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Breeding of new varieties of grapes for wall and pavilion culture. Breeding new grape varieties for wall arbor culture How do new species get

Methods are known that accelerate the fruiting of grape seedlings - laying vigorous seedlings with katavlak, awakening stepson buds, direct technology. For the hybridization of new varieties at the Donetsk Experimental Station of Viticulture, grafting of lignified eyes onto adult bushes using the method of splitting or a lignified one-eyed cutting into a green shoot was used. With good accretion, the vaccinations in the first year gave an increase of up to two meters, in the second year they developed fruitful shoots, and the inflorescences were used for hybridization. To accelerate fruiting, seedlings in the cotyledon state were grafted onto the green shoots of adult bushes using shelves and wet chambers. Then, developing new methods for protecting green grafts from drying out, they came to the conclusion that for this purpose it is enough to use ordinary laboratory test tubes or plastic covers, which reduces labor costs by 5 times. As a rootstock, you can take any cultivated grape variety or rootstock varieties. Before bud break, most of the shoots are removed with secateurs, leaving 2-3 knots with 2 eyes on each. At the first fragment, 2-3 vigorous green shoots are left on the bush. When they reach 25 cm in length, they start grafting (from May 15-20 to June 15-20). A day or two before that, on the abandoned shoots, stepchild buds, the beginnings of wintering eyes and leaves are removed (up to about the 4-6th node). Hybrid grape seeds are germinated in such a way that by the time of grafting, the seedlings are with cotyledons or two or three true leaves. On the day of vaccination or the day before, they are carefully pulled out of the soil and placed with roots in a bowl of water so that they are well saturated with moisture. It is best to plant seedlings in the early morning or in the evening hours, in cloudy weather - throughout the day.
When grafting 2-3 cm above the third or fourth node, the top of the shoot is removed and an incision is made on it to the very node, preferably slightly oblique.
On the root neck of the seedling or slightly higher, make an oblique cut up to 1 cm long, and insert it under one side of the split. The grafting site is carefully tied with a thin rubber thread, which fastens the grafted components and stretches as the tissues grow. You can tie the vaccinations with a thin plastic film. Then put on a well-whitened test tube with a diameter of 2 cm or a polyethylene cap painted over with silver.
When the seedling starts growing well and forms 2-3 new leaves, the wet chamber can be removed.
During the entire growing season, all shoots on the rootstock are systematically removed. On the grafted seedling, as it grows, stepchildren are pinched, and the shoots are tied to a trellis or peg.
If interspecific hybrids are grafted onto bushes of European varieties, then in the fall they must be covered with earth, especially the lower part. If the seedling is grafted on a frost-resistant variety, then it should not be covered.
The survival rate of seedlings varies between 60-80% depending on the year and the quality of the vaccination.
In the first year, vaccinations usually give an increase of 1 to 2.5 m, and some of them lay fruit buds. In the second year of life, from 30 to 50% of plants bear fruit, the rest usually enters the time of fruiting in the third year.
Own-rooted seedlings enter fruiting time only in the 4-6th year of life.
Thus, this method allows to speed up the selection process by 2-3 years.
To accelerate the fruiting of seedlings, the Ukrainian Research Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking named after V.E. Tairov developed a method of abundant feeding of seedlings (P.K. Ayvazyan). To do this, before sowing the seeds, a site is prepared, that is, they dig a trench to a depth of 65-70 cm and fill it well with structural soil with organic and mineral fertilizers.
For one square meter make 10-30 kg of humus, 100-200 g of superphosphate, 50-70 g of ash.
Fresh or not completely rotted manure should not be applied. In the presence of pests (bearworm, larvae, beetles, etc.), the soil is seeded with hexochloran. The trench is filled with mixture
soil with fertilizer with a layer of 55-60 cm, after compaction, the remaining part of the trench is covered with structural soil. Fertilizers are not applied to this layer, so as not to cause a burn when sowing seeds. After sowing and emergence of seedlings, watering is carried out. During the growing season, 4-5 liquid mineral supplements are made at the rate of 150 g of superphosphate, 75 g of potassium salt per 1 bush. Plant nutrition area - 0.75 x 1 m.
Good nutrition contributes to the good growth of plants, the laying of fruit buds in the first year, and some plants bear fruit in the second year.
Thus, growing seedlings on a high agricultural background contributes to the accelerated formation of generative organs and earlier fruiting of plants.
It should be remembered that pruning principles developed for existing grape varieties cannot be mechanically transferred to seedlings that have not yet entered the fruiting season.
In the first year, if the seedling has an increase of more than 1 - 1.5 m, then it is necessary to leave the entire mature part of the shoot, which makes it possible to avoid the removal of fruit buds, located, as a rule, in the upper nodes of the annual shoot. After the development of green shoots, when inflorescences are already visible on them, they make a fragment of barren and weaker ones, that is, the load is regulated by a green fragment. Young plants should not be overloaded with crops. If the seedling is barren or generally weak, then one or two green shoots are left on it, during the growing season, stepchildren are pinched on it. During the growing season, a well-formed shoot with fruitful eyes grows, and on next year the plant bears fruit.
Fruiting seedlings are cut and formed in the same way as bushes of ordinary standard varieties - frost-resistant forms on a high stem with two cordons.
When the seedlings enter the fruiting season, they begin to isolate the best specimens, which combine high resistance to frost, diseases and high quality products with their magnificent appearance. When these qualities are confirmed, they begin to accelerate their reproduction within 2-3 years.

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Hybridization consists in crossing two different varieties belonging to the same species (intraspecific), or plants of two various kinds(interspecies). Hybridization is one of the most reliable methods for creating new grape varieties, especially in combination with additional cultivation of the resulting young hybrids.
Experiments with the vine showed that seedlings obtained as a result of forced self-pollination, in most cases, even with good conditions growing, much weaker than seedlings obtained from pollination with foreign pollen.

Hybridization technique

When carrying out hybridization, it is necessary to pay great attention to the timely castration (6-7 days before flowering) of species or varieties of grapes with bisexual flowers, as well as to their pollination.

Rice. 157. Parchment bags.

