Breeding of new varieties of grapes by Michurin methods. New grape varieties Sowing seeds and obtaining seedlings

The cultivation of grapes has more than one thousand years. His taste and beneficial features appreciated by residents ancient egypt. Over the centuries, a lot of information has been accumulated about the gene pool of varieties, their biomorphological and economic and technical properties. Ampelography is engaged in the collection and processing of this information.

The data obtained is needed for reproduction and selection. Every year there are new species with improved properties. Thanks to this, the crop is now grown not only in warm regions, but also in areas with a variable climate. For example, in Siberia.

Distinctive features of new varieties

New varieties of grapes and hybrids differ from the mother ones in many positive qualities:

ultra-high resistance to frost - time and physical costs are reduced during cultivation;

high yield - a combination of abundant fruiting and good taste characteristics;

immunity to fungal and viral diseases - no additional treatments chemicals makes berries environmentally friendly;

early ripeness - increases the harvesting period, a clear plus for both the consumer and workers in industrial cultivation;

bisexual flowers - make cultivation simple.

When breeding new varieties, special attention is paid to the climatic zone where grapes will be cultivated.

How do you get new species?

New varieties are obtained in several ways:

Vegetative hybridization is a method of obtaining plants known since ancient times. This is sexual reproduction by grafting a kidney. Affects the timing of maturation and a number of morphological features.

Artificial hybridization - sexual and asexual crossing. It is based on the combination of genes from different cells in one.

Sowing seeds of natural pollination is a method known from the 3rd century BC. BC e.

All methods of obtaining new species are aimed at creating varieties with the best commodity and taste characteristics.

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Brief description of new varieties

The varieties described below are new. They are characterized by high yield, transportability and long terms storage.

Seedless hybrid VI-4- table variety. The bushes are strong and grow well. The growing season does not exceed 140 days. White long berries form large conical clusters. The variety tolerates long hauls well. Moderately resistant to fungus, decay and sub-zero temperatures.

Veles Kishmish- a hybrid with a nutmeg flavor. Berries are juicy and sweet. The mass of the bunch is up to 1500 g. The color is light pink. Some fruits contain seeds. Grapes can withstand light frosts well. Has good immunity.

Lowland 2- table grapes, ripening in bunches up to two kilograms. The berries are large, light purple. With a pleasant taste and smell. Sugar content up to 19%. Feature of a grade - early coloring of fruits and berry taste with easy sourness. The crop is characterized by an excellent presentation, the ability to endure long transportation. The bush endures frost and is not afraid of many diseases.

Premier Kishmish- a variety bred by amateur breeders. Differs in the large size of yellowish-pink berries. Bunch weight 750 g. Harvest ripens 120 days after bud opening. Hangs on a bush for a long time without spoiling. Disease resistance is average.

Sprinter- grapes obtained by amateur selection. Ripens extremely early. But 105-110 days after bud break. The berries are red, large, round. The weight of the bunch is 500-600 g. The pulp is dense and juicy. The variety is resistant to frost and mildew.

Every day, breeders are working to create an “ideal” variety that would be able to produce a plentiful and tasty crop of universal purpose at minimal cost when grown.

Video "New and hybrid grape varieties"

