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Plasticine technology of polygonal masonry in Peru. Polygonal masonry of the ancients: fantastic walls over which time has no power Hexagonal masonry

Recipe from a professional historian-archaeologist Yu.E. Berezkina with multiple hallmarks of quality:
1. The blocks of the bottom row are adjusted to the top ones by trial and error (that's right, the bottom ones to the top ones!)
2. The natural deformation of the stone fills all the gaps.
It's all so simple and uncomplicated.
I didn’t read Berezkin’s book, I didn’t check whether this nonsense was really written in it, but the approach is recognizable: “How to feed hundreds of thousands of Tatar-multi-headed horses in winter? It’s very simple - you take it and feed it.”

Further text taken from fabiy_maxim A Soviet scientist unraveled the mystery of polygonal masonry back in 1991

o tempora, o mores

Everything as usual. Numerous fans of alternative history run around like bitten and shout at all corners about the "civilizations of the gods", the unknown technologies of the "ancient civilizations" and the construction of the pyramids by aliens. They watch films of von Deniken and Andrei Sklyarov with bated breath, discussing how some Incas, who owned only copper tools, processed giant stones and joined them together with filigree accuracy. Meanwhile, everything is extremely simple and uncomplicated.

As many history buffs know, in many ancient buildings, the so-called megalithic ones, the builders managed to fit stones to each other in such a way that even a piece of paper could not be inserted between them. Pairing is perfect. And not only that, as if mocking modern builders, ancient people managed in this way to customize not standard factory-made blocks, but stones of the strongest rocks with curvilinear surfaces, including. They built structures in this way without any cement, standing without damage in earthquake-prone regions of the planet. Well, to top it all off, this was done with a copper tool, which is much softer than the stone they process. Yes, and tossing stones weighing under a hundred tons, they also managed to easily.

Meanwhile, official science has long known the methods of building such structures. Anyone can verify this by reading the relevant literature. For example, the publication of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, the book by Yuri Evgenievich Berezkin "The Incas. The Historical Experience of the Empire", which was published back in 1991. I must say right away that the respected Yuri Evgenievich Berezkin is not some kind of laboratory assistant of the history department who knows nothing about the Incas. He is a professional historian, archaeologist, ethnographer, specialist in comparative mythology, history and archeology of ancient Western and Central Asia, as well as the history and ethnography of the Indians (especially South America). Head of the Department of America of the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Professor at the Faculty of Ethnology at the European University at St. Petersburg. Doctor of Historical Sciences.

Here is a quote from the above book:
It must be said that although the cyclopean buildings of the Incas are mentioned episodically in the "new" myths characteristic of our time (unknown highly developed technology, space aliens, etc.), these plots are especially widespread in this case have not received. All too well known are the quarries where the Incas cut the blocks, and the paths by which the stones were transported to the construction sites. Only stable the legend about as if a needle cannot be inserted between the plates - they fit so tightly. Although there are really no gaps between the blocks now , the reason here lies not in careful fitting, but only in natural deformation of the stone, which filled all the cracks over time . Inca masonry as such is quite primitive: the blocks of the lower row were adjusted to fit the upper ones, acting by trial and error.

I will allow myself to cite a number of photographs typed in Yandex under the tag "polygonal masonry" as an illustration of the opinion of a respected scientist

As they say: "May Vitzliputzli and Quetzalcoatl save us from the representatives of pseudoscience." Amen.

Some building technologies of the ancient inhabitants of the planet still cause surprise, admiration and ongoing controversy of contemporaries. One of them is polygonal masonry, which is widespread in the ancient cities of South America. Despite the fact that official history attributes these objects to Indian civilizations, a number of researchers, not without reason, doubt this.

An example of polygonal masonry, Ollantaytambo, Peru

polygonal masonry is a special type of masonry in which stone blocks they do not have regular geometric shapes, but arbitrary and at the same time are ideally joined to each other. The stones adjoin each other very tightly, and even today, hundreds and thousands of years after the construction of these walls, it is impossible to insert even a razor blade between them.

The shape of the blocks, the safety of these walls and the quality of the joints are simply amazing.