Varieties with functionally female flowers are not castrated; they are pre-isolated in parchment bags. 1 When carrying out hybridization, parchment paper bags are needed to isolate the inflorescences (Fig. 157) and metal tweezers to remove stamens (castration).
When hybridizing, well-developed inflorescences are selected and, first of all, their tops are removed, since they are late with flowering. On one inflorescence, which can have hundreds of buds, 30-50 pieces are castrated, correctly distributed, and all the rest are removed. Castration is done carefully, while the inflorescence is taken with the left hand, with the right hand, with the tip of the tweezers, they grab the upper edge of the corolla obliquely along with the tops of the stamens inside, and, bending, tear them off (Fig. 158).
If stamens or petals remain, they are also removed with tweezers so that only the pistil remains with the remnants of the stamen filaments. The remaining uncastrated flowers are removed with tweezers.

Rice, 158. Castration of a grape flower.

The castrated inflorescence is covered with a paper bag. After 4-5 days, the bag is removed and it is checked whether the stigmas are ready to receive pollen, which is recognized by the release of droplets on them, as well as by the flowering of buds of uncastrated inflorescences. Most best time for pollination from 6 to 11 o'clock in the afternoon.

Raising seedlings

Young seedlings, especially hybrids with a loose heredity, are easily amenable to change under the influence of various conditions environment, because they develop, form their qualities and their organism from the elements of the same environment. Therefore, by artificially changing environmental conditions, it is possible to direct the education of seedlings and develop in them the qualities necessary for pasture.
To educate seedlings on the basis of a deep knowledge of plant biology, it is necessary to create different conditions at different stages of their development.

Vegetative hybridization

Vegetative hybrids are organisms that combine the hereditary properties of two different species or varieties as a result of their grafting. According to T. D. Lysenko, vegetative hybrids basically do not differ from hybrids obtained sexually. Any trait can be passed from one plant to another through grafting, just as it can be transmitted sexually. The behavior of vegetative hybrids in subsequent generations is similar to the behavior of sexual hybrids.
The doctrine of vegetative hybridization as a method of practical selection was created by IV Michurin. He developed the mentor method based on mutual influence between rootstock and scion.
IV Michurin proved that a variety of a perennial fruit plant, which is an already established organism, cannot be changed under the influence of grafting. Therefore, when grafting old grape varieties on old varieties of phylloxera-resistant rootstocks or on frost-resistant Amur grapes, no change in the hereditary qualities of either rootstock or scion is observed.
The change in hereditary qualities as a result of vaccination is manifested only in young hybrid organisms with a shaken heredity. By grafting cuttings of hybrid seedlings onto old plants with established heredity, it is possible to purposefully change the qualities of seedlings.
Old plants with already established heredity (mentor) can also be taken as grafts. In this case, grafting cuttings of a given variety or species onto seedlings at different periods of their development and maintaining the influence of a mentor for a certain time, the breeder educates the seedling in the right direction. It enhances and develops in him good qualities, delaying or eliminating the tendency to manifest undesirable qualities.
Developing Michurin's doctrine of vegetative hybrids, T. D.; Lysenko proved that what is happening in this case changes in hereditary qualities are explained by the metabolism between the stock and scion, the result of the mutual assimilation of substances produced by each component.
Using the mentor's method, I. V. Michurin obtained a number of varieties of fruit crops. Vegetative hybridization in viticulture in the USSR began to be carried out on a large scale only in Lately.

Seedling selection

The selection of seedlings is carried out in the first year of their cultivation. In the first year, diseased, albino and frail plants are destroyed. Selection can be carried out on the basis of early ripening of shoots, which, according to I. V. Michurin, is a sign of early ripening of grapes. There are, however, exceptions, such as the Fergana black variety, whose clusters ripen very early, while the shoots become woody late.
To obtain frost-resistant varieties with a short growing season, it is necessary to select seedlings that plant growth early. In the spring, the most frost-resistant seedlings are selected, as well as seedlings with later bud break. During flowering, all seedlings with defective flowers are selected and destroyed.
During the first fruiting, the clusters and berries of seedlings are usually underdeveloped, smaller. Their normal formation comes gradually. Subsequently, the quality of the grapes can be significantly improved by the use of appropriate agricultural practices, as well as by vegetative propagation of the best seedlings.

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When growing grapes near the walls and on the arbors, the bushes have to be left uncovered for the winter, since it is not possible to bend them to the ground. It follows from this that frost-resistant varieties are needed for the wall culture of grapes. But the existing frost-resistant varieties, as already mentioned, are significantly inferior to European varieties in terms of fruit taste. Hence the task is to work on breeding new varieties - high-quality and at the same time frost-resistant. Such varieties can be successfully bred by amateur growers.

The main method of breeding such varieties is hybridization followed by hybridization and selection.

In order to obtain high-quality frost-resistant hybrids, it is necessary to cross various European and Central Asian grape varieties with good taste of berries with varieties of frost-resistant species.

Of the European varieties, for example, the following can be recommended for hybridization: intensively accumulating sugar White Muscat, Pink Muscat and Black Kishmish, early varieties Zhemchug Saba, Madeleine Anzhevin and Chaush, in which wood ripens well; from Central Asian - large-fruited Taifi, Nimrang, Katta kurgan, etc. Of the frost-resistant forms, the most suitable for hybridization are varieties of the species Vitis Labruska - Isabella, Lydia and others, as well as Amur grapes; in areas infected with phylloxera, varieties and hybrids of Riparia and Rupestris species can also be recommended.

The success of the business depends primarily on the ability to choose parent pairs on the basis of personal observations of the behavior of certain varieties in the area where breeding work is being carried out. It is important not only to skillfully select varieties for crossing, but also to select the most suitable bushes of parental varieties for this purpose. For example, if you notice that a bush is better than other bushes of this variety, endures winter or has better maturation of wood and is less damaged by frost, then just such a bush should be taken for crossing.

It is desirable to cross in the area for which new varieties are being developed, so that hybrid seeds are formed on bushes growing in the conditions of this area. Hybrid seeds should be imported from other places only if there are no bushes necessary for crossing varieties in the place. In this case, you can contact any research institution for viticulture with a request to send hybrid seeds for breeding high-quality frost-resistant grape varieties.