For the conditions of the south and south-east of Ukraine and the south of Russia, as experience has shown, it is necessary to create new varieties of grapes. They must have high frost and mildew resistance, combined with good fruit quality, large size of berries and clusters, and external attractiveness.
Until recently, vineyard breeders used the best European varieties as "parents" to obtain resistant varieties, crossing them with Amur wild or American grapes and their hybrids.
Thus, N.I. Guzun (1976) used crossbreeding of grape varieties carrying complexes of resistance genes with the best European varieties. They have been allocated a number of forms in terms of quality at the level of released varieties and suitable for non-covering and self-rooted crops in the conditions of Moldova.
On a large scale, complex hybrids of the French breeder Save Villar were used by Moldovan scientists D.D. Verderevsky and K.A. Votovich and others. From crossing these hybrids with European varieties, a number of new varieties with high group resistance and good fruit quality (Lyana, Suruchensky white, Nistru, Kriulyansky, Norok, etc.) were bred.
Breeders of the All-Russian Research Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking. ME AND. Potapenko used European varieties and wild Amur grapes in breeding work. From such crossings, frost-resistant varieties were obtained, which, moreover, have increased resistance to mildew: Violet early, Shasla northern, Northern saperavi, Vydvizhenets, Vostorg, etc. (I.A. Kostrikin, 1985) S.A. Pogosyan (1972 d.) when breeding for frost resistance, it also uses European varieties that are relatively more resistant to critical temperatures.
Poghosyan came to the conclusion that when breeding frost-resistant grape varieties for hybridization, it is necessary to attract high-quality European varieties that have a relatively high frost resistance and high fruitfulness of replacement buds.
Similar varieties have been bred in the conditions of Armenia and Ukraine. These include Adisi, Sev Lernatu, and among the Western European and Black Sea groups - Riesling, Cabernet Sauvignon, Saperavi.
On the basis of experimental data, Pogosyan believes that with the correct selection of European varieties-producers, through intervarietal hybridization in the south, it is possible to develop high-quality varieties that can withstand frosts in the range of -27 ... -30 "C.
R.P. came to the same conclusion. Hakobyan (1969). He noted that when crossing such relatively frost-resistant varieties of the Western European group as Cabernet and Riesling with varieties of the eastern ecological and geographical group Adisi and Sev Lernatu, individual seedlings, along with high quality fruit, in terms of frost resistance, they surpass parental species by about 4-5 "C.
Important for breeding work is the study of the behavior of the original parental pairs in local conditions.
Of the 110 uncovered varieties and breeding forms of grapes studied in the Donbass, very high winter hardiness was noted only in 7 varieties: Alpha Black, Suputinsky White, Taiga Emerald, Elvira, Arktika, Buitur and Amur grapes.
In them, the death of the central kidneys does not exceed 20-46%. These varieties tolerate frosts well - 31 "C even after thaws, which indicates their high resistance.
High winter hardiness and the ability to develop fruit-bearing shoots from replacement buds have been established in the varieties Russian Concord, Pineapple, Solovyova early, Chugai-23.
Increased winter hardiness in comparison with European varieties is also possessed by varieties - Violet early, Shasla northern, Saperavi northern, Iyulsky, Decorative. They are of great interest not only for industrial distribution, but also in breeding work.
Having crossed the frost-resistant large-fruited variety Pineapple with the Euro-Amur Decorative, we have identified two promising forms of grapes for further selection. These are #7-28 and #7-61; they winter well in the conditions of Donbass, have large clusters. But the quality of the berries needs to be improved by crossing with resistant nutmeg varieties of the Jubilee-70 type, bred by the Moldavian Research Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking "Vierul".
The experience of the senior researcher of the Donetsk experimental station of viticulture V.T. Galushenko shows that the use of these forms as parental pairs made it possible to create stable table varieties with good fruit quality.
Crossing, carried out at the Ukrainian Research Institute of Winemaking and Viticulture. Tairov, two hybrids with resistance genes of Euro-Amur and Euro-American origin (Muscat blue early x Pieril) made it possible to create a rather frost- and mildew-resistant Muscat variety of technical direction - Muscat Odessa.
Thus, in order to create stable table grape varieties suitable for non-covering crops in the conditions of Donbass, it is necessary to cross not with European varieties, but between the best Euro-American and Euro-Amur hybrids.
For this purpose, we consider the following varieties to be promising: Vostorg, Northern Shasla, Early Purple, Northern Saperavi, Bruskam, Vydvizhenets, Burmunk, Nerkarat, Zovuni, Karmreni, Dimatskun, Mertsvan, Ushakert, Qakhtsreni, Armavir, Lusakert, Nalbadyani, Zeytun, Ashtaraki, Nushayut, Aknalig, seedling No. 1647/2, Gorizda No. 19 and No. 117. It is desirable to cross them with varieties of European-American origin: Anniversary-70, Memory of Verderevsky, Memory of Negrul, Anniversary of the Crane, Lyana, Nistru, Kriulyansky, Suruchensky white, Lanka , Original, Save Villar 20-365, Anitscan Muscat, Kodryanka, Frumoas Albe, Kontemirovsky, Strashensky, Zhemchug Zala.
However, some varieties of European origin can also be involved in hybridization. These are such as Abundant, Lobular, Derbent Muscat, Paytel Muscat, Amber Muscat, Korna Neagre.
High-frost-resistant grapes Amursky, Buitur, Arktik, Russian concord, Pineapple, Suputinsky white, etc. can also be crossed with stable high-quality varieties.
Wine growers of Donbass need varieties with a short growing season and early, as well as ultra-early ripening.
Therefore, the selection of parental pairs must be carried out so that both "parents" have these features, or at least one of them.