Examples of such buildings can be found in different parts of the world, but most of them are in Peru, in the ancient cities of the Incas. Despite the fact that the Andes is a territory of increased seismicity, the foundations of buildings and fortress walls, made using the technique of polygonal masonry, are perfectly preserved here. At the same time, no one particularly monitors their condition, does not protect them from atmospheric precipitation and does not carry out restoration, as is often done with respect to other outstanding architectural monuments. But their faces are still ideally adjacent to each other, and the strength of the masonry is beyond doubt. They can be seen in Ollantaytambo, Tiwanaku, Machu Picchu and, of course, Cusco.

Polygonal masonry in the historical part of Cusco is found at every step

Cusco was the capital of the mighty Inca empire, but even today there is a city in its place, which is very popular among tourists. Cusco is very peculiar, largely due to the numerous architectural monuments that have been preserved here since the time of the Incas. In that ancient city and in its vicinity there are many structures built using polygonal masonry, they are literally everywhere. In addition, in Cusco there are quite modern buildings that are built on ancient foundations, and it looks just amazing.

One of the streets in Cusco

According to the official version, the ancient Indians cut down multi-ton stone blocks in the rocks, and then transported them to the construction site. The blocks were of different sizes and arbitrary shapes, and already in place they were adjusted to each other so that there were tight joints between them. Well, over time, the ancient builders learned how to cut stone blocks of the correct geometric shape, and the labor-intensive technology of polygonal masonry gradually lost its popularity.

Ollantaytambo, Peru

But this version has quite a few critics. Skeptics point out that next to high-quality polygonal masonry, one can often find coarser and less accurate masonry, which, in their opinion, was just built by the Incas. The Indians simply took advantage of the quality foundation that was made by the previous civilization. There are a lot of examples of such buildings, and there are even those where signs of at least three different building techniques are clearly visible.

Such buildings can be seen in the city of Cusco
The difference in wall laying technique is visible to the naked eye

Other researchers believe that it was possible to obtain such an unusual masonry using mortars, by analogy with concrete technology. That is, the ancient builders built these stones of arbitrary shape right on the spot, pouring the next rows of blocks as the walls were built.

Some researchers went even further and suggested that such structures could have been built during the existence of an ancient civilization unknown to science, which possessed unique technologies. Despite all efforts, no other traces of this outstanding civilization could be found, and the walls with polygonal masonry are in no hurry to part with their secrets.

As other examples of polygonal masonry, examples of buildings from the times of Ancient Greece or the Middle Ages are often cited, but many of them are inferior in quality and craftsmanship to Peruvian masterpieces, which indicates a fundamentally different origin of these technologies.

Delphi, an ancient Greek building. The polygonal masonry performed by the ancient Greeks is very different in quality from the buildings in the Andes, and grass has long been growing between the joints.

But the buildings with polygonal masonry, located on the mysterious Easter Island, are quite comparable with the fortresses and temples of the ancient inhabitants of Peru and Bolivia.

Example of polygonal masonry, Easter Island

Be that as it may, interest in these structures is only increasing, and the number of versions of their origin is multiplying with each new expedition. The official version of historians is clearly not enough to explain such a strange building style, so more and more incredible hypotheses continue to appear - from alien intelligence and giant people to civilizations of gods that possessed laser cutting technologies. Perhaps modern devices or latest methods analysis, which will finally give an answer to the question of how the ancient builders managed to build such high-quality walls from multi-ton blocks of absolutely incredible shape.

o tempora, o mores

Here is a quote from the above book:
It must be said that although the cyclopean buildings of the Incas are mentioned episodically in the "new" myths characteristic of our time (unknown highly developed technology, space aliens, etc.), these plots in this case did not receive much distribution. All too well known are the quarries where the Incas cut the blocks, and the paths by which the stones were transported to the construction sites. Only stable the legend about as if a needle cannot be inserted between the plates - they fit so tightly. Although there are really no gaps between the blocks now , the reason here lies not in careful fitting, but only in natural deformation of the stone, which filled all the cracks over time . Inca masonry as such is quite primitive: the blocks of the lower row were adjusted to fit the upper ones, acting by trial and error.

I will allow myself to cite a number of photographs typed in Yandex under the tag "polygonal masonry" as an illustration of the opinion of a respected scientist

As they say: "May Vitzliputzli and Quetzalcoatl save us from the representatives of pseudoscience." Amen.

The material describes a simple technology of strong and tight articulation of huge stone blocks in the construction of various structures (walls, pyramids, connections of megaliths in foundations, etc.), used thousands of years ago by ancient builders all over the world (South America, Asia, Africa, Europe) .