The crossing technique is as follows. On the bushes selected for hybridization, large inflorescences are selected, located on strong, well-growing shoots. The upper part of the bunch is cut to half along the ridge. The rest of the flowers are castrated. With thin tweezers, in one or two steps, remove the cap along with anthers from each bud (Fig. 35). On each inflorescence, 50-100 buds are castrated, the rest are cut with scissors with sharp tips. It is necessary to castrate on the day when the first blooming flowers appear on the bush.

After castration, an insulator is put on the inflorescence to protect it from pollen from neighboring flowering bushes. The insulator is prepared from parchment paper, which is cut into pieces 20 centimeters wide and 25 centimeters long. Then the cut leaves are glued into a tube. To do this, take a half-liter bottle, wrap it with a leaf and glue its edges. The end of the resulting parchment tube from the side of the neck of the bottle) is dipped into water for 3-4 centimeters, then it is tied with a nylon thread along the edge of the wetted place into one knot, the wetted border is folded back from the bottle and the other end is also tied with a thread, after putting a small cotton ball. The insulator prepared in this way (Fig. 36) is put on the inflorescence, the pedicel is wrapped with a piece of cotton wool and the thread is tightened. In the morning of the next day, the upper end of the insulator is untied and the stigmas of castrated flowers are examined. If droplets of liquid appear on them, pollination must be carried out; if no droplets appear, the insulators are tied and the inspection is continued every morning until droplets appear on the stigmas of the flowers. This moment cannot be missed, since pollination before the appearance of droplets or after they dry does not give results - crossing does not work.
If the paternal bush blooms earlier than the mother bush, pollen is collected in advance for pollination. To do this, anthers (along with pollen) are shaken from flowering inflorescences into a paper bag, dried in the shade and kept in a dry place until pollination is needed. During pollination, anthers with pollen are collected with a brush and shaken over the stigmas, on which droplets have appeared.

Crossing is best done if the paternal and maternal bushes bloom at the same time. Then, several branches are cut from the well-blooming inflorescences of the paternal bush, brought to the mother bush and inserted one by one into the untied insulators, touching the anthers to the stigmas, then removed. This method of pollination gives the best results.

After two or three weeks, the paper insulators are removed and gauze bags are put on the inflorescences with young ovaries of berries. At the onset of full ripening of the seeds, the bunches are cut off and hybrid seeds are extracted from the berries.

Winegrowers who have experience in selling their own harvest know that the first thing a buyer pays attention to is appearance grapes. Beautiful clusters, consisting of many large berries, are sure to attract the buyer first, and the taste qualities are evaluated a little later. A variety that claims to be the best grape for the market must produce just such a crop. Shrubs should withstand stable and high yields, be exposed to minimal risk of infection with crop-threatening diseases and loss of ovaries from pests. Thanks to the ongoing selection work, winegrowers receive more and more interesting varieties and forms, which, after testing, sometimes push the recognized leaders in the ranking. the best varieties grapes.

Arcadia grapes: description and photo of the variety

Created by Ukrainian breeders from crossing Moldova and Cardinal Arcadia, today it is recognized as one of the best grape varieties in many regions of the country where viticulture is developed. The variety belongs to the canteens and yields 115–120 days after the start of the growing season.

The plant forms a vigorous, early maturing vine with a powerful root system and good survival. Arcadia shows an average result in grape disease resistance, in order to protect the vine from mildew, two preventive treatments are needed, and protection from powdery mildew is also required. The variety tolerates frosts down to -21 ° С. With changes in humidity, the berries sometimes crack, which affects the quality of the crop.

As can be seen from the description and photo, Arcadia grapes form large, mostly dense clusters weighing from 0.5 to 2 kg. The shape of the brushes is cylindrical or close to conical. With a weight of about 15 grams, the berries of this market variety can grow larger than 2.8 cm. At the same time, the berries have a heart-shaped shape and a beautiful yellowish or white color. Since the variety is very high-yielding, the fruits cannot accumulate a lot of sugars, but with a slight acidity, the taste of Arcadia will not disappoint. It is refreshing, pleasant and light, which is especially felt when eating fresh berries with a fleshy texture.

Grapes Kishmish radiant

Seedless berries of mid-early Kishmish Radiant grapes are well known to consumers. The variety, bred in Moldova by crossing grapes Cardinal and Kishmish pink, ripens in 125–130 days and is distinguished by high yields, ripening on medium or vigorous bushes.

Kishmish Radiant does not differ in high frost resistance and is susceptible to infections of this crop. At the same time, the variety is demanding of the grower's attention, and with proper care it compensates for the efforts, gives large and medium berries of golden and red-pink colors, up to 2.5 cm long and weighing up to 4 grams. I ripe berries dense texture and nutmeg flavor and aroma. The clusters of one of the best grape varieties on the market reach 40 cm in length and can weigh over 600 grams. The crop is easily transported and stored for a long time.

Description and photo of Kodryanka grapes

According to the photo and description of the grapes, Kodryanka can rightfully be considered one of the most interesting modern varieties. It takes 110 to 118 days for Kordyanka, obtained from the parent varieties Marshalsky and Moldova, to ripen. The variety forms a vigorous, high-yielding vine that can withstand a mass of large brushes weighing from 400 to 1500 grams.

Among the disadvantages of the best grapes is the crushing of the berries, which can be dealt with by applying gibberellin, which will make the berries grow and reduce the number of stones in them. Usually, the fruits of grapes, about 3 cm long and weighing about 7 grams, are distinguished by a thick bluish-violet color, dense pulp and inconspicuous skin. By the time of ripening, the berries accumulate quite a lot of sugar, but they acquire a pleasant taste even a little earlier. Brushes can be transported, are well stored and do not lose their qualities for a long time if they remain on the bushes.

Grape variety Hadji Murat

The basis for the work of Tajik scientists in the breeding of Hadji Murat grapes was the Zabalkansky and Muscat Hamburg variety. As a result, the variety became one of the contenders for the title of the best grape variety for the market, while the berries on vigorous bushes ripen in 125-135 days.

