept should be entered in place of the gap in this table?
1) swimming beetle
2) grape snail
3) toothless
4) triton

Establish the sequence of the ratio of systematic categories in plants, starting with the smallest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in your answer.

1) genus Nightshade
2) plant kingdom
3) class Dipartite
4) Solanaceae family
5) Department of Angiosperms

In connection with the release of the first plants on land, they had
1) vegetative organs
2) seeds
3) disputes
4) gametes

Which of the following animals develops with transformation? Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.
1) crested newt
2) lake frog
3) common toad
4) gigantic kangaroo
5) steppe turtle
6) Nile crocodile

Using the table "Some characteristics of the leaf blades of flowering plants", answer the following questions.
Table. Some characteristics of leaf blades of flowering plants

View	Area sheet surface, cm 2	Number of stomata
View	Area sheet surface, cm 2	Upper side of the sheet, 1 cm 2	The underside of the sheet, 1 cm 2
Cabbage	–	14 100	22 600
Corn	600– 1350	5200	6800
Sunflower	38	175	325
Wheat	13– 15	3300	1400
Beans	49	4000	28 100
Apple tree	18	0	29 400
Potato	–	5100	16 100
oats	12– 15	2500	2300

Note. (–) indicates no data.
1) Which of the following plants is characterized by the smallest leaf blade? Give two examples.
2) What features of the arrangement of stomata on a leaf are typical for dicotyledonous plants presented in the table?
3) What role do stomata play in plant cooling?

The ability of organisms to respond to changes in their environment is called
1) irritability
2) adaptation
3) regeneration
4) homeostasis

The trunk of a tree grows in thickness due to cell division
1) wood
2) cambium
3) bark
4) bast

Which of the proposed descriptions most accurately reflects this dependence? Insect growth throughout development occurs

3) jumps, periods of rest are replaced by a sharp increase
4) unevenly, so in the first days there is a sharp increase, which then becomes smooth

Plant tissues are groups of cells united by a common structure, function and origin. They make up the organs of a plant. Select the characteristics corresponding to the integumentary tissue of a woody plant according to the following plan: tissue function; features of the cellular structure of the tissue; location in the root, stem, leaf.

A. Function of plant tissue
1) protects the plant organism from adverse external influences
2) provides the conduction of nutrients throughout the plant body
3) provides plant growth, gives rise to all plant tissues
4) provides photosynthesis and mineral nutrition of the plant
5) stores nutrients

B. Features of the cellular structure of tissue
1) tissue cells of two types: elongated sieve tubes with holes in the transverse septa and tube-vessels with destroyed transverse septa
2) the tissue consists of a layer of living cells that secrete a waxy substance or several layers of dead cells that surround all parts of the plant organ from the outside

B. Location of tissue in the root
1) forms a growth point at the root
2) is located in the holding area
3) is located in the root bark

D. Location of tissue in the stem of a tree
1) is represented by cambium and is located between the bast and wood
2) is located in the cork part of the tree stem
3) represented by bast and wood fibers
4) represented by vessels of wood and sieve tubes of bast
5) located in the core

E. Location of tissue in a sheet
1) is located in the veins of the leaf
2) located in the pulp of the leaf, represented by columnar and spongy layers
3) represented by the skin of the leaf
4) located at the base
5) fabric for a normal sheet is not typical

Answer: A B C D D

In the table below, there is a relationship between the positions of the first and second columns.

What concept should be entered in place of the gap in this table?
1) lungs
2) intestines
3) gills
4) heart

Which trait is unique to mammals?
1) developed live birth
2) show concern for offspring
3) internal fertilization occurs
4) cubs are fed with milk

Consider a graph that shows the natural decline in the number of trunks per 1 hectare of land in the reserve. What is the main reason for the decline in the number of plants in a spruce forest?

1) interspecific struggle for existence
2) intraspecific struggle for existence
3) active human activity

Establish a sequence of complication of the organization of animals in the process of historical development of the organic world on Earth. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in your answer.

1) isolation of the brain
2) the formation of the internal skeleton
3) the appearance of warm-bloodedness
4) the appearance of two layers of body cells
5) development of the intestine with mouth and anus

The figure shows the flag shape of a pine growing on the seashore. What caused the development of such an unusual plant crown?

It is known that the common mole is a soil mammal that feeds on animal food. Using this information, select three statements from the list below that relate to the description of these features of this animal. Write in the table the numbers corresponding to the selected answers.
1) The body length of the animal is 18–26.5 cm, and the weight is 170–319 g.
2) Adult animals are quarrelsome, attack relatives who have fallen on their site and can bite them to death.
3) The offspring of moles are born blind, naked and helpless. At this time, the female feeds him with milk.
4) The nesting chamber is located at a depth of 1.5–2 meters.
5) Along the river valleys, the mole penetrates north to the middle taiga, and south to the typical steppes.
6) The mole feeds on earthworms, eats slugs, insects and their larvae in smaller quantities.

Which part of the stem carries water and minerals?
1) wood
2) cambium
3) bark
4) core

Which of the following molluscs is harmful to crop production?
1) naked slug
2) octopus
3) oyster
4) barley

1) mosses
2) green algae
3) brown algae
4) lichens

What organ of the bean seed performs the function of leaves during germination?
1) germinal root
2) endosperm
3) germinal stalk
4) cotyledons

What plants have underground shoots? Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.
1) potatoes
2) strawberry
3) lily of the valley
4) plantain
5) bow
6) raspberries

The scientist has grown many gray and black moth butterflies in the laboratory. He released them in two areas: rural and urban. Gray butterflies were visible against the background of black tree trunks, and black butterflies were visible against the background of light trunks. Then the scientist himself caught butterflies. In addition, the scientist observed what color butterflies were most eaten by birds in different areas. The data of the experiment are presented in the table "The results of the experiment on the survival of butterflies of different colors." Using the table, answer the following questions.
Table. The results of the experiment on the survival of butterflies of different colors

terrain	Butterflies released and caught	Number of gray butterflies	Number of black butterflies
Uncontaminated (rural)	Released	469	473
	Caught by a scientist	30	120
	eaten by birds	26	335
polluted (urban)	Released	137	447
	Caught by a scientist	51	53
	eaten by birds	62	95

1) How many gray butterflies did the scientist release in the countryside, and how many in the city?
2) What butterflies were eaten more by birds in rural areas?
3) The reliability of which hypothesis did the scientist try to check by observing the capture of butterflies by birds?