For hundreds, maybe thousands of years, the mystery of dense polygonal (polygonal stones) masonry has tormented the minds of many generations of researchers and scientists. - Well, tell me, how can boulders be laid so that there is no gap between them?

Before the creations of the ancient builders, modern scientific thought was powerless. In order to somehow maintain authority in the eyes of the public, in the publication "Science" of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1991, a book by Professor and Doctor of Historical Sciences from St. Petersburg Yu. Berezkin "Incas. The Historical Experience of the Empire. Here is what Russian science writes: “I must say that although the cyclopean buildings of the Incas are mentioned episodically in the “new” myths characteristic of our time (unknown highly developed technology, space aliens, etc.), in this case the plots did not receive special distribution. All too well known are the quarries where the Incas cut the blocks and the paths along which the stones were transported to the sites. Only the legend that a needle cannot be inserted between the plates is stable - they fit so tightly. Although there are really no gaps between the blocks now, the reason here lies not in careful fitting, but simply in the natural deformation of the stone, which filled all the cracks over time. Inca masonry as such is quite primitive: the blocks of the lower row were adjusted to fit the upper ones, acting by trial and error.

If this long book "scientific" text of the Academy of Sciences is compressed to the "dry residue", then the "scientific thought" will be as follows: "the stone blocks themselves were so compressed over time." Well, how can one not recall the words of an ancient Chinese sage in the 6th century BC. Lao Tzu: “Smart people are not learned; scientists are not smart."

If modern scientific thought is so insignificant, then the ancient masters who manually made stone axes and flint tips for spears and arrows made fire with a stick - so they were real academics. Ancient people having nothing but own hands and mind, they learned to process stones very well.

Before telling how it all happened, it should be noted that the life of our ancestors was much more difficult. In those days, there was not yet much knowledge accumulated. People strained their minds more than they relied on memory. In everyday affairs, they used the available simple materials. And modern, not rare: "Pseudo-scientific nonsense of scientists in a mantle and cap", - XVII century, Molière- could not overshadow the natural mind and ingenuity of people. But, enough jokes about modern "scientists" ...

Yet, how did people in ancient times achieve such perfection?

Let's remember ourselves in childhood.

Have you ever rolled large round lumps of wet snow, built a fortress out of them, or at least a snowman? What did you do about it? - You put the biggest clods down, and put smaller ones on them, which were easier to lift. And so that the upper ones do not fall, you rub them a little against each other, moving back and forth.

Another example, take and make two dense snowballs that children play by throwing at each other - and rub them together. You will get a connection between the lumps without a gap. The same simple technology was used by ancient people when they worked with stones.

If you take two stones in your hands and try to grind them like snowballs, then, of course, you will not succeed. Because the stone is much stronger than the applied effort from your hands. But, if pressure of several tons (!) is applied to the stones, then the process of cutting and grinding will go faster. The material of the stone blocks of the Incas is fine-crystalline limestone. (One cubic meter of stone weighs 2.5 - 2.9 tons).

Now let's take a closer look at the pictures of ancient stone buildings, notice their external features and think about how all this was done ...

So, the first large block of stone is placed down, to which, successively, stone by stone, all other blocks were hewn in turn from bottom to top.

The stones were selected so that they fit a little (so as not to cut off a lot). The work of laying the stones had to be divided into three sequences.

The first is to prepare the stone for the chopping.

To do this, small solid stones-hammers (the size of a large apple) manually tapped a stone block from two opposite sides. It was the hardest work. With each blow, only a small piece broke off from the block. Should have done protrusions on the side edges, for which (as for mounting loops) it would be possible to hook a stone block (rope, and preferably leather braided thick ropes) and hang either on one or two wooden consoles. To do this, it was necessary to make large "panels" above the wall under construction. wooden swing". Which, according to the time of construction, moved along the wall (as today a tower crane moves along the wall of a house under construction).

The second phase consisted in the most important thing - the process of cutting the stone. The phrase “stone cutters” has survived to this day (and this profession still remains in some places).

A block of stone, fixed and suspended from the mounting ledges,

swinging on the consoles - "swing", slowly lowered.

Time after time with each pass, a layer was removed by a millimeter (or less) from the rubbing (lower and upper contact) blocks. All the protruding faces of the mating stones were grinded in turn.