The Hadji Murat grape survives frosts down to -22 ° C, but feels better in a greenhouse or under winter shelter. Fruiting shoots of this variety mature by 75% or more, withstanding extremely large clusters weighing from 800 to 2500 grams and retaining their properties well during storage and transportation. The variety is high-yielding, tending to form a large number of ovaries, therefore, to ensure the quality of the berries, it is necessary to ration the future harvest.

The Hadji Murat grapes have an even conical shape and medium density. Ripe oval berries can weigh from 15 to 25 grams, have a thick almost black color, are covered with a bluish wax coating and have a decent taste.

Grape Beauty

It takes from 110 to 110 days for the beautiful berries of the Krasotka grape variety to ripen, dark pink with a dense purple tip. Beauty has bushes of medium growth strength, well-ripening fruit-bearing shoots and even, weighing about 500-700 grams of the brush. The variety shows average resistance to common infections and pests.

The clusters contain elongated, about 3 cm long and weighing up to 6 grams of berries with a good fresh taste, juicy and rather fleshy pulp and a skin that is hardly noticeable when biting. Berries of grapes Beauty with an excess of moisture at the ripening stage can sometimes burst. The fruits of this variety gain sweetness well, but they cannot compete with the brightness of taste with varieties for personal use.

Grapes Monarch: photo and description of the variety

When choosing the best varieties for the market, Monarch grapes can be awarded the attention of gardeners and specialists, since with an average ripening period it produces large, weighing about 900 grams, high quality brushes. The variety shows a high yield. One vine gives at least 7 kg of fresh commercial quality berries.

According to the photo and description, Monarch grapes are distinguished by high growth vigor, good rooting of cuttings and ripening of more than 65% of the length of the shoots. The variety is frost-resistant and demonstrates high and medium resistance to known diseases of this crop. A characteristic feature of this grape is large, 20-gram oval berries of a beautiful yellow color. The pulp has a juicy, but not liquid consistency and a wonderful, rich taste. After ripening, being on the vine, Monarch grapes, as in the photo and in the description, almost do not lose quality, can be stored and transported for a long time.

Grapes Galahad

Extremely early hybrid Galahad grapes on the territory of Kuban and in other regions of viticulture gives a harvest within 95–100 days after the start of the growing season. The plant received the title of the best grape variety for the market due to the highest palatability, good growth force of bushes, the ability to winter at air temperatures down to -25 ° C, as well as noteworthy resistance to harmful fungi and rot.

Grapes give beautiful, weighing up to 1.1 kg, medium-density bunches of conical shape. The average length of oval, large amber berries is 2.6 cm. The weight of a fleshy with a pleasant texture and sweet berries reaches 12 grams.

Photo and description of Super-extra grapes

The hybrid of early maturity obtained by E. Pavlovsky gives a harvest in 100–110 days after the appearance of the first leaves. By the end of July, on the vigorous bushes of Super-Extra grapes, you can see large, up to 1.5 kg in weight, bunches of medium looseness. The variety is high-yielding, so the grower must deal with the rationing of the ovary and inflorescences.

According to the description and photo of the Super-Extra grapes, the brushes consist of oval or ovoid large berries weighing 7-8 grams. The color of the berry is white or light amber. The berries gain sweetness very quickly, their pulp is pleasant, dense with a sufficient amount of juice.

Grapes resist diseases and winter frosts well. Brushes after harvesting can be transported and stored, the only drawback is the diversity of berries inside the bunch.

Grapes Buffet

Bearing fruit 115–125 days after the start of the growing season, Furshetny grapes were bred in Ukraine by breeder V.V. Zagorulko from the variety Kuban and Gift to Zaporozhye. According to the data obtained by winegrowers who have already managed to get acquainted with this grape, Furshetny has an average resistance to fungal attack and successfully winters at a temperature of -22 ° C. Powerful bushes of this species actively form shoots, almost completely ripening by autumn.

Brushes on the bushes are dense, closer to cylindrical in shape. The weight of a bunch, consisting of oval berries weighing up to 16 grams, is from 600 to 800 grams. The length of an individual berry is about 3.5 cm, the color is dark, reddish-violet with a pronounced waxy coating. One of the best grape varieties has a great taste with notes of raisins and ripe mulberries.

The acquaintance with the best varieties for the market does not end with the description of Furshetny grapes. Read the article about the best grape varieties for sale. We hope that our selection will help you make your choice and start growing grapes for sale.

Video about the best grape varieties

This "sunny" berry has a wonderful taste and amazing properties. Among them are the charming and alluring beauty of grapes with their expressive color, the delightful range of numerous color shades that the best grape varieties have, the perfection and variety of the shape of the fruits of this amazing culture. After all, it is not without reason that they say that this berry is first eaten with the eyes ...

cultivation

Today, this crop, which was previously planted only in the southern regions, can also be seen in northern vegetable gardens or orchards. This became possible thanks to the work of breeders - they managed to create the best grape varieties, which are now grown in the conditions of the North. This berry is considered one of the ancient cultures. Grapes have existed since the Bronze Age, as evidenced by numerous archaeological finds. Its clusters are on ancient rock paintings, they are also on excavated ones, including on the territory of our country, especially in the Crimean region, amphoras and jugs.

Apparently, therefore, over the course of many centuries, the natural evolution of this culture took place, new best grape varieties appeared, which are distinguished by the size of berries and clusters, excellent taste, etc.

Today, around the world in countries where this plant grows, there are more than seven thousand of its varieties. In the countries of the former Soviet Union, the best varieties of grapes, including table grapes, were identified. These are the so-called indigenous species - Armenian, Dagestan, Georgian, Tajik, Uzbek. Many of them originated in a specific area, where they have been cultivated and improved in terms of quality for many decades.

In addition to domestic ones, the best grape varieties, which were imported and introduced from such European countries as France, Spain, Italy and Germany, played a significant role in planting this crop in our country.

Nevertheless, species that have a "local" origin are considered by specialists to be better adapted to the natural conditions of their native territory than those that were brought. As an example, we can bring the best Georgian grape varieties - Rkatsiteli and Saperavi, which are perfectly adapted to the Georgian climate, under the influence of which they were once formed. This is expressed not only in excellent yields, but also in excellent taste.