Insert in the text "Arthropods" the missing terms from the proposed list, using digital designations for this. Write down the numbers of the selected answers in the text, and then enter the resulting sequence of numbers (in the text) into the table below.
arthropods
Arthropods are animals with __________ (A) bodies that have dense integuments from __________ (B) and jointed limbs on the outside. Unlike annelid worms, the body of most arthropods is subdivided into sections: the head, chest, or cephalothorax, and __________ (B). These include, for example, crayfish, __________ (G), spiders, flies, beetles. The phylum Arthropoda is the largest in terms of the number of animal species.

LIST OF TERMS:
1) ray symmetry
2) tail
3) shrimp
4) bilateral symmetry
5) gastropod
6) abdomen
7) chitin
8) fiber

In the table below, there is a relationship between the positions of the first and second columns.

What concept should be entered in place of the gap in this table?
1) jellyfish cornerot
2) lake frog
3) grape snail
4) malarial mosquito

What sign indicates the relationship of Archeopteryx with modern birds?
1) fingers with claws on the forelimbs
2) tarsus in the hind limbs
3) small teeth in the jaws
4) developed caudal spine

The development of new shoots in poplars after filing the top is due to the kidneys
1) apical
2) renewal
3) generative
4) sleeping

The absorption of food through the entire surface of the body occurs in
1) human roundworm
2) white planaria
3) bull tapeworm
4) liver fluke

The water needed for photosynthesis enters the leaves through
1) vacuoles
2) bast fibers
3) sieve tubes
4) vessels

In the table below, there is a relationship between the positions of the first and second columns.

What concept should be entered in place of the gap in this table?
1) lungs
2) heart
3) gills
4) skin

CHARACTERISTIC
A) movement is carried out with the help of fins
B) among the representatives of the class, the following ecological groups are distinguished: freshwater, anadromous, brackish, marine
C) have mastered the ground-air habitat
D) in most representatives, the skin is covered with scales
D) the skin of the representatives of the class is naked and covered with mucus
E) the heart has three chambers

ANIMAL CLASS
1) Bony fish
2) Amphibians

The main function of the root is
1) storage of nutrients
2) soil nutrition of plants
3) absorption of organic matter from the soil
4) oxidation of organic substances

Ch. Darwin attributed to the guiding driving force of evolution
1) hereditary variability
2) intraspecific struggle
3) interspecific struggle
4) natural selection

What role do the eyelids play in the life of terrestrial vertebrates?
1) provide three-dimensional vision
2) increase visual acuity
3) promote eye moisturizing
4) protect the eyes from changes in atmospheric pressure

1) the number of light butterflies will increase
2) the number of dark butterflies will increase
3) the number of light and dark butterflies will remain unchanged
4) dark butterflies will disappear completely

When using the depicted object in the evidence base for evolution, the scientist should use knowledge from the field

1) paleontology
2) physiology
3) biogeography
4) cytology

The appearance of what signs serves as a narrow adaptation of organisms to certain environmental conditions? Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.
1) fetus in angiosperms
2) wings on maple fruits
3) burrowing limbs in a mole
4) spine in fish
5) four-chambered heart in mammals
6) masking coloration in a grasshopper

What sequence of stages of individual development is typical for the animal shown in the figure?
1) an egg is an adult insect
2) egg - larva - adult insect
3) egg - larva - pupa - adult insect
4) egg - pupa - larva - adult insect

The supply of oxygen to the body of the hydra occurs through
1) the entire surface of the body
2) breathing holes
3) gill slits
4) tentacle cells

The fruit of the solanaceous potato and tomato plants is called
1) tuber
2) root cone
3) root crop
4) berry

The main merit of Charles Darwin before science is
1) scientific explanation of the origin of life
2) creating a reflex theory
3) improvement of selection methods
4) explaining the reasons for the fitness of organisms

1) the occurrence of photosynthesis
2) development of seeds in cones
3) the occurrence of double fertilization
4) the emergence of heterotrophic organisms
5) the participation of oxygen in metabolic processes in cells

Using the table "Survival of starling chicks depending on the number of eggs in the clutch", answer the following questions.
Table. Survival of starling chicks depending on the number of eggs in the clutch

Number of eggs in clutch	Percentage of surviving chicks (in %)
1	100
2	95
3	90
4	83
5	80
6	53
7	40
8	35
9	32

1) What is the percentage of surviving chicks from a clutch that had 6 eggs?
2) What is the relationship between the number of eggs in a clutch and the proportion of surviving chicks?
3) From the data in the table it can be seen that the minimum proportion of surviving chicks can be up to 1/3. What are the three reasons for this big share dead chicks according to Ch. Darwin?

What is characteristic of saprotrophic bacteria?
1) exist by feeding on the tissues of living organisms

3) use organic substances of the secretions of living organisms
Saprotrophic bacteria use not only organic substances secreted by other organisms, but also decompose animal corpses and plant remains.

