Preparation for the OGE and the Unified State Examination

Secondary general education

Line UMK I. L. Andreev, O. V. Volobueva. History (6-10)

General history

Russian history

Unified State Exam in history: we analyze tasks with a teacher

Sergey Agafonov, co-authorhistory textbooks , methodologist of the corporation "Russian Textbook" *,teacher of the highest category:“In my opinion, half of the success (if not more) in the exam in history and social studies depends on the number of thoroughly analyzed typical tasks. Precisely dismantled tasks, and not just completed ones. At the same time, it is important to inscribe events, processes, phenomena of national history in the context of universal history, establishing links between various social phenomena and processes.

Evgeny Mikhailovich Polushin, teacher of history and social studies of the 1st category, 5 years of experience as a teacher, graduate of the Faculty of History of Moscow State Pedagogical University. IN AND. Lenina, Ph.D.:“The unified state exam in history consists of 25 tasks. The answers to tasks 1-19 are a sequence of numbers or words, tasks 20-25 require detailed answers. Let's take a look at these tasks. The seeming simplicity of the first 19 tasks is offset by the lack of answer options, so solid knowledge is required, and you can’t count on luck.”

1. In the first task, it is supposed to arrange in chronological order the events related to national and world history:

1) Convocation of the first Zemsky Sobor

2) Proclamation of Charlemagne as Emperor

3) Accession of Crimea to the Russian Empire

Here it would be good to know the dates firmly: 1) - 1549; 2) - 800; 3) - 1783 and the problem is solved, but such bright events in history are well remembered at least in chronological order.

2. In the second task, you need to establish a correspondence between events and years. And again, you need to know the dates, at least imagine - about the era of the reign of which political figure in question. The events of our history are often correlated with the rulers of the country, why not use this in the exam? The task is complicated by the fact that there are more dates than events, that is, the exclusion method will not work here.

The date of the baptism of Russia is firmly known to any student who takes the exam in history - 988. The decree "on free cultivators" is also a textbook - 1803, the abolition of parochialism is clearly associated with the 17th century - 1682, and the 19th conference of the CPSU is Gorbachev, hence 1988.

3. The third task involves the exclusion of two abbreviations that are not related to the period 1945-1953:

1) CPSU; 2) NATO; 3) CMEA; 4) CIS; 5) SNK; 6) UN.

IN this case we will need to know that the SNK (council of people's commissars) is the first Soviet government. Its existence belongs to an earlier period, and the CIS (commonwealth of independent states) is currently heard, which also does not correspond to the indicated period.

4. Write the term in question:

The highest state position in the Novgorod Republic in the XII-XV centuries. he was elected at the veche for one or two years and supervised the activities of all officials, together with the prince he was in charge of administration and court issues, commanded the army, led the veche meeting and the boyar council.

According to the first words, "The highest state position in the Novgorod Republic ..." it is clear that we are talking about the tenant. In addition to the posadnik, a thousand man was elected in Novgorod, and he led the city militia as an assistant posadnik. The archbishop was the head of the church, and the prince had only military functions.

5. Establish a correspondence between events and facts:

A couple of World War I - Brusilovsky breakthrough is obvious. The Battle of Austerlitz and the Anti-French Coalitions too. Prince Igor and his famous unsuccessful campaign against the Polovtsy at school are studied, in addition to history, also in the lessons of music and literature. The battle of Klushino is an unsuccessful attempt by Vasily Shuisky to stop the Polish army, after which he was overthrown by the Seven Boyars, and the Poles occupied Moscow.

6. Establish a correspondence between fragments of historical sources and their brief characteristics: for each fragment indicated by a letter, select two corresponding characteristics indicated by numbers:

FRAGMENTS OF SOURCES

BUT)“We grant this nominal decree with our royal and fatherly mercy to all who were previously in the peasantry and in the citizenship of the landlords, to be loyal slaves to our own crown, and we reward with an ancient cross and prayer, heads and beards, liberty and freedom and forever Cossacks, without requiring recruitment collections, per capita and other monetary taxes, possession of lands, forest, hayfields and fishing, and salt lakes without purchase and without dues, and we free all the judges who were previously committed from the villains of the nobles and city bribe-takers to the peasants and all the people - imposed taxes and burdens.

B)“If any of the landowners wishes to release their acquired or ancestral peasants one by one or as a whole village to freedom and at the same time approve a piece of land or a whole dacha for them, then having made conditions with them that are recognized by mutual agreement as the best, he has to present them at the request through the provincial leader of the nobility to the Minister of the Interior for consideration and presentation to us; and if a decision follows from us according to his desire, then these conditions will be presented in the Civil Chamber and recorded at the serf deeds with the payment of legal duties. ... Peasants and villages, released from the landowners under such conditions with land, if they do not wish to enter into other states, can remain farmers on their own lands and in themselves constitute a special state of free cultivators.

CHARACTERISTICS

1) This document was published by Alexander 11
2) The execution of this document is made dependent on the will of the landowners
3) A contemporary of the publication of this document was A.D. Menshikov
4) This document was published by Alexander 1
5) According to this document, some duties introduced by Peter 1 are abolished
6) This document was issued by the leader of the popular uprising.

REASONING

The first fragment refers to the manifestos of Emelyan Pugachev. This becomes apparent when you look at the style - it is similar to the imperial manifestos of the 18th century, as well as the content - the promise of the abolition of recruitment kits and the return of the old cross and beards. It was the recruitment kits and the poll tax that were the innovations of Peter I.

The second fragment is an excerpt from the decree "On free ploughmen" of 1803, which, as you know, allowed the landowners to release peasants with land to the will with the consent of the emperor.

Thus, the answer is: A - 5.6; B - 2.4

7. Which three of the following events occurred in the 18th century:

1) Battle of Borodino
2) Gangut naval battle
3) defense of Shipka
4) the battle of Gross-Jägersdorf
5) Sinop naval battle
6) the battle of Rymnik

Here are quite famous battles, let's remember them. The battle of Borodino is the war of 1812, the Gangut naval battle refers to the Northern War of 1700-1721, the defense of Shipka is an episode of the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878, the battle of Gross-Egersdorf refers to the Seven Years' War of 1756-1763. , Sinop naval battle - Crimean War, 1853, The battle of Rymnik took place during the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791.

Accordingly to XVIII century include: the Gangut naval battle, the Battle of Gross-Egersdorf and the battle of Rymnik.

8. Fill in the gaps in these sentences using the list of missing elements below: for each sentence marked with a letter and containing a gap, choose the number of the element you want:

A) Commander of the 62nd Army, which especially distinguished itself in the Battle of Stalingrad ___
B) The complete liberation of Leningrad from the enemy blockade took place in January ___
C) September 30, 1941 began ___

Missing items:
1) defense of the Brest Fortress
2) 1943
3) 1944
4) V.I. Chuikov
5) N.F. Vatutin
6) battle for Moscow

Great Patriotic War in the course of the history of Russia in the XX century. much attention is paid, and significant battles that had a significant impact on the course of the Second World War are especially highlighted. One of them is the Battle of Stalingrad, in which the 62nd Army under the command of V.I. Chuikov.

The Leningrad blockade was lifted during one of the 10 operations of 1944, namely the Leningrad-Novgorod one, while the blockade was broken as early as 1943.

On September 30, 1941, of course, the Battle of Moscow began, that is, its defensive stage, and the counteroffensive near Moscow on December 5-6, 1941 became the first major successful offensive operation of the Red Army in the Second World War.

9. Establish a correspondence between events (processes, phenomena) and participants in these events: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position in the second column:

EVENTS (PROCESSES, PHENOMENA)
A) the development of Siberia and the Far East by Russia
B) internecine war in the Moscow principality
B) Northern War
D) economic reforms of the 1960s. in the USSR

PARTICIPANTS
1) Dmitry Shemyaka
2) Ivan 111
3) E.P. Khabarov principality in the second half of the 15th century.
4) A.N. Kosygin
5) G.A. Potemkin
6) B.P. Sheremetev

The development of Siberia and the Far East by Russia is associated with the name of E.P. Khabarova. The internecine war in the Moscow principality was fought between Vasily the Dark and his brothers Vasily Kosy and Dmitry Shemyaka. B.P. Sheremetev - commander of the Northern War. A.N. Kosygin - Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR.

10. Read an excerpt from the Decree of the Presidium of the Board of the Union of Writers of the USSR and indicate the last name that was omitted three times in the text:

“The awarding ___ of the Nobel Prize, in essence, for the novel Doctor Zhivago, hastily covered up by high-flown phrases about his lyrics and prose, actually emphasizes the political side of the unscrupulous game of reactionary circles ... Considering the political and moral fall of ___, his betrayal of the Soviet people, to the cause of socialism, peace, progress, paid for by the Nobel Prize in the interests of fomenting the Cold War - the Presidium of the Board of the USSR Writers' Union, the Bureau of the Organizing Committee of the Writers' Union of the RSFSR and the Presidium of the Board of the Moscow Branch of the Writers' Union of the RSFSR deprive ___ of the title of Soviet writer, exclude him from the members of the USSR Writers' Union.

In this task, the title of the novel will tell you the name of the author. Of course, this is Pasternak.

11. Fill in the blank cells of the table using the list of missing elements below: for each gap marked with a letter, select the number of the required element:

Missing items:
1) the formation of the Holy Roman Empire
2) the first convocation of the Estates General in France
3) XIII century.
4) Battle of Kulikovo
5) XVII century.
6) the emergence of the state of the Franks
7) X c.
8) oprichnina
9) the beginning of the compilation of Russian Truth

The complexity of this task is that it is necessary to synchronize the events of domestic and foreign history, which is not easy for children.

11th century in the history of Russia is the creation of "Russian Truth".

The battle on the ice or the battle on Lake Peipus - 1242, which means the XIII century, the baptism of Russia - 988, i.e. X century, and the formation of the Holy Roman Empire in 962 - also X century.

It turns out that in the XIV century. the Battle of Kulikovo took place (1380) and the first convocation of the Estates General in France (1302).

12. Read an excerpt from the Constitution of the USSR:

“Article 1. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is a socialist state of the whole people, expressing the will and interests of the workers, peasants and intelligentsia, the working people of all nations and nationalities of the country. Article 2. All power in the USSR belongs to the people. The people exercise state power through the Soviets of People's Deputies, which constitute the political foundation of the USSR. All other state bodies are controlled and accountable to the Councils of People's Deputies. Article 3. The organization and activities of the Soviet state are built in accordance with the principle of democratic centralism: the election of all bodies of state power from top to bottom, accountability to their people, and binding decisions of higher bodies for lower ones. Democratic centralism combines unified leadership with initiative and creative activity in the localities, with the responsibility of each state body and official for the assigned work. Article 4. The Soviet state, all its organs operate on the basis of socialist legality, ensure the protection of law and order, the interests of society, and the rights and freedoms of citizens. State and public organizations and officials are obliged to observe the Constitution of the USSR and Soviet laws. Article 5. The most important issues of state life are submitted for public discussion, as well as put to a nationwide vote (referendum). Article b. The leading and guiding force of Soviet society, the core of its political system, state and public organizations is the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The CPSU exists for the people and serves the people...”.

