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What does smr mean in the estimate. The structure of the estimated cost of construction and construction and installation works. Certification and Licensing Procedures

The structure of the estimated cost of construction (construction and installation works) is the distribution of the total cost by cost groups, indicating their share. In table. 4.1 provides an approximate technological structure of the estimated cost of construction of facilities for various purposes.

Table 4.1. Approximate structure of the estimated cost of construction,%

One of the most important tasks of construction is to reduce its terms and thereby increase its efficiency. From the analysis of the structure of the estimated cost, we can conclude that one of the main directions in this regard is, first of all, the improvement of construction and structural layout solutions, increasing the level of their manufacturability, improving the organization of construction, which ultimately reduces the amount of work performed on the construction site , thereby speeding up construction and increasing its efficiency.

According to the calculation methods and economic content, the estimated cost of construction and installation works (Csmr) is made up of the costs of construction production and estimated profit. Costs for the production of works are divided into two groups: direct costs (Zp) and overhead costs (Hn). According to this definition, the formula for the price of a unit of construction products (Csmr), or a unit estimated cost of work, can be represented as follows:

where Np is the estimated profit.

Direct costs include: wages of construction workers; the cost of materials, parts and structures; operating costs of construction machines and mechanisms. Direct costs form the bulk of the cost of construction and installation works.

To wages of workers include: all wage costs for production workers directly involved in construction work, as well as workers moving materials in the work area and from the on-site warehouse to the laying site.

Labor costs for workers involved in the management and maintenance of construction machines are included in the cost of operating these machines. These cost items do not take into account the remuneration of workers of auxiliary industries serving other facilities of the construction organization.

AT Cost of materials includes the costs for the purchase of materials, semi-finished products, products, parts and structures necessary for the construction and installation works, as well as the costs associated with their procurement and delivery to the on-site construction warehouses. An on-site warehouse is understood as a place for storing or unloading materials, semi-finished products, parts and products, from where they are directly fed into the working area for construction and installation work.

2.1. Theoretical foundations of cost analysis of construction and installation works

The cost of construction and installation works shows the costs of a construction organization to perform a certain amount of work, and the amount of costs predetermines financial results. For successful work, a construction organization is obliged to constantly monitor the formation of costs for the production and sale of products.

Extensive initial information is used for cost analysis: contractor agreements, design estimates, construction business plan, statistical reporting (Form No. 5-z), explanatory notes to annual reports, accounting data (journal-order No. to him - No. M-10 “Report of the materially responsible person” and M-29 “Report on spending building materials in comparison with production consumption rates”, acts for write-off of costs, payment orders and invoices for payment of materials), operational data.

Analysis of the cost of construction and installation work begins with an assessment of its structure, which allows you to identify cost items or elements that are most susceptible to change and predetermine the level of costs in general.

To analyze the cost structure of construction and installation works, the following are calculated and evaluated:

share (percentage) of each article or element (D i) in the total cost of construction and installation works:

where Z i- costs for i-th article or i-th element in the actual, planned or estimated cost of construction and installation works, r .; C - actual, planned or estimated cost of construction and installation works, according to which the structure is determined, p .;

The level of costs i-th article (element) in kopecks per ruble of completed and implemented volume of construction and installation works (UZ i, c./r.):

(2.2.)

where C is the cost (contractual price) of the completed volume of construction and installation work, p.

Materials. The cost of materials and structures have the highest specific gravity in the cost of construction and installation work - about 60%, including for the main production - about 40%. In connection with the industrialization of construction, the share of these costs is constantly increasing, so even slight deviations in the level of costs for materials from the planned indicator significantly affect the cost of work.

The deviation in costs under the item "Materials" (DZm) occurs as a result of a change in:

The volume of work performed (for each type of construction and installation work) in natural units (D N);

Consumption of materials for each unit of work performed;

Prices for purchased materials (DC).

To analyze the costs for the article "Materials", planned (Zm. p) and actual (Zm. f) costs by type of materials are established:

(2.3)

(2.4)

where N f and N n - respectively, the actual and planned volumes of work performed (for each type of construction and installation work) in natural units; g f and g n - respectively, the actual and planned consumption rates of materials for each unit of work performed in natural units; Tsf and Tsp - respectively, the actual and planned prices of the materials used, p.

Then determine the deviation of the planned costs of materials from those actually achieved (DZ m):

DZ m \u003d Z mf - Z mp (2.5)

Calculate the deviations of the actual costs of materials from the planned ones due to changes in:

scope of work

(2.6)

material consumption rates

(2.7)

unit price

In addition, the article "Materials" is affected by the replacement of materials. The effect of this factor is estimated according to the above formulas, since the replacement of materials may be accompanied by a change in the scope of work and the range of materials, and, consequently, their prices and consumption.