Breeding of new varieties of grapes. The current stage in the development of viticulture is characterized by specific features. Industrial viticulture is concentrated in ecological regions with the most favorable natural conditions, mainly in specialized farms. Vineyards are laid in large arrays, so the planted varieties must be adapted to the mechanization of labor-intensive processes: pruning, caring for bushes, tillage, harvesting.

Whereas in the past breeders have devoted all their skill and experience to improving appearance clusters and the taste of berries, now the selection has come to the fore with the task of increasing the resistance of grapes to frost, pests, and diseases while increasing productivity. There is also an obvious need for selection for a certain chemical composition, achievement in the berries of the optimal amount of organic acids, sugars, amino acids, vitamins, aromatic compounds and other biologically active substances.

International congresses on viticulture and symposiums devoted to the issues of genetics and selection of grapes have shown that the main method for improving its genetic properties at the present stage is combination breeding based on sexual hybridization and obtaining offspring with an updated combination of valuable traits and strengthening of some of them due to heterosis or transgression. .

The decisive point in the application of hybridization is the choice of starting material for selection. It depends on the set selection task and the availability of species and varietal resources. When breeding grape varieties resistant to frost, pests and diseases, intervarietal, distant, repeated and complex hybridization is used with the use of high-quality varieties of the Euro-Asian grape V. vinifera as the source material, including those with a slightly increased endurance against frost damage, damage gray rot, phylloxera, as well as representatives of the species - Amur V. amurensis, American - V. Labrusca, V. riparia, V. rupestris and others, characterized by complex resistance to adverse environmental factors.

Many years of practical work on breeding new varieties, carried out in the conditions of Odessa, Crimean, Donetsk, Kherson and Kiev regions of Ukraine, allowed researchers to clarify certain methodological provisions in grape breeding to increase immunity against phylloxera, fungal diseases, as well as winter hardiness.

It is necessary to take into account the polymorphism of Amur grapes. It is far from indifferent which forms of V. amurensis are taken for selection, since some give offspring that are more resistant to frost and mildew, while others are less resistant. Seedlings also differ in the degree of adaptation to arid and soil conditions in the south of Ukraine. Many forms are not viable and show depressive growth, low combination ability when crossed with different varieties.

Repeated hybridization of European-Amur and European-American varieties with European ones leads to a sharp decrease in resistance to frost, mildew, and phylloxera. Only single individuals are sufficiently cold-resistant in the conditions of the south of the Odessa region, but they are poorly winter-hardy in the middle and northern parts of the viticultural zone of Ukraine. In areas with more severe climatic factors, the most promising selection for resistance is through the use of complex hybridization of resistant forms with each other.

When breeding hardy varieties against the impact of one or another negative factor, one should take into account not only the polygenic nature of the resistance property, but also the role of cytoplasmic heredity. For a more complete inheritance of resistance, it is better to take the most hardy forms as maternal parents.

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Hybridization consists in crossing two different varieties belonging to the same species (intraspecific), or plants of two various kinds(interspecies). Hybridization is one of the most reliable methods for creating new grape varieties, especially in combination with additional cultivation of the resulting young hybrids.
Experiments with the vine have shown that seedlings obtained as a result of forced self-pollination, in most cases, even under good growing conditions, are much weaker than seedlings obtained from pollination with foreign pollen.