Using the passage and knowledge of history, select three correct judgments from the list below:

1) This Constitution of the USSR was adopted during the leadership of the USSR I.V. Stalin
2) The principle of democratic centralism implies that the decisions of higher bodies are binding on lower ones
3) Article 5 of this Constitution of the USSR during the entire history of the Soviet Union has never been implemented
4) According to this passage, there is Soviet power in the USSR
5) This Constitution of the USSR was adopted by the XXV Congress of the CPSU
6) One of the articles of the USSR Constitution presented in the excerpt was canceled before the collapse of the USSR

There are several “beacons” in this passage from the Constitution of the USSR that you need to pay attention to:

1) the mention in Art. 6 about the CPSU as the "leading and guiding force" of Soviet society. This immediately indicates that we have before us the "Brezhnev" Constitution of 1977.
2) reference to the referendum.

We need to choose the right judgments. 1) - we brush aside immediately, because led by Brezhnev. 2) - suitable, because in Art. 3 is clear enough about it. 3) - not suitable, because a referendum on the preservation of the USSR was held in 1991 4) - fits unambiguously. 5) - not good, because Party congresses did not adopt the Constitution, but only the Congresses of Soviets. 6) - suitable, because 6 art. was abolished in 1990, before the collapse of the USSR, which took place in 1991.

Review the diagram and complete tasks 13-16:

13. Name the country-opponent of Russia in the war to which the diagram is dedicated:

Tasks on the historical map often cause difficulties. In this case, a map of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 is presented. this is clear from geographical names.

14. What is the name of the commander of the Russian troops in the battle, indicated on the diagram by the number "1":

The number "1" denotes the battle of Mukden in Manchuria. General Kuropatkin commanded the Russian troops.

15. Indicate the name of the battle, the area of ​​​​which is shaded and indicated on the diagram by the number "2":

The number "2" denotes the Tsushima naval battle.

16. What judgments related to the events indicated in the diagram are correct? Choose three sentences from the six offered. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table:

1) The city indicated on the diagram by the number "3" was not surrendered to the enemy
2) The Russian squadron in the battle, indicated on the diagram by the number "2", was commanded by Z.P. Rozhdestvensky
3) The peace treaty following the results of the war, the events of which are indicated in the diagram, was signed in American city Portsmouth
4) One of the defenders of the city, indicated on the diagram by the number "3", was R.I. Kondratenko
5) As a result of the war, the events of which are indicated on the diagram, Russia lost the city of Vladivostok
6) In the battle, indicated on the diagram by the number "1", the Russian troops won.

Here again we choose the correct judgments. The number 3 indicates the fortress city of Port Arthur, it was surrendered to the enemy by General Stessel in 1904. Accordingly, 1) is not suitable. 2) - suitable, because The Russian squadron was commanded by Rozhestvensky. 3) - suitable, because the peace treaty was indeed signed in the American Portsmouth. 4) - suitable, because Kondratenko is the hero of the defense of Port Arthur. 5) - not suitable, Russia did not lose Vladivostok. 6) - does not fit, near Mukden, the Russian army, rather, was defeated, and Mukden was captured by the Japanese.

17. Establish a correspondence between cultural monuments and their brief characteristics: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position of the second column:

MONUMENTS OF CULTURE
A) "The Tale of Bygone Years"
B) Tsar Cannon
C) the painting "Boyar Morozova"
D) sculpture "Worker and Collective Farm Woman"

CHARACTERISTICS
1) a cultural monument created in the 16th century.
2) a cultural monument created in the 17th century. author - I.E. Repin
4) author - V.I. Mukhina
5) author-monk of the Kiev Caves Monastery Nestor
6) author - V.I. Surikov

The Tale of Bygone Years, according to the generally accepted version, was written by the monk Nestor. The Tsar Cannon was cast by master Chokhov in the 16th century. The painting “Boyar Morozova” was painted by V.I. Surikov. The sculpture "Worker and Collective Farm Woman" was created by V.I. Mukhina.

18. What statements about this coin are correct? Choose two sentences from the five offered:

1) This coin was issued after the Caribbean Crisis
2) The monument depicted on the coin was erected in memory of the Battle of Stalingrad
3) By the time of the collapse of the USSR, the number of ribbons on the coat of arms of the USSR depicted on the coin had decreased
4) The war, in which the coin is dedicated to the anniversary of victory, began in the first decade of June
5) The monument depicted on the coin was designed by the sculptor V.I. Mukhina.

The commemorative coin depicts the sculpture "The Motherland Calls". It was created by 1967 according to the project of the sculptor Vuchetich. Again, we choose the right judgments. 1) - right, the Caribbean crisis was in 1962. 2) - right, in memory of the Battle of Stalingrad and installed in Volgograd. Here you can stop, in the condition it was required to choose two correct judgments. 3) - not true, the number of tapes has not changed since 1956. 4) - not true, the Second World War began on June 22, and this is the third decade. 5) - not true, Vuchetich.

19. Specify the photographs showing the buildings, the construction of which was completed in the same period when this coin was issued (during the leadership of the USSR by the same statesman):

To begin with, we need to remember who led the USSR in 1967, by the time the monument “The Motherland Calls!” was opened! In Volgograd. This is L.I. Brezhnev (1964-1982). This means that the building under the number 2) is suitable - the house of the Soviets, built in the late 1970s, and 3) is the house-book on Novy Arbat, built under Brezhnev.

ASSIGNMENTS 20-25

From the Emperor's Manifesto

“Immortal Glory, Wise Monarch, Dear Sovereign, Our Grandfather, Peter the Great, Emperor of All Russia, what a burden and colossal labors he was forced to endure solely for the well-being and benefit of his fatherland, raising Russia to perfect knowledge of both military, civil and political affairs , not only the whole of Europe; but the greater part of the world is an unfaltering witness. But how to restore this it was necessary, in the first place ... to teach the noble nobility and show how great are the advantages of the enlightened powers in the prosperity of the human race against countless peoples, immersed in the depths of ignorance; then, therefore, at that time, self-extremism insisted Russian nobility, showing his excellent signs of favor to them, ordered them to enter the military and civil services, and, moreover, to teach noble youth, not only various liberal sciences, but also many useful arts ...
The aforementioned establishment, although at the beginning it was somewhat coercive, but very useful, was followed by all those who have owned the Russian Throne since the time of Peter the Great, and especially Our Dear Aunt, blessed memory, the Empress Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, imitating the deeds of Her Sovereign Parent, knowledge political affairs and various sciences has spread and multiplied ... We see with our pleasure, and every true son of his fatherland must admit that innumerable benefits followed from that, rudeness was exterminated in those who are negligent about the common good, ignorance was changed into common sense, useful knowledge and diligence in service has multiplied skillful and brave generals in military affairs, in civil and political affairs it has appointed people who are knowledgeable and fit for the job, in a word to conclude, noble thoughts have rooted in the hearts of all true Russian patriots boundless fidelity and love for us, great zeal and excellent zeal for Our service, and therefore We do not find the need and, in compulsion to service, which until now has been needed ...

1) All nobles who are in Our different services can continue it for as long as they wish ... "

20. Indicate the year in which this manifesto was issued. Indicate the emperor who issued this manifesto. Specify the name of this manifest:

At the very beginning of the document, it is indicated that this is a manifesto. The text of the document refers to the release of the nobles from the compulsory service established by Peter I. Accordingly, this is the Manifesto on the Liberty of the Nobility of 1762, and its author is Peter III.

21. What, according to the author of the manifesto, is the reason that forced Peter I to oblige the nobles to serve and study? In what way does the author of the manifesto see the merit of Elizaveta Petrovna? How does the author explain the reason for the decision expressed in the last sentence of this passage?

This task can be performed based solely on the text of the document. 1) The reason was the need to have an educated nobility to serve for the benefit of the fatherland. 2) Elizaveta Petrovna “distributed and multiplied various sciences” (founded Moscow University, for example). 3) The reason is that the nobility became educated and diligent in service. And therefore, there is no need to force him to it.

22. List any three measures not mentioned in this manifesto that the author of the manifesto took during his reign:

Peter III ruled for a short time, about six months, was killed by guards conspirators who elevated Catherine II to the throne, but he managed to do something. Firstly, he canceled the persecution of the Old Believers (Pugachev promised the old faith, posing as Peter III); secondly, he began the secularization of church lands, which was then continued by Catherine II; thirdly, he led Russia out of the Seven Years' War by entering into an alliance with Prussia, which, in many ways, brought the wrath of the guards on him.

23. In 1990, a program was developed for the transition of the USSR to a market economy, which was called "500 days". Specify any two directions of reforming the economy that were envisaged to be carried out as part of the implementation of this program. Specify the reason for the rejection of this program by the President of the USSR:

The 500 Days program assumed a transition to a market economy, for which it was necessary: ​​1) to privatize state property and 2) to abolish centralized management of the economy, i.e. planning. Gorbachev rejected this program for fear of social unrest.

24. There are debatable problems in historical science, on which different, often contradictory points of view are expressed. Below is one of the controversial points of view that exist in historical science:

"The political activity of Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich was successful"

Using historical knowledge, give two arguments that can support this point of view, and two arguments that can refute it. When presenting arguments, be sure to use historical facts.

REASONING

Arguments to support:

1) Svyatoslav defeated the neighbor of Kievan Rus - the Khazar Khaganate, to which the Slavs once even paid tribute.

2) He appointed the rulers of individual lands not the leaders of tribal unions, as it was before, but his sons, which reduced the risk of separatism.

Arguments in rebuttal:

1) Svyatoslav spent a lot of time on campaigns, leaving Kyiv without cover for the squad, which the Pechenegs used more than once.

2) Svyatoslav was defeated by the Byzantine army, concluding a peace that was not particularly beneficial for Russia, and was killed by the Pechenegs, returning home from this campaign.

25. You need to write a historical essay about one of the periods in the history of Russia:

1) 912-945; 2) December 1812 - December 1825; 3) March 1921 - October 1928. The essay must:

Evgeny Mikhailovich Polushin, history teacher:“I decided to take the period from December 1812 to December 1825. This is the time from the expulsion of the French from Russian territory during Patriotic War 1812 to the Decembrist uprising. In this eventful historical period, in my opinion, two stand out especially - the creation of the Holy Alliance in 1815 and the uprising of the Decembrists in 1825.