The analysis of the consumption of materials and structures is based on the data of the object-by-object accounting of the actual consumption of material assets in comparison with their consumption according to the estimated and planned norms. Deviations from the norms can be caused by various reasons. Thus, the use of materials of lower quality leads to an increase in losses due to large waste and rejects. Losses also occur in the case of using materials of a higher quality (grade) than required for this work according to technical standards.

Systematic control and analysis of material costs for construction and installation works are carried out on the basis of standard statistical reporting of the heads of construction sites (forms 29 and 1 cm). Such reporting is compiled monthly, it serves as the basis for writing off materials for cost.

Depending on the sources of receipt, the materials used for construction and installation work are conventionally divided into local and imported.

local materials they arrive at construction sites mainly by road from enterprises in the building materials industry, as well as from organizations and auxiliary industries of construction organizations. Wholesale prices for them are set, as a rule, by a free enterprise - a supplier. Transportation costs of consumers are significant and fluctuate sharply depending on the conditions for providing construction sites with local materials.

imported materials act mainly on railway(or water transport). Wholesale prices can be set free-car - destination station. Customers make settlements with suppliers at planned and estimated prices, the constituent elements of which are the same as the elements for calculating estimated prices.

When analyzing transport costs, you should check the correspondence of the accounts of transport organizations to the actual volume and conditions of transportation. For this purpose, they compare: the amount of basic materials for the transportation of which is paid to transport organizations, with the amount of the same materials entered in the warehouse accounting for the period under review; transportation distances indicated in invoices with actual ones; classification of goods and tariffs applied in the invoices, with established by the relevant authorities.

Procurement and storage costs significantly affect the increase in prices for materials. When analyzing the costs of materials, it is necessary to establish the deviation of the actual costs for individual items of procurement and storage costs, as well as from the costs provided for in the estimate. An analysis of production and economic activities allows us to identify the main reasons for the change in cost against the plan due to overspending (or savings) in the cost of materials:

Overspending of materials in relation to production standards due to an increase in their actual consumption;

The use of materials of higher grades, brands and sizes than provided by the project;

Increase in the cost of materials due to irrational transportation from one facility to another;

Inconsistency of planned procurement and storage costs with actual ones due to the insecurity of the scope of work, storage of an excess stock of materials;

An increase in transportation costs, which have the largest share in the costs of this item;

Exceeding the planned cost of production of auxiliary industries.

Wage. Cost analysis under the article "Basic wages of workers" is to determine and evaluate deviations of actual costs from standard (or planned) and identify the causes of overspending. Such reasons may be:

Changing the structure of construction and installation works in terms of labor intensity;

Failure to comply with the qualifications of workers, provided for by the estimated and regulatory framework (overestimation of the categories of workers in comparison with the categories of work);

Low quality of building materials and structures;

Poor quality of work and marriage;

Failure to comply with the level of mechanization of work;

Change in the degree of prefabrication of real estate objects under construction.

The analysis of costs under the article "Basic wages of workers" is preceded by an analysis of the wage fund of a construction organization and its distribution by cost items. The analysis methodology provides for the establishment of deviations of actual data from planned ones for the wage fund as a whole, for cost items and types of wages.

The distribution of the payroll fund by cost items and the determination of deviations of the amounts actually spent from the planned ones makes it possible to determine the impact of a change in the payroll fund on the cost price.

The size of the wage fund depends on the size of the average wage and the number of employees. Overspending (savings) of the wage fund (∆FZ H) as a result of an increase (decrease) in the number of employees (P) is determined as the product of the planned average salary () and changes in the number of employees:

(2.9)

where Rf, Rp - respectively, the actual and planned number of employees.

The overspending (saving) of the wage fund as a result of an increase (decrease) in its level against the planned one is determined by the formula

DFZ H (2.10)

The same technique is used to analyze the wages of other categories of workers and additional wages. AT general view the analysis algorithm provides:

Establishment of absolute deviations of actual costs from planned ones;

Identification of indicators that determine the planned and actual amount of payments for this type of salary;

Quantitative assessment of the impact of the deviation of indicators from the planned ones;

Identification of the reasons for the change in indicators that determined the amount of payments for this type of salary.