Kinds

Experts say that over the past twenty years in our country there has been a real boom in this berry crop. Breeders annually grow up to ten new products, and all of them claim the title of "the best grape varieties." However, in pursuit of the size of clusters and fruits, in some species reaching even twenty-eight grams, some varieties lose their taste and useful properties.

Today, this culture is very common in our gardens and orchards. But, in order for its cultivation to give the desired results, summer residents first need to understand the huge variety of species, find out which are the best grape varieties most suitable for a particular region.

In terms of ripening, this plant is divided into late and very late, early, early-medium, as well as medium and medium-late, and by purpose - into universal, table and technical. Each subgroup, in turn, consists of enough a large number subspecies, many of which are truly the best in their category. Table grape varieties are considered the highest quality. Most amateur gardeners prefer to plant them in their garden.

Benefits of table and wine types

They have an excellent presentation compared to other - universal and wine varieties. Today, there are numerous table varieties on the market with a wide variety of fruit characteristics, which are consumed mainly in a fresh state. Many species are interesting because they are cultivated for the subsequent production of wine. For amateur gourmets, the best varieties of wine grapes should differ in the following characteristics: the sugar content of the berries, the presence of nutmeg taste, the high yield of juice, and, importantly, resistance to frost and pests.

Ten

Beginning gardeners and summer residents are always first of all interested in specialists what plants to plant on their plots. Such a culture as grapes is no exception. And although it is difficult to reliably answer the question of the best variety, breeders mainly mention the 10 best grape varieties, although most often each of them has its own preferences and its own “favorites”. Nevertheless, for a very long time there have been such species that have not lost their taste qualities and are great for a particular region. In addition, these are those that most often fall into the annual nomination “the best grape varieties”, their photos are most often printed in special literature, etc.

Arcadia

The variety has long been a real decoration not only for home plots, but also for large plantations. He deserved such universal recognition thanks not only to high quality yield, but also great stability and very easy establishment. Being an early grape, it deservedly occupies one of the places of honor in the top ten of the world assortment. Arcadia is characterized by very large clusters, reaching a weight of two or more kilograms. This table variety has fleshy and juicy flesh, a light nutmeg aroma.

Delight

This variety is always mentioned in the top ten one of the first. In addition, it belongs to a very early variety. In addition to resistance to disease and frost, Rapture also has one, but quite rare and, moreover, valuable advantage: its berries practically do not crack and do not rot at all.

Kishmish white

This mid-ripening grape, popular in our country, has cylindrical wide-brimmed brushes. They are not very large - up to three hundred grams, but with fleshy and tasty berries. This variety is considered one of the most sought after. Its berries help a person get rid of irritability and stress loads. They don't have bones at all. The skin on the fruit is thin and transparent, sometimes with small black dots. The pulp of the berries is fleshy, very pleasant taste.

Kodryanka

This Moldovan variety has a very pleasant taste, pleasing to the eye with its aesthetic forms. Super-early ripening combined with high yields and high palatability of its large dark purple oval berries have made Codreanca indispensable for lovers of vine growing. The variety has deservedly taken its stable place in the top ten table grapes for many years.

Lady fingers

Almost all gardeners know about this grape, which is called somewhat original. This mid-season variety with medium-sized clusters - large and elongated, is characterized by the absence of stones and the shape of the berries - oval elongated. They are covered with weak wax and have a moderately sour and moderately sweet taste.

Pleven

Over the years of fruiting in the gardens of our summer residents, the variety showed the highest yield. Apparently, therefore, he is always in the top ten species. Pleven grows well on any soil, it is stable and resilient in all its indicators. Its clusters are aligned, with the same, as if calibrated, elongated berries and with a harmonious taste. The variety is in high demand in the market, besides it ripens very early.

Elegant super early

Grapes of this variety have proved their right to popularity. It ripens early, withstands frost, rain and drought, and practically does not get sick. Elegant has beautiful clusters with large, egg-shaped, original berries. Normalizing it, as gardeners testify, is very easy, and there are no problems at all with pinching. Clusters of the variety are not damaged, and therefore are in steady demand on the market. It is believed that this is - "grapes for the lazy."

Laura

The variety, according to breeders, shows great promise. In the south, Laura and Rapture ripen a week apart. The variety has very large oblong berries of a yellowish-golden color. Fruit pulp is crispy and tender. Laura's vine ripens well, easily enduring frosts up to twenty degrees. In more severe cold weather, the plant needs shelter.

Talisman, or Kesha-1

Being the "descendant" of the famous Rapture and the "parent" for many hybrid forms, this variety, due to its excellent characteristics - early ripening, high yield, resistance to pests or diseases, frost resistance and vigorous growth, is very popular with both amateurs and professionals, growing grapes on an industrial scale.

Strashensky

This variety withstands tough competition even with the best views. Its high drought resistance allows it to grow and develop at a time when other forms wither and die. The variety has round dark blue berries that grow from an average plum, as well as huge brushes that do not fit even in a five-liter bucket. At the same time, Strashensky is sensitive to overload, so it must be normalized to obtain large clusters. The variety ripens by mid-August, confirming its reputation as one of the best large-berry grapes in the world.

Scientists have found that an adult healthy person needs to eat 70 kg of grapes of various varieties per year. In reality, 30 kg is not even an average result, but the best. All this is because in many regions grapes continue to be a delicacy. Many summer residents are seriously considering growing vines on their plots. This is possible because modern varieties and hybrid forms are bred not only for every taste, but for various growing conditions. In the article we will talk about new grape varieties (description and comparison), give their detailed characteristics.

Description of the earliest grape varieties, advantages and disadvantages

Thanks to the painstaking work of modern breeders, hybrid forms have appeared, the ripening period of which has surpassed all stereotypes, and is 100 days.

Ruslan is one of the early varieties.