The initiator of the creation of the Holy Alliance was the Russian Emperor Alexander I, who from his youth dreamed of an international arbitration court, necessary to prevent military conflicts. The Holy Alliance was formed after the Napoleonic Wars in order to preserve the European order that was established after the victory of the anti-French coalition over Napoleonic France and the prevention of revolutions.

This union, originally founded by Russia, Prussia and Austria, gradually included almost all European monarchs. But the existence of the Holy Alliance did not bring the fruits that Alexander I had hoped for. Russia, faithful to the ideals of the Holy Alliance, suppressed the Polish uprising of 1830-1831. and even sent Russian troops to suppress the revolution in Austria-Hungary. Such activity of Russia frightened some European countries and made it possible to suspect our country of expansion plans, for example, in the Balkans, which later affected during the Crimean War, in which Russia had no allies. The absence of allies and international isolation were important reasons for Russia's humiliating defeat in this war.

N. Muravyov - one of the founders of the Northern Society of Decembrists and the author of the "Constitution" - the program of this society. Secret societies arose among Russian officers after the foreign campaign of the Russian army. In Europe, they got acquainted with a way of life and methods of government that were very different from Russian realities. The absence of serfdom, the relative economic well-being of the peasants, the officers dreamed of realizing in Russia. On the way to this, in their opinion, stood the autocratic power, firmly guarding serfdom and administrative arbitrariness. Although until the end of the 1810s, its young officers hoped for the goodwill of the emperor and dreamed of helping the authorities in reforming the country. Convinced that Alexander lost interest in reforms, the conspirators headed for an armed uprising. The northern society, created by N. Muravyov, represented the moderate wing of the conspirators, who assumed the preservation of the monarchy, provided that it became constitutional. The uprising of the Decembrists, as they were later called, took place on December 14, 1825 and was brutally suppressed by troops loyal to the government. The Decembrists had a huge impact on the further history of our country, stirring up the thinking part of society, becoming an example of disinterested service to the idea of ​​​​the country's well-being. Although there is another opinion formulated by P. Chaadaev. He did not approve of the Decembrist uprisings. He considered it senseless and even harmful, frightened and embittered the authorities, and made liberal reforms impossible in the foreseeable future. In many ways, he was right."

*Since May 2017, the DROFA-VENTANA joint publishing group has been part of the Russian Textbook Corporation. The corporation also included the Astrel publishing house and the LECTA digital educational platform. Alexander Brychkin, a graduate of the Financial Academy under the Government of the Russian Federation, candidate of economic sciences, head of innovative projects of the DROFA publishing house in the field of digital education (electronic forms of textbooks, Russian Electronic School, LECTA digital educational platform) has been appointed General Director. Prior to joining the DROFA publishing house, he held the position of Vice President for Strategic Development and Investments of the EKSMO-AST publishing holding.

Today, the Russian Textbook Publishing Corporation has the largest portfolio of textbooks included in the Federal List - 485 titles (approximately 40%, excluding textbooks for correctional schools). The corporation's publishing houses own the sets of textbooks in physics, drawing, biology, chemistry, technology, geography, astronomy, most in demand by Russian schools - areas of knowledge that are needed to develop the country's production potential. The corporation's portfolio includes textbooks and teaching aids for elementary school awarded the Presidential Prize in Education. These are textbooks and manuals on subject areas that are necessary for the development of the scientific, technical and industrial potential of Russia.

6th grade

Events/dates:

VI-IX centuries. - Settlement of the Slavs in Eastern Europe

860 - Russia's campaign against Constantinople

862 - Rurik's "calling"

882 - the capture of Kyiv by Oleg

907 - Oleg's campaign against Constantinople

911 - agreement between Russia and Byzantium

941 - Igor's campaign against Constantinople

944 - agreement between Russia and Byzantium

964-972 - campaigns of Svyatoslav

978 / 980-1015 - the reign of Vladimir Svyatoslavich in Kyiv

988 - baptism of Russia

1015-1026 - strife between the sons of Vladimir

1016-1018 and 1019-1054 - the reign of Yaroslav the Wise

11th century - Pravda Russian (Short edition)

1068 - uprising in Kyiv

1097 - Lubech Congress

1113 - uprising in Kyiv, "Charter" of Vladimir Monomakh

1113-1125 - Vladimir Monomakh reigned in Kyiv

1125-1132 - Mstislav the Great reigned in Kyiv

1130s - completion of the division of Russia into lands

Early 12th century - "The Tale of Bygone Years"

12th century - Pravda Russian (Large edition)

1147 - the first mention of Moscow

1185 - Igor Svyatoslavich's campaign against the Polovtsy

1199 - unification of the Galician and Volyn lands

1223 - battle on the river. Kalka

1237-1241 - the conquest of Russia by the Mongol Empire

1242-1243 - formation of the Golden Horde

1325-1340 - reign of Ivan Kalita.

1327 - anti-Horde uprising in Tver

1359-1389 - reign of Dmitry Donskoy

1382 - the ruin of Moscow by Tokhtamysh

1383-1389 - securing the great reign of Vladimir for the Moscow princely house

1389 - 1425 - reign of Vasily I

1395 - the defeat of the Golden Horde by Timur

1425-1453 - internecine war in the Moscow principality

1425-1462 - reign of Vasily II

1448 - establishment of the autocephaly of the Russian Church

1462-1505 - reign of Ivan III

1472 - termination of tribute payments to the Horde

1478 - annexation of Novgorod land to Moscow

1480 - "standing" on the river. acne

1485 - annexation of the Grand Duchy of Tver to Moscow

1487-1503 - annexation of Chernigov-Seversk and part of Smolensk lands

1497 - adoption of the all-Russian Sudebnik

7th grade

1505 - 1533 - reign of Vasily III

1510 - annexation of Pskov land to Moscow

1514 - return of Smolensk

1521 - inclusion in the Moscow state of the Ryazan land

1533 - 1584 - reign (reign) of Ivan IV Vasilyevich the Terrible.

1533 - 1538 - the regency of Elena Glinskaya

1538 - 1547 - boyar rule

1547 - the adoption of the royal title by Ivan the Terrible

1549 - the first Zemsky Sobor

1550 - the adoption of the "Tsar's judicial code"

1552 - the capture of Kazan by Russian troops

1556 - Astrakhan Khanate annexed to Russia.

1556 - cancellation of feedings

1558 - 1583 - Livonian War

1564 - publication of the first Russian printed book

1565 - 1572 - oprichnina

1581 - 1585 - the conquest of Siberia by Yermak

1584 - 1598 - the reign of Fedor Ivanovich

1589 - the establishment of the patriarchate in Russia

1598 - the end of the Rurik dynasty. Election to the kingdom of Boris Godunov

1598 - completion of the annexation of the Siberian Khanate to Russia

1598 - 1605 - the reign of Boris Godunov

1601-1603 - the movement of "robbery".

1604 - 1618 - Troubles in Russia

1605 - 1606 - the reign of False Dmitry I.

1606 - 1610 - the reign of Vasily Shuisky.

1606-1607 - the uprising of Ivan Bolotnikov.

1607 - 1610 - the movement of False Dmitry II.

1610 - an agreement with Sigismund III on the invitation to the kingdom of Prince Vladislav and the entry of the Polish garrison into Moscow

1611 - 1612 - I and II Militia. Liberation of Moscow.

1613 - 1645 - the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich.

1617 - Stolbovsky peace with Sweden

1618 - Deulino truce with the Commonwealth.

1632 - 1634 - Smolensk war.

1645 - 1676 - the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich

1648 - Salt riot in Moscow

1648 - Semyon Dezhnev's campaign

1649 - adoption of the Cathedral Code. Formation of serfdom in the central regions of the country

1649 - 1653 - campaigns of Yerofey Khabarov

1653 - reforms of Patriarch Nikon, the beginning of the church schism

1654 - Pereyaslav Rada. Transition under the power of Russia Left-bank Ukraine

1654 - 1667 - war with the Commonwealth.

1656 - 1658 - war with Sweden.

1662 - Copper riot

1667 - Andrusovo truce

1670 - 1672 - the uprising of Stepan Razin.

1676 - 1682 - the reign of Fedor Alekseevich.

1677-1678 - Chigirin campaigns.

1682-1725 - reign of Peter I (until 1696 together with Ivan V)

1682-1689 - reign of Princess Sophia

1682, 1689, 1698 - uprisings of archers

1686 - Eternal peace with the Commonwealth

1687 - foundation of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy in Moscow

1687, 1689 - Crimean campaigns

1689 - Treaty of Nerchinsk with China

1695, 1696 - Azov campaigns

1697-1698 - Grand embassy

1700-1721 - Northern War

1700 - defeat near Narva

1705-1706 - uprising in Astrakhan

1707-1708 - uprising of Kondraty Bulavin

1708-1710 - establishment of provinces

1711 - establishment of the Senate; Prut campaign

1714 - decree of single inheritance

1718-1721 - establishment of colleges

1718-1724 - conducting a poll census and the first revision

1720 - battle at about. Grengam

1721 - Peace of Nystadt

1721 - proclamation of Russia as an empire

1722 - introduction of the Table of Ranks

1722-1723 - Caspian (Persian) campaign

1725 - establishment of the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg

1725-1727 - Catherine I

1727-1730 - Peter II

1730-1740 - Anna Ioannovna

1733-1735 - War of the Polish Succession

1736-1739 - Russian-Turkish war

1741-1743 - Russo-Swedish War

1740-1741 - John Antonovich

1741-1761 - Elizaveta Petrovna

1756-1763 - Seven Years' War

1761-1762 - Peter III

1762 - Manifesto on the liberty of the nobility

1762-1796 - Catherine II

1769-1774 - Russian-Turkish war

1774 - Kyuchuk-Kainarji peace with Ottoman Empire

1787-1791 - Russian-Turkish war

1788-1790 - Russo-Swedish War

1791 - Peace of Jassy with the Ottoman Empire

1773-1775 - Emelyan Pugachev's uprising

1775 - Provincial reform

1785 - Letters of grant to the nobility and cities

1783 - Accession of Crimea to Russia

1772, 1793, 1795 - Sections of the Commonwealth

1796-1801 - reign of Paul I

1799 - Italian and Swiss campaigns of the Russian army

8th grade

1801-1825 - years of reign of Alexander I;

1809 Treaty of Friedrichsham with Sweden;

1811 - establishment of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum;

1812 - Treaty of Bucharest with the Ottoman Empire;