A detailed analysis of the salary fund is carried out by brigade, site, management. At the level of a construction organization, the results of the analysis of the reasons for the overspending (savings) of the salary fund are summarized:

Changes in the scope of work and prices for pieceworkers due to revision of design decisions, deviations from normal conditions construction, replacement of materials, machines and mechanisms, performance of work by hand, alteration of defective products, performance of operations not provided for by the project, additions, incorrect application of prices;

Change in average hourly wage rates and hours worked due to changes in the qualification structure of time workers, their number and the number of exits;

Change in surcharges as a result of the payment of bonuses for the fulfillment and overfulfillment of the plan by contract teams for piece orders, surcharges for work on weekends and holidays, surcharges to the average wage for workers when they are not used according to their profession, payment for full-shift and intra-shift downtime, surcharges from the collective fund, etc. ;

Changes in additional wages due to deviations in the payment of vacations, the time of performing public duties; additional payments for the management of teams, work at night, overtime, etc.

Costs for the maintenance and operation of construction machines and mechanisms depend on the specifics of the performed SMR. When using rented machines and mechanisms, the costs are much higher than when you have your own fleet of construction machines.

In the conditions of the existing system of specialization in construction, three organizational forms of operation of construction machines are used. This is due to the presence of several forms of relationships between mechanization departments and construction and installation departments:

The Mechanization Department performs construction and installation work on their own. In this case, the calculation is made for the amount of work performed at the current unit prices or aggregated prices;

Machines are provided to construction organizations for operation temporarily, with service personnel and maintenance. Calculations for the operation of machines are made at calculated and planned prices (machine-shift, machine-hour, etc.) and at prices established per unit of the amount of work performed by the machine;

The departments of mechanization of work provide construction and installation organizations with construction machines and mechanisms on a lease basis. At the same time, the latter themselves carry out maintenance and bear all other operating costs. Payment for rented cars is made at the approved planned and estimated prices for each day the cars are rented.

If construction and installation organizations have construction machines on their balance sheet, then they themselves calculate the cost of a unit of work and a machine-shift.

The presence of various organizational forms of operation of construction machines and mechanisms leads to two approaches to cost analysis.

If a construction organization pays off with the mechanization department for the amount of work performed, the procedure for analyzing the cost item “Costs for the operation of construction machines and mechanisms” is as follows:

1. Calculate planned (Z p) and actual (Z f) costs:

(2.11)

where W P, W f - planned and actual volumes of mechanized work; C p, C f - planned and actual planned and estimated price per unit of the physical volume of mechanized work.

2. Establish deviations of actual costs from planned ones due to changes in:

actual volumes of mechanized work

(2.13)

actual prices per unit of work volume from planned

(2.14)

If a construction organization pays off with the mechanization department for the number of machine shifts worked, the analysis procedure is as follows:

1. Calculate planned and actual costs:

, (2.15)

where , - the planned and actual number of worked machine shifts; , - planned and actual cost of a machine-shift.

2. Establish deviations of actual costs from planned ones due to changes:

actually completed machine shifts

(2.16)

the actual cost of a machine-shift

(2.17)

Cost overruns under the item “Operation of construction machines and mechanisms” may be caused by the unsatisfactory use of machines at construction sites and an unreasonable increase in the number of machine shifts spent due to the lack of a work front; insufficient use of in-line construction methods; lack of two- and three-shift work at construction sites; interruptions in the provision of construction materials, parts, structures, electricity, etc.; unsatisfactory organization of machine repair and lack of spare parts; low qualification and labor discipline of service personnel; overpayment to the mechanization departments due to the overestimation by the latter of the number of machine shifts worked and the physical volume of work performed.

An increase in the cost of a machine-shift is often due to the use of machines of different types, brands and capacities that are required for the work. This leads to underutilization of machines and increased operating costs.

Overheads. The analysis of overhead costs is carried out in several stages:

1. Calculate and evaluate the level of overhead costs (according to the estimate, plan and actual) as the ratio of their amount to the volume of construction and installation works. If the actual level is higher than the normative and planned, the reasons for the deviations are established. They may be incorrect preparation of an estimate of overhead costs and an underestimation of their percentage in the contract price of construction and installation work, insufficient control over the formation of overhead costs, incomplete compensation by the customer of actually incurred other overhead costs, etc.

2. If there is an estimate, the deviation of the actual costs from the estimated costs for each group and item of overhead costs is checked. They establish the reasons for overspending, evaluate reserves for saving overhead costs and outline specific ways to reduce them with the development of measures included in the technical development plan.

3. Assess the impact of non-compliance with construction deadlines for each facility on the change in the amount of overhead costs:

where U up.n.r - rise in price for conditionally fixed overhead costs, p.; HP unitary enterprise - a conditionally permanent part as part of the overhead costs for the facility, ranges from 30 to 60%, depending on the specifics of the construction and installation work performed, r .; T f and T d - respectively, the actual period of construction of the facility and provided for by the contract, months.

In the practice of construction production, overhead costs are usually divided into conditionally constant (having the same absolute value for different periods, regardless of the amount of work performed) and conditionally variable (the absolute value varies depending on the amount of work).