What layer of a cross section of a woody stem is not visible to the naked eye?
1) bark
2) cambium
3) wood
4) core

Which animal first developed a thorax in evolution?
1) Amphibians
2) Reptiles
3) Birds
4) Mammals

What role does the mucus produced by the skin glands have in the life of amphibians? Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.
1) dissolves oxygen
2) increases the surface of the skin
3) disinfects the skin
4) Protects from natural enemies
5) increases the speed of blood movement
6) promotes movement in the ground-air environment

Table. fish breeding

fish species	Number of eggs	Average diameter of eggs		in different reservoirs
Common pike	30 thousand	2.5–3 mm	34 years	5 years
norwegian herring	200 thousand	1.3 mm	27 years	8 years
Baltic cod	10 million	1 mm	5–9 years old	3 years
Carp	1.5 million	1 mm	5–6 years	8 years
Stickleback three-spined	100– 1000	1.8mm	1 year	2 years
common mackerel	450 thousand	1.1 mm	24 years	3 years

1) Which species of fish have the smallest diameter of eggs?
2) What pattern is observed between the fecundity of a species and the size of its eggs?
3) Which of the fish presented in the table has developed care for offspring? Prove your answer with the data in the table.

Which of the following fertilizers are classified as mineral fertilizers? Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.
1) litter
2) superphosphate
3) ash
4) manure
5) peat
6) potassium sulfate

A progressive sign of flatworms in relation to coelenterates is
1) multicellular structure
2) three-layer body structure
3) ray symmetry of the body
4) free-living lifestyle

The supply of nutrients in a grain of wheat is in
1) germ
2) endosperm
3) seed coat
4) membranous pericarp

1) the appearance of the cortex in the cerebral hemispheres
2) formation of a chitinous cover
3) the emergence of ray symmetry of the body
4) development of the intestine with the mouth and anus
5) the appearance of jaws in the skull

Why, when picking mushrooms, the mushroom picker should not dig the soil around the fruiting body?
1) the mycelium of the fungus is destroyed
2) damaged root system nearby trees
3) soil fertility is disturbed
4) there is a massive death of soil insects

Preservation in nature of animals and plants with traits that are useful to them occurs in the process
1) variability
2) insulation
3) struggle for existence
4) natural selection

Consider a graph that shows the natural fluctuation over 90 years in the abundance of hares and lynxes. What is the main reason for the regular change in the number of lynxes?

1) change in the number of hares
2) infectious diseases
3) active human activity to shoot them
4) struggle with adverse environmental conditions

Establish a correspondence between the characteristic and the class of animals to which it corresponds: for each element of the first column, select the corresponding element from the second column.

CHARACTERISTIC
A) the circulatory system is represented by one circle of blood circulation
B) the heart is filled only with venous blood
C) the transformation of venous blood into arterial blood occurs in the gills
D) the circulatory system is represented by two circles of blood circulation
D) the heart contains both venous and arterial blood
E) the transformation of venous blood into arterial blood occurs in the lungs and skin

ANIMAL CLASS
1) Bony fish
2) Amphibians

The mycelium that entangles the roots of a plant is called
1) mycorrhiza
2) lichen
3) moldy
4) scion

1) head
2) abdomen
3) cephalothorax
4) chest

Which of the following refers to the results of evolution?
1) natural selection
2) struggle for existence
3) hereditary variability
4) adaptation of organisms to the environment

Reefs are special communities of marine organisms that form from
1) jellyfish
2) fish
3) corals
4) shellfish

Why is yeast used in bread making?
1) release oxygen
2) emit carbon dioxide
3) store energy
4) release energy

The higher spore plants are
1) common pine
2) kelp
3) white mushroom
4) bracken fern

The excretory system of the animal shown in the figure is shown

1) green glands
2) malpighian vessels
3) liver
4) paired kidneys

What animal has a stomach, the structure of which is shown in the figure?

1) dog
2) pig
3) cow
4) horse

Which plant cells transport organic matter from leaves?
1) vessels
2) sieve tubes
3) cells of the skin of the leaf
4) mechanical fibers

The germ of the bean seed, during germination, receives nutrients from
1) pericarp
2) soil
3) cotyledons
4) endosperm

What is the function of the skin cells of a leaf?
1) absorb water vapor from the atmosphere
2) protect the sheet from drying out
3) store water and organic matter
4) give the sheet strength and elasticity

Using the table "The number of stomata in some plants", answer the following questions.
Table. The number of stomata in some plants

1) How are the stomata located in most of the plants presented in the table?
2) Why is the number of stomata different in many plants? Give one explanation.
3) How does the number of stomata depend on the humidity of the plant habitat?

Potato tubers are formed on
1) lateral roots
2) adventitious roots
3) modified underground shoots - stolons
4) modified underground shoots - rhizomes

The sieve tubes of the woody stem are part of
1) wood
2) cambium
3) bark bast
4) cork bark

The merit of C. Darwin lies in the fact that he
1) recognized the variability of species
2) developed a modern classification of animals and plants
3) proved that acquired traits are inherited
4) created the doctrine of natural selection

With the help of what organelles are protozoa freed from harmful metabolic products dissolved in water?
1) digestive vacuoles
2) contractile vacuoles
3) protrusions of the cytoplasm - pseudopods
4) oral cavity and cell pharynx

Mushrooms are classified as a separate kingdom because they
1) reproduce by spores
2) immobile heterotrophs
3) are not capable of photosynthesis
4) consist of cells that do not have nuclei

Which ecological group of birds feeds mainly on insects?
1) birds of the forest
2) birds of the steppes and deserts
3) open air birds
4) birds of marshes, fresh waters and coasts

What plants have bright single flowers? Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.
1) field poppy
2) red clover
3) May lily of the valley
4) common narcissus
5) common dandelion
6) yellow tulip

By what process is it possible to observe the diversity of the depicted breeds of domestic chickens?

2) interspecific struggle
3) natural selection
4) artificial selection

Goiter as a modification of part of the esophagus is developed in birds that feed on
1) insects
2) plant seeds
3) juicy fruits of plants
4) small rodents

Move in a reactive way
1) marine single polyps
2) free-living flatworms
3) marine annelids
4) cephalopods

The driving forces of evolution are
1) adaptation of organisms to the environment
2) variety of organisms
3) struggle for existence
4) the formation of new species

Examine the plot of insect growth versus time (the x-axis is time (days) and the y-axis is insect length (in cm)).