Thus, the density of masonry stone blocks was achieved. Neighboring blocks became lapped and almost "monolithic". It took several hours or even days to cut one stone on a swing.

In order for the process of tessa to go faster, stone weight plates (“weights”) could also be placed on top of the rocking stone. This load at the same time pulled out the elastic leather slings, and slightly lowered the rocking stone down. So that the lower stone would not “fidget” during the cut, it was propped up with spacer logs. When the block fitted with a hemp sat in its “nest”, then the third operation began - the finishing of the block.

The third phase consisted of a rough polishing of the exterior.

The procedure is quite laborious. Again, manually, with stones round like a ball, they removed the mounting ledges on which the block hung, and, tapping on the seams between the connection of the stones, they made a “groove” along the joints. After that, the stones acquired a convex beautiful shape. It can be seen that the strict outer surface of the stones is dotted with small potholes from many blows.

Sometimes the mounting tabs for the slings were not cut down. It is possible that these stones (wall) could be lifted and shifted to another place. Or cut down, but not all completely. For example, in the pictures of polygonal masonry, it can be seen that on other blocks, the mounting ledges were not completely cut down.

From the remains of the ledges, one can understand how the stone was hung.

Also, with flat stone slabs, they could, swinging them on a “swing”, hew the outer side of the wall, giving it the desired slope, while significantly reducing the amount of manual labor of processors.

Huge blocks that were placed in the lower rows at the base of the walls, of course, no one was swinging on the "swing".

The faces of these huge megaliths were polished individually with narrow, flat stone slabs. Some of them, at the end of the tesa process, put each other on top of each other (see picture) - three, four flat slabs stand on top of each other between huge blocks. After grinding, the entire structure of hewn blocks and slabs was shifted together.

Similarly, large stone blocks suspended on "swings" were hewn and polished by huge megalith foundations in South America, Egypt, Greece, Baalbek, the Mediterranean countries and Asia.

- "The new is the well-forgotten old." (Jacques Pesche, 1758-1830).

By the contour (radius) of processing, for example, by the depth of the arc of the articulation of stone blocks, it is possible to determine the length of the mounting slings on which the stone swayed during the cut.

If the articulation of the blocks is horizontal (when large megaliths were hewn at the base), it means that the slings of the plates for the hex were assembled not on one “hook” (at one point), but on two different consoles. So that a heavy stone beam for a tesa does not work like a pendulum, but more like a big “planer”.

On a swing (a pendulum with a load) they could also lift strong, special cutting configuration stones “cutters” - to give the hewn blocks any desired shape (in the vertical, and with lateral protrusions and in the horizontal plane).

The mystery of the dense masonry that disturbed long years minds of modern researchers, I believe, is open. But the skill of the ancient builders, who built majestic structures with their mind and hands, will remain an object of admiration for all time.

Garmatyuk Volodymyr

Polygonal masonry in Egypt. Presumably by the ancient Egyptians. And this is older than the Incas.

Japan

Russia. Kronstadt.

Admire? Such a laying is widespread practically
all over the globe - Mexico, Turkey, the Caucasus ... This is me still Roman
aqueducts are not included here as an example.

Let's now look at the definition of what is polygonal masonry.

The general definition of polygonal masonry sounds like

Polygonal masonry - masonry of the building wall, made of polygonal stones hewn to each other.

Here we can add that "completed often without a binder solution", if we are talking about the affairs of bygone days.

Polygonal
mortar masonry is recognized as one of the subspecies of rubble masonry, namely
dry masonry (if done without cement mortar).

Dry
masonry - a method of construction in which buildings or their elements
constructed of stone without the use of a binding solution.
The stability of dry masonry is ensured by the presence of a load-bearing facade made of
interlocking stones carefully matched to each other. This is the most
archaic of masonry methods. Usually used for building
walls, but entire buildings and bridges built by such
method.

Here is an example of entire buildings built in just the above way.

(Thanks to Vzor for the provided picture and description.)

ancient
builders have calculated the best methods for laying stone without mortar and
supports, from the base to the final pom-pom stone at the top
sharp round roof. Buildings have been standing for several centuries, destruction
do not lend themselves to time. This is France, by the way.

In
of all these buildings, people are surprised how filigree precision of fit
stones, and their sizes, especially if we talk about the buildings of the Ancient
Egypt and the Inca Empire. And, as a consequence, the very possibility of extraction
and the processing of huge boulders and the construction of structures from them.