1812 - Gulistan peace with Persia;

1813 - 1814 – Foreign campaigns of the Russian army;

1815 - Congress of Vienna;

1816 - formation of the Salvation Union;

1818 - formation of the Welfare Union;

1821 - formation of the Northern and Southern societies;

1822-1823 - writing A.S. Griboyedov comedy "Woe from Wit";

1824 - opening of the Maly Theater in Moscow;

1825 - opening of the Bolshoi Theater in Moscow;

1825-1855 - the years of the reign of Nicholas I;

1826 - formation of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery;

1826 - discovery of non-Euclidean geometry by N.I. Lobachevsky;

1826-1828 - war with Persia;

1828 - Turkmenchay peace with Persia;

1828 - 1829 - war with the Ottoman Empire;

1829 - Peace of Adrianople;

1834 - 1864 - war in the Caucasus;

1837 - 1841 - reform of the management of state peasants P.D. Kiseleva;

1842 - Decree on obligated peasants;

1849 - arrest of members of the Petrashevsky circle;

1853 - 1856 - Crimean War;

1856 Paris Treaty;

February 19, 1861 - publication of the Manifesto on the emancipation of the peasants and the "Regulations on the peasants who emerged from serfdom";

1862 - establishment of the St. Petersburg Conservatory;

1863 - 1864 - uprising in Poland;

1864 judicial reform;

1864 - zemstvo reform;

1866 - Karakozov's assassination attempt on Alexander II;

1866 - establishment of the Moscow Conservatory;

1867 US sale of Alaska:

1869 - discovery of the periodic law of chemical elements by D.I. Mendeleev;

1870 - the emergence of the "Association of Traveling Art Exhibitions";

1870 - urban reform;

1877 - 1878 - Russian-Turkish war;

1878 - Congress of Berlin;

1878 - attempt by V.I. Zasulich on the St. Petersburg mayor F.F. Trepov;

1881 - 1894 - the years of the reign of Alexander III;

1881 - publication of the "Regulations on Measures for the Preservation of State Order and Public Peace" »;

1883 - the formation of the "Emancipation of Labor" group;

1884 - publication of a new University charter;

1890 - publication of a new Zemsky regulation;

1891 - 1892 - famine in Russia;

1892 - creation of the Tretyakov Gallery;

1894 - conclusion of an alliance with France;

1894 - 1917 - the years of the reign of Nicholas II;

1897 - the introduction of the gold ruble;

1898 - formation of the Moscow Art Theater (MKhT);

1903 - the second congress of the RSDLP;

1904 - 1905 - Russo-Japanese war;

October 17, 1905 - The Supreme Manifesto on the granting of freedoms and the establishment of the State Duma;

1907 - the final registration of the Entente;

1907-1912 - work of the III State Duma;

1908 - the first Russian film "Stenka Razin and Princess";

1909 - publication of the collection "Milestones";

1912-1917 - work of the IV State Duma;

1915 Progressive Bloc formed;

May 1916 - "Brusilovsky breakthrough";

February 26, 1917 - execution of a demonstration on Znamenskaya Square in Petrograd, crossing of a unit military units on the side of the rebels;

Grade 9

Creation of the Council of People's Commissars - end of October 1917

Creation of the Cheka under the Council of People's Commissars - December 1917

Adoption of the Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia - November 1917

Creation Supreme Council National Economy (VSNKh) - December 1917. Adoption of the first constitution in Russian history - the Constitution of the RSFSR - July 1918

Creation of the regular Red Army (RKKA) - January 1918

The decision of the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet to declare February 23, 1918 the Day of Defense of the Socialist Fatherland.

The first stage of the Civil War - April-May - November 1918

The third stage of the Civil War - April-November 1920

Kronstadt rebellion - March 1921

Adoption of the GOELRO plan - 1920

Famine of 1921

Creation of Gosplan - August 1923

Sokolnikov's financial reform - 1923-1924

The beginning of the development of annual national economic plans - 1925

"War Alert" - 1927

The collapse of the NEP - 1928-1929

Shakhty process - 1928

The year of the "great turning point" - 1929

The first five-year plan - 1928-1932

Second Five-Year Plan - 1932-1937

Transition to complete collectivization of agriculture - 1929

The elimination of mass unemployment, the closure of labor exchanges - 1930

Card system for supplying the population - 1930-1935

Introduction of the passport system - 1932

Famine of 1932-1933

Adoption of the new Constitution of the USSR - 1936

First elections to the Supreme Soviet - 1938

Mass repressions - 1937-1938

The opening of the “second front” by the allies in Europe - June 1944

offensive operations Soviet army 1944 -1945

Liberation of the territory of the USSR from the enemy - 1944

June 1945 - Creation of the United Nations

March 1946 - Churchill's Fulton speech

1946-1991 - the period of the Cold War

1947 Marshall Plan

1946-1947 - famine in the USSR

1946 - Decree of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks “On the magazines Zvezda and Leningrad”.

1947 - Abolition of food cards and currency reform

1947-1956 - activities of the Cominformburo

1948 - case of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee

1949 - creation of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA)

1949 - North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

1948 - 1949 – Berlin Crisis

1949 - Creation of the People's Republic of China

1949 - the first successful test of a Soviet nuclear bomb

1949 - Leningrad case

1950-1953 - war in Korea

1952 - XIX Congress of the CPSU (b). Renaming the CPSU (b) to the CPSU

1953-1964 - the period of leadership of the country by N.S. Khrushchev

1954 - the beginning of the development of virgin lands

1955 - creation of the Warsaw Pact Organization (OVD)

1956 - XX Congress of the CPSU, exposure of Stalin's personality cult

1956 - Suez and Hungarian crises

1957 - International Festival of Youth and Students in Moscow

1957 – launch of the world's first artificial Earth satellite by the USSR

1961 - the second Berlin crisis. Construction of the Berlin Wall

1961 - XXII Congress of the CPSU. Adoption of the Program for Building Communism

1962 - events in Novocherkassk

1962 Caribbean Crisis

1962 - publication of the story by A.I. Solzhenitsyn "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich"

1964 - displacement of N.S. Khrushchev

1964-1982 - leadership of the country by L.I. Brezhnev

1965 - the beginning of the reform of A.N. Kosygin

1965 - The case of writers A.D. Sinyavsky and Yu.M. Daniel.

1968 - "Prague Spring" and the entry of troops of the ATS countries into Czechoslovakia.

1969 - Soviet-Chinese border conflict

1972 - Soviet-American Treaty on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems (ABM) and the Treaty on the Limitation of Strategic Arms (SALT-1)

1975 - the final stage of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) in Helsinki.

1977 - new Constitution of the USSR

1979 - Treaty with the United States on the limitation of strategic arms-2 (SALT-2)

1979 - entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan

1980 - Summer Olympic Games in Moscow

1982 - death of L.I. Brezhnev

1982-1985 - leadership of the country Yu.V. Andropov and K.U. Chernenko.

1990 March 15 - M.S. Gorbachev was elected President of the USSR at the III c Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR

1990, May-June - Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR, Adoption of the Declaration on the State Sovereignty of Russia.

1991, December - the collapse of the USSR (Belovezhskaya agreements between the leaders of the Russian Federation, Ukraine and Belarus). Signing by them of the Declaration on the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Alma-Ata Declaration on the Purposes and Principles of the CIS (December 21, 1991)

1992 - decree of the President of the Russian Federation on the introduction of a system of privatization checks (vouchers), the beginning of the privatization of state property

September 21, 1993 - Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 1400 "On a phased constitutional reform", announcing the dissolution of the Congress of People's Deputies and the Supreme Council and the holding of a referendum on the new Constitution on December 12

1996 - elections of the President of the Russian Federation.

2000 - entry into the office of the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin

2000 - creation of the institution of Plenipotentiaries of the President of the Russian Federation in federal districts, creation of the State Council of the Russian Federation

2000 - approval of a new concept of foreign policy of the Russian Federation

2003 - elections to the State Duma

2004 - election of V.V. Putin as President of the Russian Federation for a second term

2005 - law on elections to the State Duma according to party lists

2005 - law on a new procedure for electing governors

2005 - declaration of priority national projects, the beginning of their implementation (2006)

2006 - Iraqi crisis, aggravation of relations between Russia and the United States

2008 - election of D.A. Medvedev President of the Russian Federation

2008 - World financial crisis. Adjusting the Tactics of Socio-Economic Development in the Conditions of the Financial and Economic Crisis in the Russian Federation (2008)

2008 - Approval of the Concept of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020.

2008 - law on increasing the term of office of the State Duma to 5 years and the President of the Russian Federation to 6 years

2012 - election of V.V. Putin President of the Russian Federation

2012 - formation of the government of D.A. Medvedev. "Open Government".

Dmitry Donskoy (years of reign 1359-1389; years of life beginning of the 3rd quarterXIVcentury - 4th quarterXIVcentury) - Moscow prince

Directions	Characteristic	Results
1. Fight against the Mongol-Tatar yoke	1. a) 1377 - the battle on the Pyan River b) 1378 - the battle on the Vozha River (the first victorious battle of the Russian troops with the Horde) c) 1380 - the victory of the Russian army in the Battle of Kulikovo	1. The victory on the Kulikovo field contributed to the further growth and strengthening of the Russian united state. The beginning of the struggle for liberation from the Tatar-Mongol yoke in Russia was laid.
2. The policy of collecting Russian lands	2. a) The Grand Duchy of Vladimir finally came under the rule of Moscow b) The territory of the Moscow principality expanded at the expense of the territories of Pereyaslavl, Dmitrov.	2. The annexation of a number of lands and the multiplication of the territories of the Moscow principality. Strengthening the authority of Moscow as a political, spiritual and religious center of the uniting Russian lands

Mikhail Mikhailovich Speransky (1772-1839 - years of life, 3rd quarter of the 18th century - second quarter of the 19th; from Paul 1 to Nicholas 1 - activity) - the great Russian reformer

Directions	Characteristic	Results
1. Development of draft reforms of the system state power	1. a) Document - "Introduction to the code of state laws" b) The proposal to introduce the classical principle of separation of powers into legislative, executive and judicial as the basis of the state structure	1. The whole complex of transformations proposed by Speransky was not implemented due to the resistance to reforms on the part of the nobility and the indecision of Alexander I
2. Development of projects of economic reforms	2. It was envisaged to limit state spending and increase taxes, which affected the nobility	2. a) The reforms met with open opposition. Especially from the nobility.

Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev (1894-1971 - years of life, 1953 -1964 - board) - First Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, an outstanding politician, head of the Soviet state. The period of his leadership is called the "thaw"

Directions:	Characteristic
1. Domestic policy a) Industrial Management Reforms b) Social reforms c) Agricultural reforms d) Criticism of the cult of personality I.V. Stalin	1. a) - Consolidation of economic councils. The creation of the Council of the National Economy of the USSR and the Union Republics, as well as state committees for industries as an attempt to overcome negative trends in the economy. Elimination of 10 major industrial ministers and their replacement by territorial administrations - economic councils, which led local enterprises. b) - Construction of separate housing Shortening the working day Increase in pensions Issuance of passports to collective farmers c) - Development of virgin lands (1954) Corn epic d) - XX Congress of the Central Committee of the CPSU Rehabilitation of the repressed	1. a) The reform in the field of industrial management did not bring cardinal changes to the economy, but only increased the industrial management confusion Solving social issues, increasing the living standards of the population. Beginning of grain imports from abroad. Growing discontent in society and the resignation of N. S. Khrushchev
2 Foreign policy a) Aggravation of relations with the United States b) worsening relations with China	2. a) Caribbean Crisis (1962) cold war b) Reduction of economic, political ties	Persistence of the Cold War Policy

The ambiguity of assessments of the results of N.S. Khrushchev:

Pluses - the policy of de-Stalinization, social reforms that contribute to the growth of the living standards of the population.

Cons - valuntaristic decisions (especially in the economy), the Caribbean crisis, which brought the world to the brink of a third world war.

Yaroslav the Wise (1019-1054 - years of reign, years of life - 4th quarterXcentury - 2nd halfXIcentury) - the great Kyiv prince

Directions	Characteristic
1. Spread of culture and literacy in Russia	1. a) Construction of churches and monasteries b) The appearance of the first library, the first schools	1. Development of religious and secular culture The development of church architecture
2. Active foreign policy activity of Yaroslav	2. a) The final defeat of the Pechenegs by Yaroslav near Kiev (1036) b) Strengthening the political and cultural ties of Russia with neighboring states through dynastic marriages of their daughters and sons c) Further development of cooperation between Russia and Byzantium	2.Strengthening the defense capability of the state Elimination of the Pecheneg threat Thanks to the prudent foreign policy of Yaroslav the Wise, the authority of the state in the international arena has grown significantly.
3. Legislative activity	Creation of the first source of written law in Russia - Yaroslav's Pravda	The emergence of written law in Russia
4. The struggle of the great Kiev prince to establish his power throughout the territory of Russia	4. a) 1018 - Yaroslav's victory over Svyatopolk b) Victory over Mstislav Tmutarakansky	Establishment of sole power throughout the territory of Russia

Svyatoslav Igorevich (957-972 - years of reign, 942-972 - years of life) - Prince of Kiev, son of Igor and Olga

Directions:	Characteristic:
1.Foreign policy	1.a) Eastern campaign of Svyatoslav 964-965. the defeat of the Khazar Khaganate, the weakening of the Volga Bulgaria, a breakthrough to the Caucasus and the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov b) Campaign in the Danube 967-968. c) War with Byzantium 970-971.	1.- Strengthening the international authority of Russia Complication of relations between Russia and Byzantium Killed by the Pechenegs
2. Subordination of the Slavic tribes to the power of the Kiev prince	2. Conquest of the Vyatichi lands	2. Expansion of the territories of the Old Russian state

Nicholas II (1868-1918 - years of life, 1894 - 1917 - years of reign) - the last Russian emperor from the Romanov dynasty

directions	Characteristic
1.Foreign policy	1.a) Defeat in Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) b) Russia's participation in the First World War (1914)	1. Territorial loss of Russia under the Portsmouth and Brest peace treaties Conclusion of an agreement between Russia and Austria for 10 years
2.Domestic policy: a) a period of economic growth b) Political crisis	2.a) establishing a gold standard for the ruble Stolypin's agrarian reform began b) - Revolution of 1905-1907 October 17 Manifesto "On Improving the State Order" February and October revolutions of 1917	2. a) Russia became the main exporter of agricultural products, it accounted for 2/5 of all world agricultural exports b) - Abdication of the throne, fall of the monarchy, execution of him and his family members Formation of a coalition provisional government headed by A.F. Kerensky The rise of the Bolsheviks to power

Alexander Nevsky (1220-1263 - years of life, 1236 - 1263 - reign)- Prince of Novgorod (1228-1229), Grand Duke of Kiev (1249 - 1263), Grand Duke of Vladimir (1249 - 1263)

Directions	Characteristic
1. Opposition to the Swedish-German expansion	1.a) Battle of the Neva-1240 b) Return of Pskov -1240 c) Battle on the Ice -1242	1. Victory of Alexander Nevsky in the fight against the German-Swedish invaders
2.Course on cooperation with the Horde	2.a) Participation in the organization of the census to streamline the collection of tribute for the Horde b) Settlement of relations between the rebellious Russian princes and the Horde	2.a) The transformation of the Horde into their political allies in the fight against the expansion of the West b) Preservation of the political and spiritual foundations of Russian life in the North-Eastern and North-Western lands of Russia in the conditions of the political dependence of Russian lands on the Horde c) The transformation of the North-Eastern lands into a potential center for the revival of Russian statehood

Kutuzov, Golenishchev-Kutuzov Mikhail Illarionovich (1745 - 1813 - years of life; 2nd quarter of the 18th century - first quarter XIXcentury)- Russian commander, field marshal general (August 31, 1812).

Directions	Characteristic
1. Commander	1.a) Commander-in-Chief of the Russian troops in the Patriotic War of 1812, Battle of Borodino (August 26, 1812) b) Kutuzov was a student and colleague of A. V. Suvorov. c) Participation in the assault on Ishmael	1.a) Under his leadership, the Russian army defeated the French in the Patriotic War of 1812. He received the title of Prince of Smolensky (December 6, 1812) and was awarded the highest military order of George 1st degree (December 12, 1812). During the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45, the Order of Kutuzov was established in the USSR
2. Diplomat	2.a) In 1792-1794 he headed the emergency Russian embassy in Constantinople b) Participated in the signing of the Bucharest Peace Treaty of 1812, which was beneficial for Russia	2. Managed to achieve a number of foreign policy and trade advantages for Russia

Suvorov Alexander Vasilyevich (1730-1800 - years of life; 2nd quarter of the 18th century - 4th quarter of the 18th century) - Russian commander and military theorist, generalissimo. Count Rymniksky, Prince of Italy.

Directions	Characteristic:
1.Commander	1.a) Member of the Seven Years' War (1756-1763) b) Participant of the Russian-Turkish wars of the Catherine era c) Led the Russian army in the Swiss and Italian campaigns	1. Didn't lose a single battle During the Second World War, the Order of Suvorov was established (1942)
2. Military theorist	2.a) Compiled and put into effect the "Regimental Institution" - a manual on military regulations, the rules for training and educating officers and soldiers b) He wrote the famous work "The Science of Winning", in which he summarized many years of experience.	2. Laid the foundations of the future military regulations and the theoretical foundations of military art

Brezhnev Leonid Ilyich (1906 - 1982 - years of life; 1964 - 1982 - years of leadership) - General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU (since 1964), Hero of the USSR, the period of his leadership is called "stagnation".

Directions:	Characteristic:
1. Domestic policy: a) Economic policy b) Political development	1. a) Reform A.N. Kosygin (1965): sectoral management system, introduction of self-supporting elements b) -Return to hidden Stalinism (stopping criticism of Stalin's personality cult) Adoption of the Constitution of "developed socialism" in 1977. Lack of turnover of personnel of the country's leadership The leading role of the CPSU	1.a) - The failure of the reforms, as there was no support from the party leadership Extensive way of economic development b) The formation of a partocratic management system, "stagnation" in the economy and politics b) The growth of the dissident movement
2.Foreign policy: a) Brezhnev Doctrine b) Economic and military assistance to developing countries c) Normalization of relations between East and West	2.a) Elimination of the threat of the collapse of the socialist camp 1968 - "Prague Spring" b) 1979 - the introduction of Soviet troops into Afghanistan Support for Iraq, Syria and Angola c) Treaties between the USSR and the USA (1968, 1972)	a) Preservation of the socialist camp as a political, economic and military union b) The expansion of the influence of the USSR in the countries of the third world c) Reducing international tension in relations between the USSR and the capitalist countries.

Ivan (I) Daniilovich Kalita (1325-1340 - years of reign; last quarter of the 13th century - 2nd quarter of the 14th century) - Prince of Moscow (from 1325), Grand Duke of Vladimir, Prince of Novgorod (1328 - 1337)

Directions	Characteristic	Results:
1. Expansion of the boundaries of the Moscow principality	1.a) Participation of the Moscow army in the punitive campaign against Tver in 1327 b) Accession of part of the Rostov Principality and purchase of territories (Galich, Uglich) c) Campaigns of the Moscow army against Novgorod and Pskov with the aim of subordinating the northwestern lands to Moscow	1. Strengthening the political authority of the Moscow principality in the northeastern lands of Russia
2.Maintaining good relations with the Horde	2.a) Receipt by Ivan Danilovich in the Horde of a label for the great reign of Vladimir b) Obtaining the right to collect tribute and deliver it to the Horde	Laid the foundation for economic prosperity and further strengthening of the Moscow principality Deliverance of Russian lands during the reign of Ivan Kalita from the raids of the Horde The transformation of Moscow into the spiritual and religious center of Russia

Oleg (879-912 - years of reign; 3rd quarterIXcentury - 912 - years of life)

Directions	Characteristic
1.Foreign policy	1. 907 - a military campaign against Byzantium	1. Beneficial for Russia peace treaties (907,911)
2. Formation of the Old Russian state	2. Accession of the East Slavic lands 3.882 g trip to Kyiv	2. Subjugation of the tribes of the Drevlyans, Northerners, Radimichi 3. transfer of the capital of the ancient Russian state to Kyiv

AlexanderII(1818 - 1881 - years of life; 1855 - 1881 - years of reign) - the great Russian emperor from the Romanov dynasty, for the abolition of serfdom went down in history under the nickname "Liberator"

Directions	Characteristic	Results
1.Foreign policy: a) Solution of the Eastern Question b) End of the Caucasian War c) Politics in Central Asia d) Far East policy	a) Russian-Turkish war (1877-1878) 1865 - the formation of the Turkestan governorate Mastery of the Ussuri Territory	a) San Stefano Peace Treaty (annexation of South Bessarabia and part of Transcaucasia) Conquest of Central Asia 1858 - Treaty of Aigun 1875 - Treaty of Peking
2.Domestic policy: a) Softening the political regime b) Liberal reforms	a) amnesty for political prisoners Relaxing censorship Elimination of military settlements b) - The abolition of serfdom Military (1860-1870s) Education (1863) Judicial (1864) Urban (1870)	2. a) Prerequisites for the abolition of serfdom b) - The liberation of the peasants from serfdom Introduction of universal conscription (1874) 3 levels of education All-estate court Creation of self-government bodies