Hybridization technique

When carrying out hybridization, it is necessary to pay great attention to the timely castration (6-7 days before flowering) of species or varieties of grapes with bisexual flowers, as well as to their pollination.

Rice. 157. Parchment bags.

Varieties with functionally female flowers are not castrated; they are pre-isolated in parchment bags. 1 When carrying out hybridization, parchment paper bags are needed to isolate the inflorescences (Fig. 157) and metal tweezers to remove stamens (castration).
When hybridizing, well-developed inflorescences are selected and, first of all, their tops are removed, since they are late with flowering. On one inflorescence, which can have hundreds of buds, 30-50 pieces are castrated, correctly distributed, and all the rest are removed. Castration is done carefully, while the inflorescence is taken with the left hand, with the right hand, with the tip of the tweezers, they grab the upper edge of the corolla obliquely along with the tops of the stamens inside, and, bending, tear them off (Fig. 158).
If stamens or petals remain, they are also removed with tweezers so that only the pistil remains with the remnants of the stamen filaments. The remaining uncastrated flowers are removed with tweezers.

Rice, 158. Castration of a grape flower.

The castrated inflorescence is covered with a paper bag. After 4-5 days, the bag is removed and it is checked whether the stigmas are ready to receive pollen, which is recognized by the release of droplets on them, as well as by the flowering of buds of uncastrated inflorescences. Most the best time for pollination from 6 to 11 o'clock in the afternoon.

Raising seedlings

Young seedlings, especially hybrids with a loose heredity, are easily amenable to change under the influence of various environmental conditions, because they develop, form their qualities and their organism from the elements of the same environment. Therefore, by artificially changing environmental conditions, it is possible to direct the education of seedlings and develop in them the qualities necessary for pasture.
To educate seedlings based on a deep knowledge of plant biology, it is necessary to create various conditions at different stages of their development.

Vegetative hybridization

Vegetative hybrids are organisms that combine the hereditary properties of two different species or varieties as a result of their grafting. According to T. D. Lysenko, vegetative hybrids basically do not differ from hybrids obtained sexually. Any trait can be passed from one plant to another through grafting, just as it can be transmitted sexually. The behavior of vegetative hybrids in subsequent generations is similar to the behavior of sexual hybrids.
The doctrine of vegetative hybridization as a method of practical selection was created by IV Michurin. He developed the mentor method based on mutual influence between rootstock and scion.
IV Michurin proved that a variety of a perennial fruit plant, which is an already established organism, cannot be changed under the influence of grafting. Therefore, when grafting old grape varieties on old varieties of phylloxera-resistant rootstocks or on frost-resistant Amur grapes, no change in the hereditary qualities of either rootstock or scion is observed.
The change in hereditary qualities as a result of vaccination is manifested only in young hybrid organisms with a shaken heredity. By grafting cuttings of hybrid seedlings onto old plants with established heredity, it is possible to purposefully change the qualities of seedlings.
Old plants with already established heredity (mentor) can also be taken as grafts. In this case, by grafting cuttings of a given variety or species onto seedlings at different periods of their development and maintaining the influence of a mentor for a certain time, the breeder educates the seedling in the right direction. It enhances and develops in him good qualities, delaying or eliminating the tendency to manifest undesirable qualities.
Developing Michurin's doctrine of vegetative hybrids, T. D.; Lysenko proved that what is happening in this case changes in hereditary qualities are explained by the metabolism between the stock and scion, the result of the mutual assimilation of substances produced by each component.
Using the mentor's method, I. V. Michurin obtained a number of varieties of fruit crops. Vegetative hybridization in viticulture in the USSR began to be carried out on a large scale only in recent times.