Which of the proposed descriptions most accurately reflects the process of insect growth in the interval from 26 to 32 days? During this period, the insect grows
1) smoothly, without visible jumps
2) very sharp all the time
3) jumps, the period of rest is replaced by a sharp increase
4) at first abruptly, and then the growth stops completely

LIST OF TERMS:
1) sunflower
2) unicellular
3) cyst
4) plasmodium
5) fluke
6) multicellular
7) mosquito
8) zygote

1) the appearance of the digestive system
2) the emergence of the circulatory system
3) the appearance of trachea and spiracles
4) development of unicellular heterotrophic organisms
5) the appearance in the body of two layers of cells

What part of the body of crayfish is indicated by the letter A in the figure?

1) tail
2) abdomen
3) cephalothorax
4) chest

What is the structure of the mycelium penicilla?
1) branching threads of the mycelium are separated by partitions into separate cells, plastids are absent
2) branching threads of the mycelium are separated by partitions into separate cells, there are plastids
3) one strongly expanded cell with many nuclei, there are plastids
4) one strongly expanded cell with many nuclei, plastids are absent

SIGN
A) some representatives in development have a pupal stage
B) the vast majority are predators
C) the body consists of the head, thorax and abdomen
D) can only eat liquid food
D) the number of walking legs - 4 pairs
E) simple and compound eyes can be located on the head

ANIMAL CLASS
1) Insects
2) Arachnids

What process makes it possible to observe the diversity of the depicted breeds of pigeons?

1) the fight against adverse environmental conditions
2) natural selection
3) artificial selection
4) intraspecific control

The bulb is a modified shoot, this proves the presence of
1) main root
2) buds-eyes
3) underground stolons
4) flat stem - bottom

Which factor does not affect seed germination?
1) water
2) warm
3) soil
4) air It would be better to formulate this question as : Which factor is not required for seed germination?

Using the table "Some parameters of animals and humans", answer the following questions.
table Some parameters of animals and humans

1) Which of the ungulates listed in the table has the maximum running speed?
2) Does the running speed of an animal depend on body weight?
3) Between which of the given organisms there are relations "predator - prey"?

Insert the missing terms from the proposed list into the text "Annelled worms" using digital designations for this. Write down the numbers of the selected answers in the text, and then enter the resulting sequence of numbers (in the text) into the table below.
RINGED WORMS
Annelids are animals that have a long __________ (A) body. They are like flatworms and roundworms - __________ (B) animals with __________ (C) body symmetry. Annelids have __________ (D) and are more complex than other worms, nervous system and sense organs. Annelids live in the seas, fresh waters, soil.

LIST OF TERMS:
1) two-layer
2) jointed
3) circulatory system
4) double sided
5) non-segmented
6) three-layer
7) radial
8) respiratory system

What is the function of the cap of the fruiting body of the boletus?
1) serves to attract animals and humans
2) captures solar energy, providing photosynthesis
3) is a place of spore formation
4) provides air supply

In angiosperms, unlike gymnosperms,
1) an embryo is formed in the seed
2) the body is made up of organs and tissues
3) double fertilization is carried out
4) fertilization occurs without the participation of water

What structural feature is similar in modern reptiles and birds?
1) bones filled with air
2) dry skin, devoid of glands
3) tail section in the spine
4) small teeth in the jaws

The organ of a flowering plant designed to protect its seeds is
1) peel
2) bump
3) fruit
4) ovule

The main root develops from
1) lateral roots
2) germinal root
3) adventitious root
4) dormant kidneys

Establish a sequence of complication of the organization of organisms in the process of the historical development of the organic world on Earth. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in your answer.

1) the appearance of rhizoids
2) the formation of seeds in fruits
3) the occurrence of photosynthesis
4) the formation of seeds in cones

1) fitness of organisms
2) natural selection
3) struggle for existence
4) heredity and variability

With the help of what organs does a free-living planarian worm get rid of harmful metabolic products dissolved in water?
1) mouth and throat
2) skin and muscles
3) excretory tubules
4) intestines and anus

The formation of new species in nature occurs as a result of
1) regular seasonal changes in nature
2) age-related physiological changes in individuals
3) interactions of driving forces (factors) of evolution
4) human environmental activities

Establish a correspondence between the plant and the method of distribution of its fruits and seeds: for each element of the first column, select the corresponding element from the second column.

PLANT
A) birch
B) apple tree
B) a rose (in the original OGE test there was a mountain ash, maybe a rose = rosehip here)
D) poplar
D) sunflower
E) burdock

METHOD OF DISTRIBUTION OF FRUITS AND SEEDS
1) wind
2) animals

The figure shows a representative of one of the classes of angiosperms. Members of this class usually have

1) one cotyledon per seed
2) six tepals perianth
3) net venation of leaves
4) fibrous root system

What adaptations do plants have to make better use of light?
1) the presence of a wax coating on the skin of the leaf
2) pubescence of leaf blades
3) the presence of a large number of stomata on the upper skin of the leaf
4) arrangement of smaller leaves between larger leaves

What group of animals arose in the process of evolution later than the others?
1) arthropods
2) intestinal
3) roundworms
4) flatworms

Representatives of the chordate type, unlike other animals, have
1) three-layer structure
2) internal skeleton
3) body cavity
4) circulatory system

Examine the plot of insect growth versus time (the x-axis is time (days) and the y-axis is insect length (in cm)).

Which of the proposed descriptions most accurately reflects the process of insect growth in the interval from 6 to 14 days? During this period, the insect
1) does not grow
2) grows very fast over time
3) grows spasmodically, periods of rest are replaced by a sharp increase
4) at first it grows sharply, and then its growth stops

Examine the plot of insect growth versus time (the x-axis is time (days) and the y-axis is insect length (in cm)).