What versions are given to us by various sources? Let's look at them, summarizing a little similar options.

1) Made by hand

Mining,
processing, delivery and construction were carried out manually by people
(respectively, the Incas, ancient Egyptians, Romans, etc.) with
using the tools, technologies and devices that existed then.

This
the method is criticized by all and sundry. The main criticism is based on
that it is impossible to manually mine such blocks or process them so
exactly, neither transport nor build a structure out of them. Do it all
manually is simply impossible, especially with the then existing
technologies.

2) Made by reptilians, intelligent mushrooms, etc.

How
no matter how strange it looks, but if we take into account the criticism of point number 1, then
the only option left is - Extraction, processing, delivery and
construction was carried out by aliens from other worlds, because on earth could not
then there are technologies with which it would be possible to
do. So the aliens did it with turbo plasma cutters,
anti-gravity engines, geoconcrete, etc. alien technology,
which are beyond our understanding. This theory justifies
the presence of strange drawings of aircraft, humanoids in spacesuits
etc., which are found from time to time among various peoples. Also
this version fits smoothly on those traces in the quarries, on the stones that
seem strange.

3) Made by Atlantis

If not
believe in aliens, and realize the impossibility of such operations
manually, according to our knowledge of the ancients, then there remains only one
alternative - our ancestors knew how much more than we do about them
presenting. Accordingly, all this was done by the Atlanteans (someone
says that they were giants, someone hushed up the question of their size),
which possessed disproportionately greater capabilities than even ours
civilization now. (Or not Atlantes, but simply ancestors developed
better than us.) They did it with the help of ultra-/infra-sound,
stone softeners, magnetic fields and magma solidifying in them,
geoplasticine and some technologies that deprived objects of weight.
This version can be superimposed on finds of giant skeletons, legends
about the Atlanteans, etc. This theory also fits well into traces on
quarries, and on worked stones that seem strange.

4) Gift of the gods

When
you do not believe in the possibilities of the ancients, nor in intelligent mushrooms from Alpha
Centauri or Atlantis, then only faith in the Divine remains
intervention. Divine technologies are divine for that, what to understand
we are unable to do so. Therefore, these technologies can explain everything. Even
construction of the Alexander Column. (He is a god. Raised, changed
memory of people and added documents so that everything fits in the accounting department.)

I propose
postpone the divine version. No, not to postpone for later, but completely. She
is simply not interesting for consideration, tk. it can explain anything
without making any effort. Boring.

Other versions that are not
would fit into the above, were not found by me. If somebody
offer something, I'll be happy to consider and study.

That's why
I propose now to proceed to the consideration of these remaining three versions
in details. Let's start immediately with the second and third - i.e. work was
reptilians or Atlanteans. In my opinion they are almost identical. Who
asked: "Why?" Because in one, in another we will
look at technologies that are not available even to our civilization in
the majority. And they are fundamentally similar to each other. well no
fundamentally for me the difference between geoconcrete and geoplasticine, although
technologies are incomparable.

Let's go step by step.

1) Stone mining and processing.

I combined both processes here, since the answer to one question will give an answer to the other.

Manually, as adherents of the version of mushrooms and Atlanteans say, it is impossible to extract such blocks of stone, as presented below.

Do you see these little people? They are not capable of such work.

Let's take a closer look
to the walls of this obelisk. The weight of the finished obelisk should be about
1200 tons, made in granite. By the way, do not pay attention to the cracks in
the obelisk itself. It split during the manufacturing process, because only the gods
omnipotent. So, we see neat (well, almost neat) furrows on
side surface. We would see the same furrows on the wall
the main mass from which this piece of stone was mined. These furrows
are traces left by the mechanisms with which they carved
in granite trenches.

What kind of mechanisms / technologies could do this?

Option
the first is a kind of tricky bucket. Well, it looks like traces of an excavator
bucket. Unfortunately, this option can be dismissed, because. there are walls
quarries, where the traces form steps or are clearly not vertical (in
in some cases, the slope reaches 30 degrees Celsius).

And in some cases, the traces are more like a dig.

In addition, you obviously cannot dig such a passage with a bucket (even if this passage is in sandstone, and not granite).

And in general, the mechanism should be simply incredible
strength to cut granite as well as we now sand. Besides,
there should have been traces of granite "squeezed out" upward along the edges
holes.