AlexanderIII(years of life 1845-1894, years of government 1881-1894))

Directions	Characteristic	Results
Domestic policy: a) counter-reforms b) solution of the peasant question c) economic development	Restriction of the rights of zemstvos, an increase in the property qualification in elections, tightening of censorship, the liquidation of the world court. Reducing redemption payments. The abolition of the poll tax. State orders, railway construction and import promotion foreign capital, monetary reform.	Strengthening the positions of the nobility and the foundations of autocracy Creation of conditions for the elimination of the remnants of serfdom Strengthening the country's financial system, ser80-ser90g growth in industry ("golden age of Russian industry")
Foreign policy	Western direction - Franco-Russian union Eastern direction - the completion of the accession of Central Asia.	The wise policy of Alexander 3 peace and relative harmony in Europe until the end of the 19th century

M.S. Gorbachev (1985 - 1991 - years of leadership) - an outstanding politician, ideologist, the first and last president of the USSR, general secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. The period of his reign is called "perestroika"

Directions	Characteristic
1. Domestic policy: a) economic reforms b) political reforms	1. a) - Law "On Cooperation" (1998) Law "On individual activity" Providing entrepreneurs with economic independence (self-supporting, self-financing) b) - Cancellation of Article 6 of the Constitution of the USSR (1977) Multi-party system Pluralism - "new political thinking" Publicity freedom creative activity	1.a) - Beginning of the transition to a market economy Deterioration in the economy b) - People's dissatisfaction with the reforms The development of the democratic principles of Soviet society
2.Foreign policy	New political thinking Denial of the bipolarity of the world, resolution of international conflicts;	An agreement was reached on the liquidation of Soviet and American medium and short-range missiles in Europe. The withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan, the fall of the Berlin Wall

V.V. Putin (1958 - year of birth) - President of the Russian Federation (2000-2008; 2012 - present)

Directions	Characteristic	Results
1. Domestic policy a) Strengthening Russian statehood	May 2000 - Decree "On Representatives of the Russian Federation in the Federal Districts" 2000 - Law "On the State Emblem" Russian Federation» 2001 - creation of the United Russia party	1.a) - Strengthening the role of the center in the field Strengthening statehood
2.Reforms a) judicial b) Management c) Economic	a) 2001 - The court of jurors and magistrates was returned; the emergence of a bailiff service; new codes were adopted: labor, land, etc. b) 2004 - Establishment of federal agencies and services 2001 - law "On political parties" c) tax reform In 2005, a reform is being carried out to monetize benefits. significant increase in foreign investment.	2.a) Creation of unified legislation b) Strengthening the power vertical The possibility of exercising the rights and freedoms of citizens of the Russian Federation in 2007, Russia entered the top ten countries in the world in terms of total GDP. Russia paid off with the IMF and the World Bank

Igor (912-945 - years of reign)

Directions	Characteristic	Results
1. Expansion of the territory of the borders of the Old Russian state	1. - Subjugation of the tribe of streets The return of the Drevlyans under their rule	1.- Expanding the territory Foundation of Russian settlements on the Taman Peninsula
2. Foreign policy	2. Military campaigns against Byzantium:	a) The first campaign ended in failure b) Conclusion of a mutually beneficial agreement

Olga (945 - 969 - years of reign) - princess, ruled in Russia during the early childhood of her son Svyatoslav and during his military campaigns

Directions	Characteristic
1.Reforms	Established a clear procedure for collecting tribute	Introduced lessons (amount of tribute collection) and graveyards (places of tribute collection)
2. Embassy in Constantinople	957 - adoption of Christianity	Expansion of political and cultural ties with Byzantium

VladimirI Saint (980 - 1015 - years of reign) - a prince who during his reign received the nickname "Red Sun"

Directions	Characteristic
Foreign policy	Hike to the Volga Bulgaria	Victory; an agreement on peace and trade in the interests of Russia
Adoption of Christianity	980 - Pagan reform (creation of the pantheon pagan gods led by Perun) 988 - the adoption of Christianity in Russia	Strengthening the state and the power of the prince Introduction of Russia to Byzantine culture

Peter I the Great (1682-1725 - years of reign; 1672 - 1725 - years of life) - the great Russian emperor of the endXVII- startXVIIIcenturies

Directions	Characteristic	Results
1. Domestic policy	1. a) Military reform b) Church reform c) Reorganization of the state administration system d) Reforming the financial and tax system to meet the needs and requirements of a belligerent state	a) Creation of a regular army and navy b) Establishment of the Most Holy Governing Synod, establishment of the post of Chief Prosecutor of the Most Holy Synod and publication of the "Spiritual Regulations" c) Creation of the Governing Senate; Creation of collegiums; Publication of the "Charter on the succession to the throne"; Edition of the Table of Ranks. Creation of a new system of territorial division of the country (provinces, provinces, districts) d) Improving the collection of taxes. Modernization of the tax system of the country; The introduction of the poll tax)
2.Foreign policy	2.a) "Great Embassy" to Europe (1697-1698) Northern war of Russia with Sweden (1700-1721), Prut campaign (war with the Ottoman Empire), Caspian campaign (1722-1723) Azov campaigns	2. Temporary approval of Russia on the Sea of ​​Azov (until 1711) Russian victory. Access to the Baltic Sea. The beginning of the Europeanization of Russia in the domestic sphere and the cultural and spiritual sphere

Ivan the Terrible (r. 1547-1584) - Grand Duke of Moscow and All Russia

Directions	Characteristic	Results
1.Reforms	a) Convocation of the first Zemsky Sobor; b) the creation of a streltsy army; c) cancellation of feedings; d) restriction of locality; e) the creation of the institution of elected zemstvo and provincial elders; f) 1550 - adoption of a new Code of Laws;	1. Strengthening the class-representative monarchy, tightening serfdom
2. Striving for unlimited personal power	2.a.) 1565-1672 - introduction of oprichnina; b.) the Streltsy inheritance was liquidated;	2. Strengthened the autocracy of the king The policy of the oprichnina led the country to ruin.
3.Foreign policy	3.a) The desire to achieve access to the Baltic Sea: b) 1558-1583 - Livonian war; c) construction of a notch line	b) The war was lost, led the country to a socio-economic crisis annexed Kazan, Astrakhan, Siberian khanates

Elizaveta Petrovna(1741-1761) - the empress of the era of palace coups

Directions	Characteristic	Results
1. Domestic policy: a) Strengthening of serfdom b) Spread of culture c) Territorial and military reforms	1.a.) restored the Senate as the highest state body, the institution of prosecutors, the Chief Magistrate, the Berg and Manufacture Colleges; b.) abolition of the Cabinet of Ministers; c.) restoration of emergency meetings of senior dignitaries - the Conference; d.) cancel death penalty a.) granting landowners the right to exile peasants to Siberia, to sell them as recruits a.) 1755 – opening of the Moscow University; b.) 1756 - the first theater was founded a.) General land surveying of landed estates; b.) dividing Russia into 5 recruiting districts, establishing order in recruitment;	1.Continuation of the activities of Peter I Development of secular culture and education Streamlining the legal framework for economic activity. Further modernization of the army and increasing its combat capability
2.Foreign policy	2.participation of Russia in the Seven Years' War	2. The death of the Empress was the reason for the cessation of further hostilities against Prussia

Sergei Yulievich Witte (1849-1915) -Russian statesman,Minister of Railways, Minister of Finance,Chairman of the Committee of Ministers, Chairman of the Council of Ministers

Directions	Characteristic
	financial reform Rail fare reform Industry Tax Reform	The introduction of the gold backing of the ruble and its free conversion Liquidation of large accumulations of untransported goods that have become commonplace

C6. Consider historical. situations and answer questions. Spring-autumn 1917 in Russia there was a sharp political struggle. During which the question of alternatives for the development of the country was decided. One of the important events of this period was the speech of L.G. Kornilov. A variety of forces united in the struggle against him - from A.F. Kerensky to the Bolsheviks.

Why did the positions of such different political forces coincide? How did Kornilov's speech end? What changes in the political situation took place at the end of August-September 1917? Give facts.

1. Reasons can be given:

- there was a real threat of establishing a military dictatorship;

- Kornilov's speech could lead to the fall of the Provisional Government;

- Kornilov demanded the dissolution of the Soviets, in which various political forces were represented

1. In response:

A) it should be said about the defeat of Kornilov's speech;

B) the following changes in the political situation can be named:

- strengthening the positions of the Bolsheviks in the Soviets (Bolshevization of the Soviets);

- the advancement by the Bolsheviks of a course towards an armed uprising and the transfer of all power to the Soviets;

- A.F. Kerensky's loss of support from all leading political parties;

C6. Consider historical. situations and answer questions. In 1921, a collection of articles "Change of milestones" was published in Prague. The collection received great fame and caused heated debate among the Russian emigration.

List any three questions that were discussed. And describe the positions that the authors adhered to for each of them.

1. The questions that have become the subject of discussion can be named:

- about the causes and essence of the revolution and the Civil War;

- about the attitude to the Soviet power;

about essence and possible consequences NEP;

- about the prospects for the development of Russia.

2. The following main ideas of the "Smenovekhites" can be named:

- understanding of the revolution and the Civil War as a phenomenon caused by everything in Russian history;

- revision of the attitude towards Bolshevism and Soviet power as a force capable of ensuring the restoration of the national and state unity of Russia at a new historical stage; the conclusion about the need for emigration to cooperate with the Bolsheviks for the revival of Russia;

- understanding the transition to the NEP as an internal rebirth of Bolshevism ("economic Brest");

- hope. That cooperation with the Bolsheviks will push the process of their internal rebirth

1. Events can be named:

1. Reasons can be given:

Participants that existed in Russia since 1816. secret societies have been developing plans for the seizure of power for a long time. However, the speech on December 14, 1825. on Senate Square in St. Petersburg was defeated.

Name at least two reasons for the defeat of the Decembrists on the development of social thought. On the domestic policy of Nicholas 1? Give at least three statements.

The following reasons for the defeat of the performance of the Decembrists can be named:

- insufficient preparedness of the speech (since the Decembrists hastened to take advantage of the situation of interregnum);

- the rate of the Decembrists on a conspiracy (and a military coup)

- dictator S.P. Trubetskoy did not appear on Senate Square;

- waiting tactics of the Decembrists

- decisive actions (cruel measures) of Nicholas 1 against the Decembrists (the use of artillery);

- The Decembrists did not take advantage of the support of the people.