Which of the proposed descriptions most accurately reflects the process of insect growth in the interval from 32 to 40 days? Insect growth during this period
1) occurs smoothly, without visible jumps
2) slow down all the time
3) occurs abruptly, the rest period is replaced by a sharp increase
4) missing

Establish the sequence of appearance on Earth of the main groups of plants in the process of evolution. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in your answer.

1) psilophytes
2) unicellular green algae
3) multicellular green algae
4) ferns
5) gymnosperms

By what process can one observe the diversity of the depicted varieties of cabbage?

1) the fight against adverse environmental conditions
2) natural selection
3) artificial selection
4) intraspecific competition

In the table below, there is a relationship between the positions of the first and second columns.

What concept should be entered in place of the gap in this table?
1) hydra
2) toad
3) bee
4) toothless

Reindeer moss in its structure is attributed to
1) mushrooms
2) lichens
3) mossy
4) herbaceous plants

Root growth in length occurs due to cell division
1) root hairs
2) educational tissue
3) holding areas
4) root cap

What life form is most often found in monocotyledonous plants?
1) herbs
2) shrubs
3) shrubs
4) trees

In the table below, there is a relationship between the positions of the first and second columns.

What concept should be entered in place of the gap in this table?
1) leaflet
2) embryo
3) basket
4) seed

The digestive system is absent
1) human roundworm
2) white planaria
3) bull tapeworm
4) liver fluke

1) bull tapeworm
2) echinococcus
3) roundworm
4) liver fluke

In green mosses, unlike algae,
1) cells have large and small nuclei
2) fertilization occurs in the presence of water
3) the thallus is divided into tissues and organs
4) sexual and asexual reproduction is carried out

Rhizome - a modified shoot, this proves the presence on the rhizome
1) main root
2) membranous scales
3) flat stem - bottom
4) mechanical fibers

A representative of which department of the plant kingdom is shown in the figure?

On what basis are plants grouped into one family?
1) the same area
2) similar structure of flower and fruit
3) the same number of cotyledons in the seed
4) the presence of sexual and asexual methods of reproduction

With the death of marine shell rhizomes, the formation of
1) peat
2) granite
3) limestone
4) hard coal

Establish a correspondence between the trait and the class of animals for which it is characteristic: for each element of the first column, select the corresponding element from the second column.

SIGN
A) eggs are large, with a large amount of yolk
B) the heart is three-chambered and has an incomplete septum
C) the skin contains sweat and sebaceous glands
D) the body temperature of the representatives is unstable
D) well-developed care for offspring
E) common in northern latitudes

CLASS
1) Reptiles
2) Mammals

The appearance of what signs is an example of the narrow adaptation of organisms to certain environmental conditions? Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.
1) chords in non-cranial
2) flowers in angiosperms
3) sharp fangs in wolves
4) mammary glands in mammals
5) pollination of wild rose flowers by insects
6) long main root of camel thorn
Answer:

Mammals descended from ancient
1) dinosaurs
2) animal-toothed lizards
3) lobe-finned fish
4) tailed amphibians

What number in the figure indicates the placenta?

1) 1
2) 2
3) 3
4) 4

Examine the plot of insect growth versus time (the x-axis is time (days) and the y-axis is insect length (in cm)).

In what time interval is the maximum increase in the size of the insect's body observed?
1) 6-7th day
2) 14–15th day
3) 33–34th day
4) 40–41 day

Using the table "Reproduction of fish", answer the following questions.
table fish breeding

fish species	Number of eggs	Average diameter of eggs	Average age of sexual maturity	Average age of fish caught in different reservoirs
Common pike	30 thousand	2.5–3 mm	34 years	5 years
norwegian herring	200 thousand	1.3 mm	27 years	8 years
Baltic cod	10 million	1 mm	5–9 years old	3 years
Carp	1.5 million	1 mm	5–6 years	8 years
Stickleback three-spined	100– 1000	1.8mm	1 year	2 years

1) What is the range of average sizes of fish eggs presented in the table?
2) What kind of fish populations can be undermined by intensive fishing? Explain the answer.
3) Why, according to the theory of Charles Darwin, with such fecundity, the number of fish remains relatively constant?

What analyzer is used to orientate bats in space?
1) visual
2) olfactory
3) tactile
4) auditory

In the table below, there is a relationship between the positions of the first and second columns.

What concept should be entered in place of the gap in this table?
1) receptacle
2) pestle
3) stamen
4) whisk

Establish the sequence of the systematic position of the white hare species, starting with the smallest group. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in your answer.

1) detachment Lagomorphs
2) class Mammals
3) Hare family
4) genus Hares
5) type Chordates

Establish a correspondence between the plant and the type of its underground shoot: for each element of the first column, select the corresponding element from the second column.

PLANT
A) wheatgrass
B) lily
B) lily of the valley
D) daffodil
D) bought a pharmacy
E) common garlic

TYPE OF UNDERGROUND Escape
1) rhizome
2) bulb

K. Linnaeus, in his system of living nature, erroneously attributed the depicted animal to fish, but it should be correctly attributed to the class

1) Mammals
2) Amphibians
3) Cephalopods
4) Reptiles

The plant shown in the figure reproduces asexually by means of

1) seeds
2) gamete
3) dispute
4) hyphae

Which of the following appeared in the process of evolution in flatworms in comparison with coelenterates?
1) intestinal cavity
2) endoderm
3) circulatory system
4) third germ layer

Which ecological group does the bird shown in the picture belong to?

1) birds of open spaces
2) diurnal predators
3) nocturnal predators
4) insectivorous forest birds

The movement of dissolved minerals from the roots to the leaves in the plant body occurs through
1) vessels
2) sieve tubes
3) cambium cells
4) mechanical fibers

Insects breathe with
1) gill
2) trachea
3) lungs
4) lung bags

A flower that has both stamens and pistils is called
1) dioecious
2) bisexual
3) monoecious
4) dioecious

What are the characteristics of putrefactive bacteria?
1) use ready-made organic substances of living organisms
2) synthesize organic substances from inorganic ones using the energy of the sun
3) use organic matter of dead organisms
4) synthesize organic substances from inorganic ones, using the energy of chemical reactions

By what process can the variety of dog breeds depicted be observed?