Seedling selection

The selection of seedlings is carried out in the first year of their cultivation. In the first year, diseased, albino and frail plants are destroyed. Selection can be carried out on the basis of early ripening of shoots, which, according to I. V. Michurin, is a sign of early ripening of grapes. There are, however, exceptions, such as the Fergana black variety, whose clusters ripen very early, while the shoots become woody late.
To obtain frost-resistant varieties with a short growing season, it is necessary to select seedlings that plant growth early. In the spring, the most frost-resistant seedlings are selected, as well as seedlings with later bud break. During flowering, all seedlings with defective flowers are selected and destroyed.
During the first fruiting, the clusters and berries of seedlings are usually underdeveloped, smaller. Their normal formation comes gradually. Subsequently, the quality of the grapes can be significantly improved by the use of appropriate agricultural practices, as well as by vegetative propagation of the best seedlings.

The crossing technique is quite simple; for this purpose, the mother plant is first prepared.

Mother plant preparation

Most varieties of grapes have bisexual flowers and, with pure-grade plantations, as a rule, self-pollinate, that is, the egg is fertilized by pollen that develops on the same or neighboring flower.

In order to prevent the process of self-pollination or intravarietal pollination (by pollen from the flowers of neighboring bushes), pollen should be removed within the inflorescence. This process of removing pollen is called "castration". Castration starts 2-3 days before flowering. Castration is done with tweezers, which carefully remove the flower cap (corolla) and at the same time anthers with pollen. If the flower's filaments are short and the anthers sit at the level of the stigma of the pistil or below it, then in this case only the cap of the flower is removed first, and then the stamen filaments with anthers break off.

In the inflorescence, not all flowers are castrated, but only 40-50% of the total number, approximately 100-150. The remaining flowers are cut off so that the castrated flowers are evenly distributed on the inflorescence. After castration, the inflorescence should be immediately isolated with a bag made of parchment paper. The paper insulator prevents the flowers from being exposed to pollen.

When used for hybridization of varieties with functional female type flower, castration is not carried out, since the pollen of these flowers is not capable of fertilization. However, such flowers are also isolated until the moment of artificial pollination.

Collection of pollen from the paternal plant

Then proceed to harvest the pollen of the paternal plant. For this purpose, during the flowering of the paternal plant, the filaments with anthers are collected in paper bags, after which they are transferred to the room and spread out on paper for drying and ripening. After a day or two, when the anthers burst, the pollen is separated from the filaments and anthers by sifting through a silk sieve and placed in test tubes. Harvested pollen should be stored in a dry and cool place. In the case when the flowering of the mother and father plants coincides, the pollen of the father plant is not collected, and in order to fertilize the mother plant, the plucked inflorescences of the father plant are shaken over the inflorescence of the mother plant. When the flowering of the paternal plant is later than the mother plant, it is necessary to artificially either accelerate the flowering of the paternal plant, or delay the flowering of the mother plant.

You can speed up the beginning of flowering by layering with a vine. As observations have shown, flowering on layering occurs 7-10 days earlier compared to flowering on ordinary bushes. Flowering is accelerated even more if greenhouse frames are installed above the bushes. You can delay the beginning of flowering by carrying out snow retention and late spring watering. For a longer period, flowering can be delayed if a hole is dug under the bushes intended for hybridization, into which snow is poured and covered with straw and earth on top.

With earlier flowering of paternal plants, pollen can be prepared in advance and stored until the moment of use. Under appropriate conditions of heat and humidity, pollen can be stored for up to a year.

pollination process

After harvesting pollen or inflorescences with pollen, they begin to artificially apply the pollen of the paternal plant to the flowers of the mother. The process of pollination is usually started when a special, slightly sticky liquid appears on the stigmas of the pistils of the mother plant. In order to prevent foreign pollen from getting onto the stigma through the air, the insulator is usually not removed, but a round hole is cut out in it, through which pollen is applied with a brush or cotton wool, after which the hole is sealed with a circle of parchment paper. If pollination is carried out by shaking the plucked inflorescence, then in this case it is better to remove the insulator and, after applying pollen to the flowers of the mother plant, put it on again.

Since not all flowers of the mother plant are simultaneously prepared for the perception of pollen, pollination is recommended to be repeated after 2-3 days.