Well, let's add another version. Is it plasma/laser (or
a different kind) a cutter that affects the rock with fire, sound,
gravitational waves, thought force, etc. The version is good.
The cutter can be reached anywhere and any way. Although it remains
incomprehensible, why make a passage at an angle to the vertical, if possible
to make a straight vertical cut in a human way. And why sometimes make a cut
"holes", and sometimes leave a conditionally smooth wall. Well, like in a tunnel
above. Different cutters? Why then use different cutters on one
object? Look, here the walls are smooth, and "hollow-shaped" go to the bottom.

Why then not do everything at once with a "smooth" cutter - after all, there would be less work on leveling later?

Previous
the pictures were from the territory of Egypt, but the Incas can find similar
methods. In the image below, on the left side, a stone from Kachikata, and from
right stone in Aswan.

Isn't it similar traces? So a similar
technology. True bad luck - the construction of structures among the Incas
refers to approximately the 11th-16th centuries AD, in contrast to the Ancient
Egypt. Therefore, either the buildings were built at about the same time (and then
dating of structures has a clear error of millennia !!!), or
reptilians or Atlanteans existed on earth for quite a long time
time interval. I wouldn't bet on a mistake in the dates. IN
principle, during the specified period of our era, no similar work in Egypt
no longer conducted, at least there is no information about this for sure. And people
already lived there. At what conditionally the same that live now. Means
they would have left written evidence of the presence of reptilians / Atlanteans
exactly at that time. Rather, we can conclude that the Atlanteans are gone
from Ancient Egypt, and after some time settled in the territory
Peru, and then left from there. Good version? Nothing worse than others.

However,
the presence of the same "holes" in both Egypt and Peru does not answer the same
to the question of the difference in stone mining technologies during one period and in
the same place, i.e. simultaneously. (I'm talking about "hole-like"
cuts and straight cuts of the rock.) Looks awkward.

Let's take another look at one of the photos already cited.

I circled another type of footprint. It feels like
someone mined the stone using another method - obvious traces are visible
something rectangular in shape, stuck into a stone. Type option
forklift does not pass, because traces within one line
differ in level. The traces themselves are exactly in those places where
mining was carried out by the methods mentioned above. Well, it turns out
reptilians / Atlanteans used as many as 3 technologies in the place where they could
would use one.

Very strange...

And there are more traces
cut-like. Thus, a version of saws with a diamond
working surface or with other abrasive. (Sorry, I couldn't find a photo.
appropriate). However, the use of a saw does not then explain the presence
"holes" and other traces in the extraction of stone. And even more strange to see
also saws when there are cutters. However, cuts are found on separate
stones, so just discard the saw option in any performance
it is forbidden.

Another option is milling machines. This
version explains both the "ladder", and smooth walls, and "hole-shaped"
walls, and cuts, and even a tunnel. But does not explain why on one
The object uses one option, then another. Well, the presence of traces
"Forklift" is also confusing. It would be redundant in this case.
But this version is perfectly complemented by the presence of such products
ancient:

Another option is acoustic waves. Explains
a lot, but not traces of a "loader" and the presence of different surfaces on one
object. Yes, and the accuracy of tuning such waves to the penetration depth
alarming - although the capabilities of these technologies are unknown.

What
concerns exclusively stone processing, polishing can
carried out in really different ways, available now.
Stone carving can also be done with current technology. Round
holes found on ancient Egyptian stones are also quite
explained by current technology. Although there are doubts that
modern methods could leave such traces in the holes:

Perhaps there are enough options for now. Each of them has its pros and cons.

Of the pluses, one main one can be distinguished - with the help of such technologies it is possible to extract a stone and, moreover, process it.

Of the minuses of the versions:

Uncertainty about exactly what technologies were used (individual experts criticize each other so that feathers fly),

-
the use of several technologies (or directly
execution) simultaneously in cases where it would be sufficient and
one.

Let's move on to the next stages.

2) Delivery and construction.

merged
and these points too. After all, it is obvious that if there is a technique / technology
lifting a massive load to a height, that is, there is an opportunity to transport
this cargo from one place to another.

Basically, currently
there is a technique that allows you to lift a load weighing about 2000 tons on
several meters high. Made to order. But this technique is not
able to carry cargo.

Basically, there are currently
equipment capable of transporting such a load, but it requires enough
flat surface. And such a flat surface from quarries to places
construction in the general majority of cases is not observed.