1) the fight against adverse environmental conditions
2) natural selection
3) artificial selection
4) intraspecific control

Angiosperms include plants
1) Mossy
2) Ferns
3) Gymnosperms
4) Dicotyledons

Which trait is characteristic of plants of the class Dicotyledonous?
1) the number of petals in flowers is a multiple of 3
2) tap root system
3) arc venation of leaves
4) parallel venation of leaves

What does a freshwater hydra polyp eat?
1) bacteria
2) small crustaceans
3) unicellular animals
4) unicellular algae

1) Mossy
2) Ferns
3) Gymnosperms
4) Lycopsoid

What is characteristic of a bacterial cell?
1) the ring chromosome is located in the cytoplasm
2) the nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by two membranes
3) transport of substances through the ER of the cell
4) oxidation and storage of energy in mitochondria

The figure shows the head of a frog. Which organ is labeled A in the figure?

1) eye with eyelid
2) eardrum
3) organ of touch
4) lateral line

A representative of which department of the plant kingdom is shown in the figure?

What does the infusoria-shoe eat?
1) bacteria
2) small crustaceans
3) insect larvae
4) unicellular animals

1) the appearance of the external skeleton
2) the appearance of a five-fingered limb
3) the emergence of the circulatory system
4) the development of cubs in the uterus of the female
5) the supply of oxygen through the entire surface of the body

Establish a sequence of subordination of systematic categories, starting with the smallest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in your answer.

1) cruciferous family
2) Department of Angiosperms
3) genus Radish
4) class Dicotyledonous
5) plant kingdom

Representative of what type of animal kingdom is shown in the picture?

1) digestive
2) nervous
3) respiratory
4) muscular

What are the results of evolution?
1) isolation of organisms
2) the struggle for existence between organisms
3) heredity and variability in organisms
4) the formation of a new species

A sign of the amphibian class is
1) chitinous cover
2) bare skin
3) live birth
4) paired limbs

Among vertebrate animals, care for offspring is most strongly developed in
1) freshwater fish
2) amphibians
3) reptiles
4) mammals

Bright odorous flowers in angiosperms appeared in the process of evolution as an adaptation to
1) storage of nutrients
2) distribution of seeds and fruits
3) terrestrial habitation
4) attract insects

The lower plants are
1) mosses
2) algae
3) horsetails
4) ferns

What is the function of leaf stomata?
1) release water vapor into the atmosphere
2) absorb quanta of sunlight
3) prevent dust particles from entering the sheet
4) prevent harmful chemicals from entering the sheet

Infusoria slipper, unlike hydra,
1) uses oxygen for breathing
2) consists of one cell
3) has chloroplasts
4) feeds on ready-made organic substances

Insert in the text "Bacteria" the missing terms from the proposed list, using digital symbols for this. Write down the numbers of the selected answers in the text, and then enter the resulting sequence of numbers (in the text) into the table below.
BACTERIA
Among bacteria there is a group of organisms living in an oxygen-free environment, i.e. being __________ (A). Under unfavorable conditions, they can form __________ (B). Many bacteria have __________ (B) with which they move. Hereditary information in these microorganisms is stored in __________ (D).

LIST OF TERMS:
1) nucleus chromosome
2) aerobe
3) ring chromosome
4) anaerobe
5) pseudopod
6) dispute
7) flagellum
8) cyst

1) the emergence of seeds
2) the appearance of a flower
3) the occurrence of photosynthesis
4) the appearance of plant tissues
5) formation of root systems

What physiological process in unicellular animals is associated with the absorption of gases by the cell?
1) food
2) selection
3) reproduction
4) breathing

The cerebral cortex, which has furrows and convolutions, first appeared in
1) amphibians
2) reptiles
3) birds
4) mammals

The figure shows a representative of the department

1) Bryophytes
2) Ferns
3) Green algae
4) Angiosperms

Establish a correspondence between the plant and the method of its pollination: for each element of the first column, select the corresponding element from the second column.

PLANT
A) rosehip
B) cherry
B) sunflower
D) rye
D) alder

POLLINATION METHOD
1) insects
2) wind

Establish the sequence of subordination of systematic categories in plants, starting with the largest. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in your answer.

1) family of water lilies
2) Department of Angiosperms
3) view yellow capsule
4) genus Kubyshka
5) class Dicotyledonous
6) plant kingdom

How does sphagnum peat moss eat?
1) absorbs water and mineral salts by rhizoids
2) absorbs minerals from the soil by roots
3) forms organic substances from water and carbon dioxide
4) absorbs organic matter from water with the entire surface of its body

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My biology tutor's answers to these 200 questions of the FIPI OGE Open Task Bank of the section "System, Diversity and Evolution of Wildlife" and to all the other 1724 questions of this section you can

Keywords

WATER MODE / QUANTITATIVE INDICATORS OF STOMATOMS / SHEETS/BETULA PENDULAROTH/ STABILITY OF DEVELOPMENT/ ANTHROPOGENIC / BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC FACTORS/WATERREGIME/ QUANTITATIVE INDICATORS OF STOMATA/ LEAF BLADES / DEVELOPMENTAL STABILITY / ANTHROPOGENIC / BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC FACTORS

annotation scientific article on biological sciences, author of scientific work - Belyaeva Yuliya Vitalievna

This research is devoted to the study of the water regime of Betula pendula Roth. The evaluation was carried out according to the results of the study quantitative indicators of stomata leaf blades. The analysis was carried out in summer period. It was found that at the beginning of summer the water-holding capacity is high, and at the end of summer, closer to autumn, it is low. The data obtained show a strong dependence of the number of stomata on the air pollution of the habitats of the studied species.