The most popular among gardeners are:

№	Name	Description	Advantage	disadvantages
1.	"Ruslan"	The hybrid form of the varieties "Kuban" and "Gift to Zaporozhye" of the famous Ukrainian breeder V.V. Zagorulko. Tall shrubs with multi-sex flowers. Fruits with an average weight - 20 g. Ripening period - 100 - 115 days. Clusters weighing - 800 - 900 g. Pulp of fruit flavor with plum aftertaste. Harvest - the second decade of August.	Frost resistance up to minus 230. High resistance to fungal diseases.	Does not tolerate excess moisture.
2.	"Lelik"	Hybrid form of folk breeder E. G. Pavlovsky, created on the basis of the variety "Baklanovsky" and "Hybrida 41". Vigorous climber with bisexual flowers. Berries of pink color, weighing 8 g. The mass of one bunch reaches 1 kg.	Withstands frosts down to minus 240. Moderately resistant to oidium mildew and gray mold.	Heterogeneous ripening of berries in bunches.
3.	Muscat Novoshah-	The author of the hybrid, E. G. Pavlovsky, brought him out of the "Talisman" and "XVII-10-26". The weight of a bunch, on average, is 500 g. The taste is very sweet. Ripens by mid-August.	Ripe berries can be stored on the bushes for a long time without compromising taste. Moderately resistant to major diseases.	The vine is prone to overload, requires normalization
4.	"Melting"	A hybrid of the Ukrainian breeder A. A. Golub, appeared as a result of crossing "Atlanta" with "Arcadia" and a mixture of pollen. Bisexual form with early maturation. Fruit color is white.	It has an increased resistance to diseases and successfully tolerates frosts down to minus -230.

Variety "Melting" ripens in 100 - 115 days.

In addition to the others described earlier, ripen:

"Outrigger",
"Beloved Muscat"
"Vitannya",
"Alexa Early"
"Mary Magdalene"
"Libya",
"Sphinx",
"Primitive"
"Pulsar",
"Charlie",
"Azalea",
"Vovchik",
Vera, etc.

The listed varieties and hybrids are relatively unpretentious in care, therefore, more often than others, they are planted in summer cottages.

"Lelik" - a variety of E. G. Pavlovsky - one of the gardeners' favorites.

Features of mid-early varieties and hybrid forms

In terms of ripeness, they require more time than the early ones, but not by much. On average, the hybrids of this group are harvested at the end of August. Gardeners prefer these grape varieties:

"Leah" - early variety, ripening in 110 - 115 days. Created by V. V. Zagorulko by crossing the varieties "Arcadia" and "Atlant Zaporozhye".

Table form, that is, what is intended for fresh consumption.
Bushes give up to 3 m of growth annually.
The color of ripe fruits is white-pink.
Clusters of 900 g each, the weight of 2 kg has been repeatedly noticed.
The sweetness of berries depends on the amount sunny days the warmer, the more sugar.
Withstands frost without shelter - minus 210.
The defeat of the main diseases 3.5 - 4 points.

Disadvantage: the variety reacts negatively to excessive watering and prolonged rains.

"Liya" is a relatively frost-resistant variety of early ripening.

"Prometheus"- another hybrid of V.V. Zagorulko, bred by crossing the varieties "Radiant Kishmish" and "Arcadia".

Distinguished by functionally female flowers.
The bunch is similar in structure to the Arcadia variety.
Fruit color is dark pink.
Resistance to winter cold down to minus 210.

"Kseniya"- variety bred by V. N. Krainov, has a second name "Angelica".

Vigorous bushes of medium early maturity 115 - 125 days.
Large clusters, weighing up to 1.5 kg, with oblong berries of white - pink color.
The pulp is sweet and crunchy with several flavors.

The advantage is high disease resistance. Handles transportation well.

Tip #1 Note! Variety "Xenia" requires annual pruning for 8 - 10 eyes.

"Prometheus" is distinguished by a generous harvest.

"Carmen"- E. G. Pavlovsky connected the Nadezhda AZOS variety and the hybrid form FVC-94-3.

Ripening period - 3.5 months in mid-August.
Vigorous bushes - 2 m or more.
Flowers bisexual.
The weight of a bunch of grapes is 600 - 800 g.
The color of the fruit is red-violet, the shape is elongated.
The disadvantage is that the variety is prone to overload and needs thinning of the ovary.

Gardeners favorably relate to the cultivation of relatively unpretentious early and mid-early varieties such as:

"Vlada",
"Pleased",
"Sofia",
"Fupshetny",
"Elf",
Abu Hasan.
"Blessing"
"Victor",
"Long-awaited"
"Zlatogor", etc.

Grape varieties of medium and medium late ripening

Grapes that take 135 to 145 days to reach full maturity are classified as medium varieties. There are hybrids that ripen between medium and late, they need 145 - 155 days. Sometimes, due to weather conditions, fruiting dates are shifted, and varieties of one group intersect with another. Read also the article: → "Growing grapes of medium ripening."

Among the popular ones are:

The following varieties and hybrids deserve more detailed attention:

"Anapsky giant"- variety universal, vigorous. It belongs to medium-ripening, the berries are gaining ripeness by mid-September. Clusters are small, 200 g each, the color of the fruit is white.
Ataman Pavlyuk"- the result of the selection work of V. U. Kapelyushny, by crossing the varieties "Talismpn" and "Autumn Black". The result is a fast growing bush with large clusters up to 1300 g, often up to 2 kg. The advantage is the complete absence of peas. The variety is popular because of the good preservation both on the vine and in the plucked form.

A feature of the Ataman Pavlyuk variety is a wax coating that protects the fruits from diseases, pests and abnormally low temperatures for grapes. The colder the weather, the thicker the plaque.

"Alphonse Lavalle"- a table French variety that has successfully taken root with us. Refers to the middle. It has bisexual flowers. Clusters are heterogeneous - from loose to dense. Berries right round shape dark purple. The ripening period is up to 160 days, subject to a positive temperature of +220 - +320. Disadvantage: not resistant to most fungal diseases, does not withstand frost and spring return frosts.

Growing conditions for late grapes

It will take 155 - 160 days to get a crop of late varieties. They are intended for long-term storage. Read also the article: → "Overview of the best grape varieties for the middle lane." Most often they are used in warm climate zones or in greenhouses.

For growing late varieties such as Courage, many of which are European, it is better to use an inclined landing.

Tip # 2. The successful development of a young vine and the quality of a mature crop depends on properly conducted irrigation. Mandatory watering is carried out the first 2 years. For adult plants, irrigation is necessary before flowering and water-charging watering for the winter.