In order to ensure interspecific or intergeneric crossing, I. V. Michurin developed a method of vegetative convergence. To do this, before crossing, the initial forms are grafted. It is possible to instill the future paternal form on the maternal one and, conversely, the maternal one on the paternal one. As a result of the mutual influence of the scion on the rootstock, pollen or an egg appear, which are biologically more similar, and the process of fertilization occurs.

In some cases, to overcome non-crossing, a mixture of pollen from several species is used, or the mother's pollen is mixed with the father's. A. Ya. Kuzmin developed another way to overcome non-crossing, which consists in the late application of pollen to the stigma of the pistil, when the stigma is on the verge of dying off.

After the berries have developed to the size of a pea, the parchment insulators are removed and gauze bags are put on instead to better preserve the hybrid seeds.

Working with seeds

The resulting hybrid berries remain on the bushes until the seeds fully ripen. Then the clusters are removed from the bushes along with gauze bags and transferred to a storage room. In winter, the seeds are removed from the berries, washed thoroughly and slightly dried on well-ventilated racks. The seeds are then placed in wet sand and in clay pots are stored in unheated rooms at a temperature of 5-7 degrees Celsius. The room where the seeds are stored (at the same time the seeds are stratified) should not be excessively damp. Two weeks before sowing in the ground or greenhouses, they are transferred to a warm room, where, after transplanting into boxes with sand, the swelling process occurs and the seeds begin to germinate.

The seeds that have hatched are transplanted into greenhouses or directly onto the ridges in the ground. Transplanting seeds into the ground should be done at such a time that the seeds do not experience a sharp fluctuation in temperature.

Sowing seeds in greenhouses is carried out at a distance of 8 cm between rows from each other and is covered with humus, mixed half with river sand, to a depth of 3-4 cm. is located depending on the scale of work and methods of mechanized tillage. With a small amount of breeding work and manual processing of ridges, the distance between rows is 35-40 cm. With horse cultivation, row spacing increases to 70-75 cm. Seedling care consists in maintaining the necessary soil moisture, combating weeds, diseases and pests.

From the moment of seed germination to the entry of young seedlings into a state of full fruiting, hybrid plants are good conditions for development.

Directed parenting

At a young age, a hybrid plant, being plastic, can develop certain properties that correspond to environmental conditions. The growing conditions of a hybrid plant are of decisive importance for identifying the required traits and properties and the time of entry into fruiting seedlings.

On the issue of creating new varieties by the method of hybridization and directed education, I. V. Michurin wrote “In this matter, everything depends on the experimental selection of combinations of crossed pairs, plants and, mainly, on the expedient education of hybrid seedlings at their young age. Here, almost entirely the qualities of the future variety depend on the mode of its upbringing. Directed education is necessary to accustom the plant to easily endure all the adverse conditions of the area. So, if the task is to develop high-yielding, high-quality and cold-resistant varieties, hybrid seedlings should be placed in natural conditions of low winter temperatures. Seedlings obtained, for example, from crossing European varieties of grapes with Amur grapes should be slightly covered with earth in the first year, and then they should be gradually taught to endure winter temperatures without any cover by earth. In addition, to increase cold resistance, you can use the “mentor” method of education developed by I. V. Michurin. For this purpose, young seedlings need to be grafted onto a cold-resistant stock of Amur grapes, or a cutting of this cold-resistant species is grafted onto a seedling. Under the influence of a cold-resistant stock or scion, the property of cold resistance is enhanced in a hybrid seedling.

If the task is to develop Muscat resistant to oidium and mildew diseases, then, in addition to crossing this variety with some disease-resistant American variety, it is sometimes necessary to strengthen this resistance again by grafting. The same method of directed education can be used in breeding more productive varieties with early ripening of berries and with other features and properties. In particular, with distant interspecific hybridization, it often becomes necessary to improve the quality of the variety. For this purpose, cuttings of high-quality European grape varieties are grafted onto the seedling. In this case, the tissues of the seedling are built on the nutrients produced by the leaves of a quality European variety, due to which the same trait develops in the hybrid seedling.