The text of the scientific work on the topic “The results of the study of the number of stomata of the leaf blades of Betula pendula Roth. growing under conditions of anthropogenic impact (on the example of G. O. Togliatti)"

Terrestrial ecosystems

RESULTS OF THE STUDY OF THE NUMBER OF STOMATOMS OF THE LEAF LADES OF BETULA PENDULA ROTH.

Institute of Ecology of the Volga Basin, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tolyatti Received January 12, 2015

This research work is devoted to the study of the water regime of Betula pendula Roth. The assessment was carried out according to the results of the study of quantitative indicators of stomata of leaf blades. The analysis was carried out during the summer period. It was found that at the beginning of summer the water-holding capacity is high, and at the end of summer, closer to autumn, it is low. The data obtained show a strong dependence of the number of stomata on the air pollution of the habitats of the studied species.

Key words: water regime, quantitative parameters of stomata, leaf blades, Betula pendula Roth., developmental stability, anthropogenic, biotic and abiotic factors.

INTRODUCTION

The urban district of Tolyatti is one of the most developing centers of Russia. The main sources of air pollution are the largest enterprises in the automotive industry, petrochemistry, production of chemical fertilizers and building materials, thermal power plants and boiler houses, road and rail transport with a high density of road traffic, and a river port. Additional - population growth, intensive development of residential and administrative buildings. An assessment of air pollution in the city of Togliatti revealed that the atmosphere of the Central District is the most polluted (2 and 1.3 times higher than the permissible), followed by Komsomolsk District (2 and 1.1 times higher than the permissible), then Avtozavodskoy District (1. 9 times), the suburban area is minimally polluted (according to the Federal State Budgetary Institution "Privolzhskoye UGMS", 2015).

High degree pollution inherent in such cities leads to the weakening of some types of woody plants, their premature aging, reduced productivity, damage by diseases and pests, drying out and death. Betula pendula Roth, is a common tree species in urban plantings

For resistant species of woody plants

characterized by such signs as a larger number 1 2

stomata per 1 mm of leaf surface; shorter duration and degree of their openness during the day; a large thickness of the cuticle and the presence of additional integumentary formations; less thickness and ventilation of the spongy parenchyma; a smaller value for the ratio of the height of the palisade fabric to the height of the spongy one.

Belyaeva Yulia Vitalievna, assistant, [email protected]

Required Scientific research to study the mechanisms of adaptation, growth and development of woody plants, as well as their survival in the conditions of negative anthropogenic impact of industrialized cities. At present, work is relevant in the field of environmental monitoring, which includes chemical, physical and biological methods assessment of the quality of the environment. We conduct a comprehensive ecological and biological assessment of the state of urban woody plants. Using an ecological and biological assessment, one can obtain specific data on the state of green spaces in an urban environment subject to anthropogenic and climatic influences. IN Samara region The summer of 2010 was characterized by three months of no rain, extreme dryness of the air and, as a result, numerous fires that destroyed many hectares of precious forest. Heat, temperature over 40°C, plus 45°C in the shade, plus 70°C on the soil, dry ground at a depth of 3-6 m, constantly scorching sun, as well as reflected heat and light in the city. These factors influenced plantings of Betula pendula Roth. growing in the city and suburbs. Over the following years, the fact came to light that individuals of Betula pendula Roth. continue to suffer and wither. Therefore, the problem of the effectiveness of this plant species and the measures to restore plantings of Betula pendula Roth is particularly acute. or replacement with other more sustainable species, as well as the stabilization of the ecological situation in the city.

MATERIAL AND METHOD

It is known that the processes of water evaporation (transpiration) and gas exchange in plants occur through stomata. Air pollution affects the stomatal apparatus of plants, which leads to

stomatal dysfunction and plant death. By counting the number of stomata on leaf blades and comparing with the control, you can get data that speaks about the state of the plant, its adaptive ability, and also identify places of increased pollution.

The study areas are located in the continental climate zone of temperate latitudes with characteristic arctic and tropical air. In winter, this manifests itself in the form of severe frosts, and in summer - sharp fluctuations in temperature during the day. In a year, the average monthly air temperature in Tolyatti varies from +20.7°С in July to -11°С in January.

The aim of the study was to assess the state of Betula Pendula Roth, under the conditions of anthropogenic pollution of the city of Tolyatti, using the anatomical and physiological characteristics of leaf blades.

The research was carried out in 2013-2014. at five experimental sites in two administrative districts in various types plantations. In the Avtozavodsky district, these are the Industrial Zone and Victory Park. IN Central region this is Banykin street and suburban forest. The control site was located in the Uzyukovsky forest (25 km from the city limits).

The object of the study was Betula Pendula Roth, which grows in all districts of the city and beyond the city limits. This is a plant species of the genus Birch (Betula), family Birch (Betulaceae). Fast growing tree species. Very photophilous, her crown is openwork, lets in a lot of light.

The subject of the study is the quantitative indicator of the stomata of the leaf blade of Betula pendula Roth. This technique was tested for Betula pendula Roth, which grows in various natural cenoses and urban areas of the city of Osh. Togliatti, Samara region.

The assessment of the anatomical and physiological state of the leaf blades of the studied species was carried out in June, July and August by a method developed on the basis of standard methods. The study of anatomical and physiological parameters was carried out by counting the number of stomata per 1 mm2 using a microscope. Mathematical processing of the obtained data was carried out using the Microsoft Office package - Microsoft Excel. Correlation analysis was used to interpret the obtained results.

Medium-aged plants were used for analysis. The leaves were taken from the lower part of the crown, at the level of a raised hand, with maximum number available branches (from branches of different directions, conditionally - to the north, south, west, east), 10 leaves from each tree in each area. The leaves were taken approximately one, average for this type of size.