Here you can make a small digression.

On the
the territory of ancient Greece almost always used the stone
which was in close proximity. For them it was easy, because.
Greece is almost 80% mountainous.

On the territory of Ancient Rome it was different. Granite, for example, was also imported from Ancient Egypt, including large blocks.

At
The Incas clearly used their local stone (they have the whole area
mountainous), but it was usually necessary to lift it up the slopes.

IN ancient egypt also used their stone, but often delivered it from afar.

IN
in general, we can say that the delivery of blocks or their blanks was
definitely necessary. Considering that the weight of individual products reached
1000 tons and above, then this would be a significant problem in our time.

If
talk about how intelligent mushrooms or Atlanteans could deliver
stone blocks and products, then this could be done using various
vehicles or through "weight loss" technologies. On that
account of special disputes is not observed, since few people are interested
develop ideas for transportation.

Concerning
directly construction, then huge blocks are presented
exclusively in the form of foundations of buildings / walls, i.e. this is the first and second row
stones. The higher the building, the smaller the stones
were used. Does this mean the limitations of technology or it was
original idea? The answer to this question within the framework of the
two versions (meaning the version of the one who was the builder) we are unlikely
someday we'll get it.

If the builders could carry out
transportation of giant blocks, which means they could lift these blocks
due to almost the same technologies, especially if we are talking about "depriving
weight" technique.

However, in the construction technology itself there are several versions that you can focus on.

molten stone(magma), the shape of which is set using magnetic or other fields. For
obtaining raw materials does not require much effort, tk. can be used
even the smallest stones (or natural magma in general). So
Thus, the problem of extraction and transportation of stone disappears. But it's not clear
how they forced the stone to harden in such bizarre forms, and for what,
if you can get by with more "correct" samples. And this approach is not
completely explains the traces of stone processing, although they could already process
additionally after production.

"geoconcrete"is a certain
concrete obtained from stone (the same granite), which, when solidified, gives
complete identity of natural stone. Those. geoconcrete is poured into some
forms in which it freezes in the required configuration, and then
the resulting block is installed on the wall.

This approach is practically
completely removes the problem of mining, processing and transporting blocks,
because even stone dust can serve as a source. However, there remain
questions.

Why are blocks made heterogeneous in shape and size? This
after all, it is illogical and uneconomical to make a separate form for each
stone. And why did individual stones turn out so clumsy?

"Geoplastilin" is a kind of specific plasticine, which
when frozen, it turns into a natural stone. Those. sculpted from
geoplasticine blocks and installed on top of each other. Plasticine under
filled with its own weight the joint with a neighboring stone, giving such a dense
styling. Actually, geoplasticine removes the problem of individual
preparing a form for each block (which geoconcrete has). But this
version does not explain why the plasticine did not float to the bottom of the block when
solidification. To circumvent the problem of slumping, versions are expressed about
local cancellation of the gravitational force on a specific block, which allows
solidify the block without experiencing gravity. But then it is not clear how
plasticine could fill the joint with a neighboring stone.

Like technology
geoconcrete, and geoplasticine technology does not explain the main stage
works - namely, the presence of quarries for the extraction of stone. Why mine
huge blocks, if you can get by with crushed stone, processed later in
concrete/clay?

There is another more logical scheme. She
involves the installation of stone blocks without fitting, after which they
put into some form. The entire wall/building is then stripped of weight and
Some technology causes the stone to expand. Through expansion
the stone fills the gaps and acquires a characteristic swelling, which is stopped
form. After the end of exposure to the expander, gravity is returned
and the stone wall becomes something like this:

This technology still requires both mining and
transportation and some stone processing. And any costs like
very "clumsy" blocks and inaccurate fit, can be explained
the fact that the technology in these areas did not have time to apply.

And here
such lava flows are explained by a break in the field that limits the magma, or
destruction in the form in which the "expanding" stone is placed.

Here I have listed
only some of the possible technologies that could be used
Reptilians or Atlanteans. All possible versions cannot be viewed,
because almost every expert is ready to express his vision of the problem, and
then give out several options for each action, respectively, and
the number of versions tends to increase over time. Besides, in
for the most part, each subsequent version is usually some
similarity to those already mentioned, with some variations (for example,
using nanofilaments instead of a saw).

At the moment, none of
listed technologies of possible builders has not received approval,
as unambiguously true and final.