Improvement in the quality of the variety and increase in yield can be achieved by improving the nutritional conditions a year before fruiting. For this, organic fertilizers in a mixture with granular phosphate and potash fertilizers. In the year of the beginning of fruiting, the amount of fertilizer applied increases.

To ensure strong growth and quick fruiting, seedlings should not be replanted frequently, and the leaf area should also be reduced when pruning. Seedlings should be transplanted only after the first rejection at the age of one.

When transplanted, seedlings are given normal distances between bushes and rows established for a fruit-bearing vineyard in a given area, while root system should be significantly deepened in comparison with its location in a one-year-old seedling. Pruning of shoots in this case is long, which contributes to the early entry of a young plant into fruiting.

rejection

But not all seedlings obtained should be brought to fruiting. Some seedlings can be selected and discarded already at an early age. Depending on the task, the selection of unsuitable seedlings can be carried out in various ways and on various grounds.

So, for example, when breeding cold-resistant varieties, the selection of seedlings is achieved in a natural way. That part of the seedlings that does not have sufficient cold resistance, when left for the winter without shelter with earth, will have varying degrees of damage by winter frosts. Seedlings severely affected by frost can be rejected in the first year if they do not have other valuable traits and it is not intended to carry out additional work with them in the future to increase their cold resistance by grafting. By the time of ripening of the vine, one can also judge the property of cold resistance and the duration of the growing season. The faster and better the annual shoots of seedlings ripen, the more cold-resistant the latter.

In the spring of each year, seedlings can be selected not only for cold resistance, but also for other characteristics. During the development of fungal diseases or during artificial infection, the most disease-resistant seedlings should be selected. During the flowering period of grapes, seedlings with an abnormal flower structure can be isolated and discarded.

Evaluation of the resulting hybrids

The most complete assessment of the resulting hybrids can only be given after they have entered fruiting. It must be borne in mind that in the first year of fruiting it is impossible to judge the yield and quality of fruits, since at this time both clusters and berries are usually smaller. As further development grapes and improved nutritional conditions, the size of bunches and berries is gradually increasing and quality indicators of plants are being revealed.

It is necessary to remember the instructions of T. D. Lysenko that “ good varieties plants, as well as good breeds of animals in practice, have always been created and are created only on the condition of good agricultural technology, good animal husbandry. With poor agricultural practices, not only can good varieties never be obtained from bad ones, but in many cases even good cultivars become bad after several generations. Therefore, newly obtained hybrids should receive good agricultural technology, since under poor conditions for growth and development, in the future, valuable signs and properties may change for the worse.

How great is the importance of abundant nutrition of hybrid seedlings can be judged from the data obtained by A.K. square meter 18 kg of humus, 150 g of superphosphate and 20 g of ash.

Seedlings grown on such an agricultural background were characterized not only by strong growth, but also laid fruit buds, starting from 12-13 nodes and above.

In the second year of vegetation, seedlings, as a rule, begin to bear fruit, which makes it possible to select valuable numbers not only in terms of growth and morphological characteristics of shoots and leaves, but also in terms of yield.

Seedlings grown with abundant nutrition, in the third year, in terms of overall growth strength and fruiting, do not differ from ordinary bushes that have already entered the fruiting season.

Abundant nutrition not only accelerates the fruiting of seedlings, but also contributes to the development of valuable traits in them. If in the first year of development of seedlings, fruit buds develop starting from the 12-13th node, then in two-year-old and older plants, the development of fruit buds moves closer to the base of the shoot.

Further propagation of newly bred varieties

Further propagation of newly bred varieties is carried out by cuttings. It must be remembered that not all cuttings can provide valuable traits of a new variety. Therefore, special attention should be paid to the selection of the best bushes and cuttings within the bushes. Considering that vegetative deviations often appear on young bushes, if the cuttings are not taken correctly, the variety can be worsened, and, conversely, if the best cuttings are carefully selected, the variety can be improved.