The stomata were counted under laboratory conditions. On the evaporating surface of the leaf of leaf blades prepared for the experiment, superficial incisions were made with a scalpel at a right angle to the central vein every 2–3 mm, and a thin layer of the epidermis was cut off. The epidermis of the leaf blade was placed in a drop of water on a glass slide, covered with a coverslip and examined under a light microscope at low magnification, and then the microscope was transferred to a higher magnification with an x40 objective and an x16 eyepiece. At the same time, the focus was slightly changed with a microscrew in order to detect all the stomata in the area under consideration. The average number of stomata in the field of view of the microscope was determined by examining several (3-4) fields of view in different parts of the preparation. The number of stomata in a light spot was counted in three places on each leaf: two places were chosen on a mentally drawn straight line from the central vein to the leaf edge, and the third was chosen at the top of the leaf.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results of the study showed that Betula pendula Roth., which grows within the city - the Industrial Zone, Victory Park and Banykin Street, has a larger number of stomata per 1

mm leaf surface, compared with the suburban forest and control - Uzyukovsky forest. The maximum increase in the number of stomata per 1 mm2 of the leaf blade is observed in the Industrial Zone. When approaching highways, the number of stomata increases dramatically. The obtained indicators of the number of stomata of leaf blades in 2014 are higher than in 2013. Due to the fact that 2014 was drier than 2013, the summer season of 2013 was characterized by frequent precipitation in the form of rain. A visual comparison of the size of stomata from leaves from different parts of the city showed a visible decrease in their size as the air became polluted.

The integrity of stomatal cells is violated under the influence of chemical air pollution. The guard cells of the stomata are unable to regulate the width of the stomatal opening. From this, the stomata are constantly open and the plant's water consumption for transpiration increases. What does the plant do in such a situation? Increases the number of stomata on its leaf blades, thereby compensating for the decrease in leaf size. A decrease in the area of leaf blades irreversibly leads to a reduction in the stomatal apparatus, therefore, an increase in the number of stomata with a decrease in the total area of leaves leads to the preservation of the functions of gas exchange and transpiration of leaf blades of Betula pendula Roth. The data obtained over the two years of the study suggest that the decrease in the size of leaf blades is compensated by an increase in the number of stomata. Compared to the reference plot 202

Terrestrial ecosystems

in the Industrial Zone 445 (an increase of 2.2 times), in the Victory Park 411 (an increase of 2 times), on Banykina Street 334 (1.6 times) and in the suburban forest 244 (1.2 times). From the chart

it can be seen that for the year the number of stomata of leaf blades increased by an average of 3.5 times.

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Uzyunovsky Forest City Forest Banykin Street Victory Park Industrial Zone

Number of stomata per 1mm2 (2013) 198.00 231.00 319.00 392.00 429.00

Number of stomata per 1mm2 (2014) 206.00 257.00 348.00 430.00 461.00

Rice. The results of the estimation of the number of stomata in the leaves of Betula pendula Roth. for 2013-2014 CONCLUSION

Based on the calculations, it was calculated

the average number of stomata per 1 mm leaf blade. The prototypes were collected from various sites. Based on the results, a graph was constructed in which the average data from different points of the study were expressed in a curved line, indicating an increase in the number of stomata as air pollution increased. Our experimental data indicate that in the g.o. Togliatti, under conditions of complex atmospheric air pollution, high content of vehicle exhaust gases, a weakening of the vital state of Betula pendula Roth is observed, which is expressed in the deterioration of the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the leaves. However, an increase in the number of stomata on a leaf blade, a change in the area and weight of the leaf, dispersion, and leaf anatomy should be considered as an adaptation of the population of Betula pendula Roth to the conditions of technogenic pollution of the urban environment.

Betula pendula Roth, a highly adaptable species. But the anthropogenic load, which is growing every year, is so great that there are more dead individuals than adapted ones. It is clear that in order to improve the ecological situation in the city of Tolyatti, it is necessary to plant Betula pendula Roth, in places where there is no vegetation, and there are roads with a large vehicle load (for example, the Industrial Zone). The conservation of Betula pendula Roth individuals is just as necessary as the planting of young specimens, because the death of one plant species means a threat to the existence of 10 to 30 species of living creatures.

An ecological and biological assessment of the state of woody plants according to various bioindicative indicators should be used when studying

following the state of the plant and the urban environment.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author expresses his deep gratitude and sincere gratitude to his supervisor C.B. Saxonov (IEVB RAS, Togliatti) for understanding, support and valuable advice, V.N. Kozlovsky (PVGUS, Tolyatti) for directing to the true path and invaluable support, O.V. Kozlovskaya (PVGUS, Tolyatti) for her personal example and invaluable support, A.V. Grebenkin (RGGU, Tolyatti-Moscow) and A.S. Mychkina (VEGU, Tolyatti) for their help in the field collection of material and friendly support, M.A. Pyanov for constructive criticism (PVGUS, Tolyatti), V.M. Vasyukov (IEVB RAS, Tolyatti) and A.V. Ivanova (IEVB RAS, Togliatti) for valuable advice and kind attitude. Special thanks for understanding and patience to my dear mother L.V. Belyaeva.

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RESULTS QUANTITY OF STOMA LAMINA BETULA PENDULA ROTH., GROWING UNDER ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACT (ILLUSTRATED G.O.TOLYATTI)

Institute of ecology of Volga basin of RAS, Togliatti

This research work is dedicated to the study of the water regime Betula pendula Roth. The evaluation was conducted according to a study of quantitative indicators of stomata of the leaf blades. Analyzing was conducted in the summer. It was found that in the early summer high performance water-holding capacity, and at the end of the summer, closer to the fall - low. These data show a strong dependence of the number of stomata on air pollution habitats studied species.

Key words: water regime, quantitative indicators of stomata, leaf blades, Betula pendula Roth., developmental stability, anthropogenic, biotic and abiotic factors.

Belyaeva Julia Vitaljevna, assistant, [email protected]

How are the stomata located in most plants? Determination of the state of stomata in indoor plants. The number of stomata and their distribution on the leaf

annotation scientific article on biological sciences, author of scientific work - Belyaeva Yuliya Vitalievna

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