The influence of the Decembrists on the development of social thought and domestic policy was manifested:

- in the awareness by representatives of public thought of the inconsistency of the ideological foundations of the Decembrists' movement (the development of new socio-political theories);

- in the emergence (development) of the revolutionary tradition in Russia;

- in the emergence of new currents of social thought in the following decades (Westerners, Slavophiles, representatives of "Russian", "communal" socialism);

- in the implementation by Nicholas 1 of a policy aimed at strengthening autocratic power.

C6. After the victorious end of the Second World War 1941-1945. in society spoke out on the liberalization of the regime, the rejection of repression, the implementation of economic reforms.

What opinions existed in the country's leadership on this issue? Name two opinions. What political course was eventually chosen? Give at least three facts to support your conclusion.

Opinions:

- proposals on using the experience of the NEP, the reform of collective farmers, the permission of small business, the adoption of a new Constitution

— substantiation of the course towards tightening the system, “tightening the screws”. A new round of repression. Strengthening collective farms, priority restoration and development of heavy industry, priority financing of the military-industrial complex.

It must be said that the second approach was taken as the basis of the post-war policy. And the facts can be named:

- the transfer of funds from the countryside to the city took on an expanded scale, purchase prices remained extremely low, taxes increased

— first of all, there was a restoration of enterprises in the heavy and defense industries, the light and food industries and agriculture experienced an acute shortage of state funding

- repressions were resumed (against Soviet prisoners of war. "Leningrad case", "case of doctors")

- a tough ideological campaign was launched (decisions in the field of art and literature condemning the work of prominent poets, composers, cinematographers, discussions in science, culminating in the defeat of entire scientific areas, etc.)

C6. Consider the historical situation and complete the task.

After the end of the Second World War, the economic situation in the USSR was difficult, the Soviet leadership considered various ways to revive the economy.

What possible paths of industrial development have been put forward? List at least two of them. Which path was chosen and why? (Give one main reason.)

Proposed ways of industrial development:

A group of leaders (A.A. Zhdanov, N.A. Voznesensky and others) considered it possible not to force the development of industry, counting on a post-war crisis in Western states;

- another group (L.P. Beria, L.P. Malenkov and others) took into account the strengthening of Western countries after the war. USA Possession atomic bomb and proposed the accelerated development of heavy industry, especially defense

The path of development and the reasons for choosing it can be named:

Stalin supported:

- the second path, which formed the basis for the preparation and implementation of the post-war five-year plan;

—the conformity of this direction with the basic doctrine of building communism on the basis of the predominant development of heavy industry.

C6. In the spring of 1921, a decision was made to replace the surplus appraisal with a tax in kind.

What other proposals for a way out of the crisis of the early 1920s? expressed during this period? Name at least two sentences. Explain why it was necessary to make radical changes in the economic and political course? Give at least three reasons for changing course.

Other proposals made during this period can be named:

The tightening of the policy of "war communism", the expansion of violence, the creation of labor armies

- a complete rejection of "war communism" and the policy of a direct transition to communism. Replacing the surplus with a tax in kind, the introduction of the NEP

The following reasons can be given:

- an acute economic crisis caused by a long war

The crisis of the policy of "war communism"

- transition from war to peace

- peasant uprisings in the Tambov province, the Volga region, Siberia, the Urals, the Don, etc.

Discontent in the army, Kronstadt uprising

- Demonstrations of workers in Moscow. Petrograd, other cities

- revitalization of the activities of the Mensheviks, Socialist-Revolutionaries, and other political forces opposed to Bolshevism.

C6. In 1928-1929. There was a discussion about the pace of industrialization.

What other opinions on this issue were then expressed? Name two opinions. What approach to industrialization was ultimately chosen? Give at least three facts related to the course.

Opinions may be given:

- N.I. Bukharin spoke in favor of conducting I. taking into account the capabilities of the peasantry while maintaining the proportions between industry and agriculture

— I.V. Stalin, abandoning his former position, insisted on speeding up industrialization at any cost, financing it by transferring it from the countryside to the city.

It should be said that a course for forced I. has been chosen, and the following facts related to its implementation can be named:

- in 1928, the planned figures were revised towards a sharp increase

- As a result of forced I. in the USSR, it took second place in terms of volume industrial production, dozens of large industrial enterprises were built

- the planned growth plans were not achieved, there was a tendency for them to fall

- financing of I. was mainly carried out at the expense of the village, its price was collectivization, the backlog of light industry, the decline in the standard of living of the population, the use of free labor of prisoners

- during the years of industrialization in the USSR, a command economic system was finally formed, subordinated to directive planning. Completely state-owned, systematically resorting to non-economic methods of coercion.

C6. In the late 1960s there was an actual rejection of the economic reform in 1965.

What opportunities for economic development existed at that time? Name at least two. What were the reasons for the economic difficulties of the 1970s and the first half of the 1980s? Give at least three reasons.

Possibilities can be mentioned:

- continuation of the reform, renewal of the economic mechanism, resolution of the independence of the enterprise, the use of material incentives, a combination of administrative regulation with economic

- widespread use of administrative forms of economic management, the actual preservation of the command economy

- profound reform of the country's economic system, significant adjustment of the basic structures of the command economy (directive planning, centralized pricing, etc.)

Reasons can be given:

- Refusal to actively carry out and, all the more so, to deepen the economic reforms of the mid-1960s.

- the dominance of the command economic system

Extensive economic development

— difficulties in introducing the achievements of scientific and technical progress into the economy in a command system

— disproportions in the development of individual industries

— high level of expenses for the military-industrial complex

— the gap between the growth of monetary incomes of the population and the pace of economic development

— dependence on primary industries and world oil and gas prices

C6. Specify the characteristic features of the development of capitalism in Russia in 1861-1890.

The development of capitalism in industry:

- the industrial revolution began under serfdom, ended after the abolition of serfdom (by the end of the 19th century). There was a transition to the factory, the bourgeoisie and the proletariat were formed

- the acceleration of the pace of industrial development as a result of the reforms of 1861-1874.

- a combination of manufactories with developed forms of capitalist economy (factory, banking system, advanced technology), the formation of monopolies

- development of means of communication, acceleration of commodity exchange

- the regulatory role of the state in the development of industry (loans, government orders, support for banks)

— participation of foreign capital in the Russian economy

The development of capitalism in agriculture:

- serf remnants in the countryside, peasant community

- social stratification of peasants (kulaks, farm laborers), entrepreneurship of peasants

- social contradictions, conflicts

- tougher exploitation of the masses, imperfection of labor legislation

the bourgeoisie had no political power

Output: disproportions in socio-economic development (developed economy, backward village, inequality of social groups)

C6. Name the main phenomena and processes of the socio-economic development of Russia in the 17th century.

New phenomena in the economy:

- the beginning of the spread of manufactory production (state and merchant manufactories)

- the transition of artisans to small-scale production (to the market, and not to order), the specialization of crafts in certain regions of Russia

- the emergence of all-Russian trade fairs (Arkhangelskaya, Irbitskaya, Makarievskaya)

- formation of the all-Russian market

- development of trade with the countries of Europe and the East, the policy of mercantilism

- the growth of cities, including fortress cities in the Southern Urals, Siberia, the economic development of new lands

Social development:

- changes in the social structure of society (strengthening of the nobility, its equalization in rights with the boyars, the growth of the population of cities, the emergence of the Cossacks)

- the final enslavement of the peasants by the Cathedral Code of 1649

- strengthening the tax burden

- Social performances (Salt and Copper riots, an uprising led by S. Razin) ; general definition of the 17th century - "rebellious age"

C6. In the middle of the 13th c. The Grand Duke of Vladimir Alexander Nevsky sought to maintain peaceful relations with the Horde khans, avoid conflicts and not give rise to new invasions.

Name at least two attempts by the Russian principalities and lands in the middle of the 13th century to pursue a policy different from the one described above in relation to the Horde. What reasons predetermined the choice made by Prince Alexander Nevsky? Give at least three reasons.

Attempts:

- at the beginning of the 50s. In the 13th century, the Grand Duke of Vladimir Andrei Yaroslavich, in alliance with Daniil of Galicia and the Prince of Tver, prepared a campaign against the Horde and was defeated

- in the same years, Daniil Galitsky tried to resist the Horde, but was defeated and was forced to recognize dependence on the Horde khans

In 1257, the anti-Horde uprising in Novgorod was brutally suppressed.

Causes:

- devastated and fragmented Russia did not have sufficient strength to resist the Horde

— Al. Nevsky sought to concentrate the main forces on countering the aggression of the crusaders from the West - the policy chosen by Al. Nevsky allowed the Russian lands to restore the destroyed agriculture, crafts, trade

- it allowed to avoid new devastating invasions of the Horde armies.

C6. Consider the historical situation and complete the task.

Khan Batu, after the defeat of Russian cities and lands, imposed tribute on them. The Mongols never “fought” Novgorod, but the Novgorodians paid tribute to the Golden Horde. Why did the Mongols "not fight" Novgorod? Give at least two reasons. Why did the Novgorodians have to pay tribute to the Golden Horde? Give at least three sentences.

The Mongols "did not fight" Novgorod, because:

- Batu's army suffered significant losses, was weakened by the resistance of Russia;

- wooded and swampy terrain and spring thaw created great difficulties for the Mongolian horsemen

Judgments that the Novgorodians were forced to pay tribute in favor of the Horde, because:

- The Horde sent its "numeraries" to Novgorod for the census and taxation of the Novgorodians;

- Prince Al. Nevsky believed that it was not yet possible to challenge the Horde of Russia;

- under the threat of the appearance of the Horde troops, the Novgorodians were forced to come to terms with the demands of the Horde and agree to the payment of tribute.

C6. Name the main stages and key events in the formation and development of the Old Russian state.

Stages of development of the Old Russian state:

- 9-10 centuries. - the unification of the East Slavic tribes, the formation of a single state;

- the end of the 10th-11th centuries - the heyday of the ancient Russian state (the creation of a system of power and military organization)

End 11- 1st half 12 century - beginning disintegration of the state, fragmentation, princely strife.

Key events and phenomena:

- prerequisites for the formation of the state (decomposition of the tribal community, the allocation of tribal nobility, the development of economic and trade relations, the formation of intertribal alliances, the desire to organize a rebuff to enemies)

- chronicle information about the calling of the Varangians

- Norman theory of the formation of the ancient Russian state

- the activities of the first Rurikovich, the subjugation of the East Slavic tribes, the unification of Kyiv and Novgorod.