The best varieties for the Crimea, the Volga region, the Moscow region, the Leningrad region, Siberia

Gone are the days when grapes were considered exclusively southern culture. Thanks to professional and amateur selection, modern varieties are able to satisfy gardeners living in various climatic zones. As before, Crimea is the leader in the cultivation of grapes. Thanks to the climate here, the earliest varieties ripen at the end of July.

"Pearl Saba"- medium-sized fruits, when ripe, amber-golden, rounded, with pulp of a delicate and pleasant taste, with a nutmeg aroma of nutmeg, clusters of small size, shape - friable.

"Pearl Saba" is one of the sweetest varieties.

"Queen of the Vineyards"- a variety with large berries, round or slightly elongated, golden amber in color, with large clusters.
"Tyfi pink"- with large long clusters up to 25 cm long. The color of the berries is dark pink, the shape is regular round. Ripens in 167 days.

These varieties are the most famous and popular. But thanks to selection, grapes are grown in many climatic zones, even in those whose conditions are opposite to Crimean. Such varieties and hybrids are typical for different regions.

Moscow region	Leningradskayaregion	Volga region	Ural	Siberia
F - 14-75 (shape)	F1475	Liepajas Dzintars	Zilga	Tukay
Laura	Mars	Dovga	Aleshenkin	Solovyova-58
Shun	Russian Karinka	Tsiravas Agro	Sharov's riddle	Rusven
Nadezhda Aksaiskaya	In memory of Dombkowska	Silva	In memory of Dombkowska	Muromets
Victoria	Reline Pink Seedless,	Superearly Cicatricial	In memory of Shatilov	Super early red muscat
Nakhodka AZOS	Neptune	Zolotinka	Muscat white extra early	Kodryanka
Super Extra	Super extra	Super extra	Muscat pink early
First-Called	Victor	Elegant super early	Beauty of the North
	Laura	Victoria
Phenomenon (Augustin, Pleven steady)	Timur	Timur
Muscat summer	Augustine	Kolobok
Cherry	Extra	Prima
Aleshenkin	Ainset Seedless	Hip-hop
Charlie		Sphinx

Variety "Aleshenkin" grows in all climatic zones.

Rubric: "Questions and answers"

Question number 1. What are the largest grape varieties?

Harold.
Laura.
Augustine.
New century.
Paul.
Memory of a surgeon.
Karmakod.
In memory of Negrul.
Stashensky.
Kodryanka.

Question number 2. Which varieties are best suited to transport?

Shami Abiad.
Gorgeous. Read also the article: → "Description of the Krasotka grape variety, tips for growing and caring."
chieftain,
Kodryanka.
Kishmish Kalina.
Arched.
Baikonur.

Question number 3. Which grape keeps the longest?

Ruslan.
Moldova - up to 160 days;
Memory of Negrul - up to 130 days;
Autumn black - up to 120 days;
Criuleni - up to 100 days;
Original - up to 130 days;
Light - up to 100 days;
Hope AZOS - up to 90 days;
Tahir - up to 90 days.

Question number 4. What grape varieties are the most frost-resistant?

Carmen - 300,
September - 210,
Moldova - 230,
Anthony the Great - 230,
Black grand - 230,
Cowberry - 240,
Valentine - 240,
Meteorite - 240,
Romeo - 230.

Serious mistakes gardeners make when choosing new grape varieties

Mistake #1. Choosing a grape variety that is not suitable for growing in a given climate zone.

Often acquiring new variety, gardeners are being held hostage by unscrupulous sellers who distribute plants that do not grow locally. At best, this will affect the quality and quantity of the crop, but most likely the grapes will not take root.

Mistake #2. Planting new varieties in a common vineyard.

A newly acquired plant is best planted separately or kept in quarantine. It is not known how the local "environment" will affect the new variety, it is better to protect it (if possible) from infection with diseases.

Mistake #3. The choice of heat-loving varieties for a zone with a harsh climate.

In this case, the main criterion is frost resistance, otherwise grapes can only be grown in a greenhouse.

People began to grow grapes more than six thousand years ago. It comes in two varieties - technical and table. The first group includes varieties that are used for the manufacture of juices and the production of alcoholic beverages - wines and cognacs, the second group - table species.

What grapes are called table grapes?

Distinctive features of such grapes are beautiful appearance and high taste qualities. Large sweet clusters are consumed fresh, without processing. They tolerate transportation well. Berries have few seeds, thin skin and "fleshy" flesh. The most popular and elite grape varieties are presented below.

The most popular and best varieties

Arcadia

Grape variety Arcadia

The result of crossing Moldova and Cardinal, combined the successful properties of their parents. Consumers appreciate large bunches that can reach two kilograms, and gardeners - resistance to low temperatures and high immunity. Juicy light pulp of berries captivates with a delicate sweet taste and aroma of nutmeg when fully ripe. This early variety is the leader in yield, if the number of inflorescences is normalized, the bush is fed on time. An excess amount of moisture can lead to cracking of the ripening Arcadia berries, so water with caution, taking into account weather conditions.

Delight

Grape variety Delight

Variety with very early term maturation. The berries are large, with a refined nutmeg taste and loose skin with a wax coating. The vine can withstand temperatures down to -26°C, therefore, cultivation in the northern regions is allowed. The high immunity of the Rapture variety helps to fight fungal diseases and mildew, but you need to treat the bush from phylloxera. The yield is high, the fruits can be left on the bush for up to 1.5 months after ripening, while the taste remains excellent.

Experienced gardeners say that this grape has no flaws.

Kishmish white

Grape Kishmish white

An ancient dessert species with an average ripening period. Clusters are small. Seedless small oval-shaped berries, juicy, very sweet and not tart. Their skin is thin and transparent. Because of the fragility, the fruits are not stored for a long time and have low transportability. After harvesting, they must either be eaten immediately or used for drying raisins. Dried fruits made from Kishmish are a tasty and healthy delicacy. The vine is strong, but the yield is low. Frost resistance is average. Requires protection from pests and diseases. Needs pruning and rationing of the crop.