- baptism of Russia under Vladimir Svyatoslavich, adoption of Christianity

- the reign of Yaroslav the Wise: the formation of a political system, the creation of a code of laws

- the threat of fragmentation, attempts to maintain unity; Vladimir Monomakh.

C6. in the middle of the 17th century, under the leadership of Patriarch Nikon, reforms were carried out in the Russian Orthodox Church.

What proposals for reforms, different from the position of Patriarch Nikon, were made at that time? Name two sentences. What were the consequences of Nikon's church reforms? List at least three consequences.

Offers other than Nikon's positions:

- when carrying out the unification of church rites and liturgical books, rely not on Greek, but on ancient Russian samples

Consequences:

- the reform led to the unification of church rites and liturgical books, contributed to the strengthening of the spiritual, ideological integrity of Russian Orthodoxy

- a long dispute about the supremacy of secular and spiritual power, was resolved in favor of secular power, an important step was taken towards the subordination of the church to the state

- a sharp struggle between supporters and opponents of Nikon and his reforms led to a split in the Russian Orthodox Church

- the Old Believer movement became one of the forms of social protest in the second half of the 17th - 1st half of the 18th century.

C6. In 1956 First Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU N.S. Khrushchev spoke at the 20th Party Congress with a report "On the cult of personality and its consequences", in which he condemned the Stalinist repressions as alien to the socialist system and stated that they did not affect the essence of socialism created in the USSR.

What other opinions exist on this issue? List at least two opinions. Give at least three facts related to the policy of de-Stalinization during the “thaw”.

Opinions may be given:

- the society built in the USSR in the 1930s is not socialist, it is a totalitarian society

- Stalinist repressions were a direct continuation of the policy of the Communist Party and the Soviet state, which was carried out after the October Revolution of 1917.

- Stalinist repressions were caused by a fierce class struggle, the resistance of anti-socialist principles, and built in the 1930s. society is a society of real socialism

- adoption of the resolution "On the cult of personality and its consequences" in July 1956;

- the beginning of the rehabilitation of victims of repression;

- the rehabilitation of a number of peoples who were deported in the 1930s and 1940s.

- condemnation of the personality cult of I.V. Stalin at the 22nd Congress of the CPSU (1961)

- publication literary works containing criticism of Stalinist repressions (“One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich” by A.I. Solzhenitsyn, “For Far and Far” by A.T. Tvardovsky, etc.)

- relative liberalization public life(inconsistent, combined with deviations from the policy of de-Stalinization)

C6. Review the historical situation and answer the questions.

Until the early 1920s. Soviet Russia was in international isolation. The governments of European countries and the United States were in no hurry to diplomatically recognize the Bolsheviks. And the Bolsheviks built their policy based on the idea of ​​a world communist revolution. In 1922 There were two events that started the change.

Name these events. List at least three reasons. Allowing our country to emerge from international isolation.

1. Events can be named:

- participation of Soviet Russia in the Genoa Conference;

- signing of an agreement with Germany in Rapallo.

1. Reasons can be given:

To interest foreign states in the development of economic relations with Russia;

- the end of the Civil War;

- the transition of our country to the New Economic Policy, which was perceived by many as evidence of serious changes in the country's domestic policy;

- to interest foreign political and business circles in solving the problem of royal debts and compensating for losses incurred as a result of nationalization.

C6. Review the historical situation and answer the questions.

In 1855, when Alexander II ascended the throne, the feudal economic system was in a state of crisis.

What demands on the agrarian question were put forward by representatives of social thought, different classes? How, in the provisions of the Peasant Reform of 1861. reflected the desire of Alexander 2 to reconcile the interests of different classes?

Requirements of social thought, different classes:

A) the demands of representatives of the “protective” direction (M.P. Pogodin): abolish serfdom;

B) representatives of the liberal opposition (K.D. Kavelin, B.N. Chicherin) advocated:

- the abolition of serfdom;

- obtaining land for ransom by peasants;

- preservation of landownership;

C) representatives of the radical opposition (N.G. Chernyshevsky, N.A. Dobrolyubov) demanded:

- abolish serfdom;

- transfer the land to the peasants free of charge;

D) the peasants hoped:

- get rid of serfdom;

- get land free of charge;

- increase your land holdings.

Alexander 2 tried to reconcile the interests of different classes by the fact that:

- peasants received personal freedom;

The peasants received land. But for ransom;
- a temporarily liable condition of the peasants was introduced (the free labor of the temporarily liable peasants was beneficial to the landowners);

- part of the peasant lands (cuts) passed to the landowners;

- the system of working off, largely caused by the lack of land of the peasants, provided the landowners' farms with labor.

What proposals for further actions of the government were received in the spring of 1881? Emperor Alexander 3? Name two sentences. Name the course chosen by the emperor and give three measures that implemented it.

Offers received by Alexander 3:

- continuation of the reforms of the previous reign, the creation of a legislative body for the development of bills with the involvement of elected representatives from zemstvos (loris-Melikov's project);

- strengthening of autocratic power, the inviolability of the autocratic principle of government, the rejection of the "extremes" of the reforms of the 1860s and 1870s, the tightening of police measures to combat the revolutionary movement (the position of K.P. Pobedonostsev)

It is said about the choice by Alexander of the 3rd course to strengthen the autocracy and the events are named:

— promulgation of the Manifesto on the inviolability of autocracy

Restoration of the omnipotence of censorship. Persecution of the democratic press

— limiting the autonomy of universities

- the introduction of the institution of zemstvo chiefs to control the bodies of peasant self-government

- rejection of the principle of all estates in activities in the activities of zemstvos and city dumas

- limiting the powers of zemstvos, strengthening control over them by governors

- restriction of the principles of publicity in legal proceedings, the irremovability of judges.

C6. Review the historical situation and answer the questions.

In the 15th century Russian boyars firmly held on to the right of parochialism. And the boyars said: "That is death to them, that without places to be." However, in the early 80s. 17th century Tsar Fedor Alekseevich abolished localism.

What was the reason for this measure? What was the significance of the abolition of parochialism?

The following reasons for the abolition of parochialism in the 1980s can be named. 17th century

The urgent need for reforms in Russia demanded a change in the principle of appointment to the highest government positions;

- parochial orders had a negative impact on the state and military service, the system of distribution of ranks and positions in the Russian state;

- localism hampered the king in the right to choose officials;

Localism introduced rivalry, envy, disputes among the boyars.

Provisions on the meaning of the abolition of parochialism:

- personal qualities, professional skills, zealous service to the sovereign became the main source of promotion;

- a blow was dealt to the claims of the feudal nobility to power;

- representatives of the nobility gradually became the mainstay of absolutism, won the struggle for predominance in the ruling elite of Russia.

C6. Review the historical situation and answer the questions.

Started in the late 1940s. The Cold War period was characterized by confrontation between the USSR and the USA, an increasing arms race, which led to the danger of a nuclear war.

What were the changes in international relations in the 1970s reflected in what events? Why did they become possible?

Changes in international relations:

- a period of some normalization of relations between the USSR and Western countries began, called detente of international tension;

— important treaties were concluded between the USSR and the USA (on the limitation of anti-missile defense systems in 1972, the limitation of strategic weapons in 1979);

- there was an improvement in relations between the USSR and France and the FRG;

— the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe was signed in Helsinki.

Reasons for switching to discharge:

Accumulation by opposing blocs of an approximately equal number of nuclear weapons (military-strategic parity between the USSR and the USA);

— awareness by the world community of the senselessness of building up nuclear weapons;

- the calculation of the USSR on strengthening the socialist camp and the revolutionary movement in the world in the process of detente;

- US calculation on the weakening of the military-industrial complex and the defense capability of the USSR.

C6. In 1988 General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU M.S. Gorbachev announced the deepening political reforms, the need to democratize Soviet society while maintaining the socialist choice. What other opinions on this issue were then expressed? Name two opinions. Give at least three facts related to the implementation of political reforms.

Opinions may be given:

- it is necessary to abandon the implementation of political reforms, to limit publicity, to curtail the processes of democratization, insofar as they threaten the gains of socialism;

- it is necessary to act more decisively, to carry out consistent democratic transformations, to allow a real multi-party system, to hold free alternative elections, to eliminate censorship, to recognize ideological diversity, including the right to exist for ideologies that are in opposition to the communist one.

The following facts may be mentioned:

- held in 1989 elections of people's deputies on an alternative basis;

- sharp discussions at the 1st Congress of People's Deputies

- the creation of the first political parties that opposed the omnipotence of the CPSU

- the abolition of the sixth article of the Constitution of the USSR on the CPSU as the leading and guiding force of Soviet society;

— activities of the Interregional Group of People's Deputies.

C6. At the beginning of the 19th century, M.M. Speransky. He proposed to implement the principle of separation of powers, create the State Duma and the State Council, and carry out other transformations.

What other ideas about the prospects for the development of the country were expressed during the reign of Alexander 1? Name two views. Was Speransky's program implemented? Why? Give at least three reasons.

Views can be named:

- Russia does not need transformations, it needs "not a constitution, but fifty efficient governors" and unlimited autocracy (N.M. Karamzin)

- Radical changes are needed - the adoption of the Constitution and the approval of the constitutional order, the restriction or liquidation of autocracy, the abolition of serfdom (Decembrists).

Project M.M. Speransky was not fully implemented, and the reasons can be given:

- M.M.'s plans Speransky caused sharp discontent of the court society

- he did not find support among the metropolitan bureaucracy, who feared a new system of public service

- the personal qualities of Alexander 1, who retreated under pressure from conservative sentiments, also influenced the failure of the reforms

- An important reason is the contradiction between the need for reforms and the real danger of a social explosion caused by reforms.

C6. Consider the historical situation and answer the questions.

What goals did Alexander 1 set when deciding to go on a campaign? What were the goals of the Russian soldiers, participants in the campaign? What were the consequences of the foreign campaigns of the Russian army in 1813-1814? for the international position of Russia?

Goals:

Alexandra 1:

- weaken the position of France in Europe;

— create a system of international treaties for the purpose of concerted action in solving contentious issues

- to restore legitimate monarchies in France, Spain.

Russian soldiers, participants of the campaign:

- liberate the peoples of Europe from Napoleon's dominion;

- to defeat Napoleon's army in order to prevent the possibility of new wars.

Consequences of foreign campaigns in 1813-1814. for the international position of Russia:

- Russia made a decisive contribution to the military defeat of Napoleonic France;

- Russia, among the victorious countries of Napoleon, determined the fate of the peoples of Europe after the Napoleonic wars;

- the Kingdom of Poland became part of the Russian Empire;

- Russia took part in the creation and activities of the Holy Union;

— strengthened Russia's position in the international arena