Kesha

Grape variety Kesha

Improved Rapture with beautiful brushes. White berries are sweet, with a slight sourness and 2-3 large seeds. Kesha is a mid-early variety, very tall, with excellent transportability and frost resistance. It develops well if it has a supply of perennial wood. Will appreciate planting in a sunny place and fertile soil. Moderate watering, thinning the clusters and regular top dressing have a beneficial effect on productivity.

Strashensky

Grape variety Strashensky

A handsome man with a black berry, medium early ripening. The fruits are juicy, the grapes are delicious. Clusters of medium density, highly marketable, usually weigh up to 1 kg. Poorly tolerates long-term transportation, winter hardiness is average. Uneven ripening is observed, so the crop is cut selectively. The load on the bush will decrease, the remaining fruits will pick up sugar well. This variety has reduced resistance to botrytis and oidium, but resists phylloxera, mildew and spider mites well. Needs pruning, depending on the growing region.

Laura

Grape variety Laura

Table form of grapes of very early ripening. Amber pulp contains a lot of sugar. The taste is rich, pleasant, with hints of nutmeg. Big beautiful bunches - distinguishing feature varieties, some record brushes weighing up to 2.4 kg. Transportability is high, it is in demand among buyers and is suitable for beginner winegrowers. Resists mildew and gray mold, withstands temperatures down to 20-23°C below zero. Variety Laura needs pollination during flowering and medium pruning, with the preservation of perennial wood. The bush is loaded optimally, leaving 30% of non-fruiting shoots. Such a plant has enough strength to form beautiful large brushes that will ripen on time.

Moldova

Grape variety Moldova

A time-tested look, purple berries with a waxy coating. Clusters of medium size, fleshy flesh has a simple taste. Ripening dates are late or medium late. Frost resistance is not very high. Requires careful shaping of the bush - a vigorous vine does not like thickening. Excellent resistance to fungal diseases and phylloxera, treatment is needed only against oidium. Hypersensitivity to calcareous chlorosis is observed. Used for growing on the arbor, the clusters are kept on the bush for a long time decorative look and pleasant taste. Handles transportation well.

Timur

Grape variety Timur

Early maturing hybrid. White berries with nutmeg aroma, a slight amber or slightly brown tan appears in the sun. Brushes of medium size, dense. Cuttings already in the second year after planting give a small "trial" crop. High frost resistance and resistance to gray rot and mildew. Grape Timur often becomes a victim of a tick. If the leaves "swell" and redness appears, the grapes must be treated with a sulfur-containing preparation. Experienced growers praise Timur for its ease of cultivation and early ripening. Care consists of regular watering, fertilizing and pruning.

Lady fingers

Grape variety Lady's fingers

An old mid-season variety, which, despite the difficulties in care, continues to be grown by many growers. The weight of one brush is about half a kilogram. Berries of the variety Lady's fingers are elongated, with a classic harmonious taste and appetizing aroma, pitted. Not resistant to low temperatures, may die already at 10 ° C frost, therefore needs shelter for the winter. Yields are variable and depend on weather conditions. The vine is sensitive to diseases and pests, regular treatment with appropriate preparations is necessary. Recommended for experienced growers.

Gourmets consider this variety to be the benchmark for the taste of grapes.

Mascot

Grape variety Talisman

Mid-early yellow-white grapes. Vigorous seedlings perfectly resist mildew and gray rot, resistant to low winter temperatures. Ripe bunches weigh a little more than a kilogram on average. The fruits are large, with a nutmeg aroma. Already ripened brushes can hang on a bush for a long time without losing their taste and retaining their marketable appearance. A transportable variety that does not require shelter for the winter. A record harvest can be achieved with proper agricultural practices and additional pollination before flowering.

Grapes are a wonderful gift of nature, a child of the gentle sun and fertile land. Ideal varieties do not exist, but you can always find a species that suits the growing conditions and personal preferences of the gardener.

Some growers sleep and see how to breed a new variety, and what to cross to get a hybrid form that strikes the imagination in size, color and taste ... I want to disappoint those who want to try on Michurin's laurels. Selection is a long process.

If time doesn't scare you, be patient! You will need the following gentlemen's kit:

at least five years to breed one variety;
decent piece of land;
the ability to endure failure;
receive positive emotions from the lesson.

It is useful to familiarize yourself with the professional literature. This may be a textbook on viticulture by the authorship of Negrul, and "Genetics and selection of the vine" by Ayvazyan P.K. and Dokuchaeva E.N.

You also need to turn your vineyard into an impregnable fortress, otherwise the fruits of your combinations may go to banal thieves who will sell bunches on the market, and you will lose all the results of your work. Such cases are not just unsettling, they leave a bitter aftertaste for a long time.

And still it is necessary to put only feasible tasks. Breeding frost-resistant grapes with good performance whole scientific institutes are engaged, and the results are still modest.

An amateur breeder cannot handle such tasks. The probability of getting a variety with frost resistance -30...-32°C from offspring with frost resistance -23 ... -25 ° С is the same as hitting the jackpot in the lottery. The same can be said about high resistance to diseases.

Despite these limitations, the field of activity of enthusiasts is very extensive. You can improve the color of the bunches, the shape of the berries, the size, the taste, the structure, the ripening time, the vigor of the growth, the yield, the sex of the flower, the seedlessness… So that's enough work.

Never cross pairs at random. Use the “duet” rule: if you plan to breed a large-berry variety with a given color of clusters, then choose both parental forms with a given color. Use this rule when setting a selection problem. The probability of getting a bisexual variety is different: when crossing bisexual varieties, the probability is 3 to 1. That is, three seedlings will be bisexual, and one will be unisexual. Previously, all same-sex forms were rejected. But if we do this now, then we would be left without Talisman, Flora, Flamingo, Victoria, Sofia, Gourmets ... So do not rush to reject hybrid forms, maybe they will have other advantages. In industrial selection, out of a hundred seedlings, only one or two with the desired properties were selected, the rest were rejected. In amateur breeding, 20-30 seedlings are considered sufficient.

And the last. It has been noted that the earlier the maturation period of the mother form, the worse the germination of hybrid seeds. The lowest germination in super-early varieties is only 1-1.5%. And in maternal forms with early maturation - 10-25%. The best germination is in seeds from late mother bushes.