In construction organizations, all items of administrative and economic expenses are classified as semi-permanent overhead costs; costs for sanitary and household services for employees, labor protection, safety precautions; for the maintenance of guard and fire protection; the costs of testing materials, structures and parts of structures, including the costs of maintaining laboratories for testing materials. These costs account for approximately 60% of the amount of overhead costs, all other HP items (accruals for workers' wages, expenses for the organization and production of work, etc.) are conditionally variable.

A huge number of projects being implemented in our country are associated with the organization of the construction of various facilities: industrial, road, agricultural, etc. The buildings and structures being built can be both part of a more global plan, and its main essence. The share of financial costs in such projects falls on construction and installation works (CW). As a rule, they account for the largest number financial and material resources.

Construction and installation works is the application of activity regulation methods in construction, which occupies a special place in the legislation.

General view

Construction as an industry includes a wide range of activities. This is not only the construction of new buildings and structures, but also activities to carry out their repair (current and capital), restoration, reconstruction.

CMP (decoding in construction) means construction and installation work. Their main characteristics:

the implementation process goes through several successive stages: drawing up a marketing plan, substantiating project parameters, identifying a contractor, etc.;
geodetic works;
development of project documentation;
stage of material support (purchase of the necessary products and raw materials, their transportation to the sites);
construction and installation (preparatory, basic and finishing) works;
commissioning (control measures and necessary tests).

There are several interpretations of the term "construction and installation works". Different wording depends on the vocabulary used and legal regulations. At the same time, they all agree that construction and installation works is the use of a specific list of sequential operations in construction, which are aimed at erecting buildings and structures, installing necessary equipment(ventilation, heating, gas and water supply systems, wastewater disposal, etc.).

For abbreviation in the technical documentation, it is customary to write CMP.

What is regulated by the SMR?

The main document regulating all construction and installation activities in Russia is SNiP, which stands for building codes and regulations.

SNiP CMR is the regulation of the following areas in construction by sections:

main provisions;
design standards;
rules for the production and acceptance of work;
appraisal rules and regulations.

Kinds

Construction involves a combination of a huge number of actions from different directions using the whole variety of materials and specialized equipment. Construction and installation works is the use of various methods of organizing production processes in construction.

The project can be implemented in several different ways:

conclusion of contracts, which provide for the implementation of all stages by specialized companies;
all work is carried out by the company's own divisions;
in a mixed way, in which one part of the work is performed by contractors, and the other - on their own.

Based on the concept and the expected result, the following main types of construction and installation works are distinguished: general construction, transport, loading and unloading, special.

Installation is carried out using prefabricated parts, power wiring and other cables, reinforced concrete and metal structures.

General construction activities are based on the processing of materials and the construction structural elements. They are divided into established types. Construction and installation works by types of construction can be classified as follows:

Excavation. They include excavation of pits, trenches for installation strip foundations and individual supports, underground engineering networks of different lengths.
Pile. Pile driving or driving, foundation preparation.
Stone. Construction of piers, walls, columns and other structures from blocks, masonry from crushed stone, brick, natural and artificial stones.
Reinforced concrete and concrete. Preparation of the mixture, its transportation and pouring into the formwork, care, processing of compounds and prefabricated elements.
Mounting. Delivery to the destination of structural parts, their alignment, installation and fastening.
Joinery and carpentry work. They involve the supply and installation of finished wooden parts (doors, windows).
Roofing. They consist in covering the roofs with asbestos-cement or steel sheets.
Plaster. For large volumes, a mechanical feed is used and the application of a solution for small ones is done manually.
Facing. They involve covering vertical and horizontal surfaces with large and small slabs, as well as sheet materials.
Painting. They consist of manual or mechanical painting of structures, as well as wallpapering the walls.

Some of these technological processes are combined into the concept of "zero cycle", which is the initial phase of construction and includes the preparation of the site and access roads to it, earthworks, laying the foundation. It ends when the underground part of the building is erected and laid network engineering.

Conclusion of contracts

Since construction works are very complex and multi-stage, they suggest the possibility of attracting contractors at some stages. Some of them cover most common technological processes, others specialize in certain areas that require special equipment and trained professionals. Accordingly, the most common type of agreement is a contractual agreement, in which there are two parties: the client, authorized by the investor, who sets the parameters for the implementation of specified processes, determines and checks the results, pays for them; and a contractor that fulfills the customer's requirements within the established time frame.

The latter are usually construction companies or licensed individual entrepreneurs. If the contractor is not able to fully fulfill the entire scope of the obligations assumed by him, then it is possible to attract a subcontractor under the relevant contract, that is, transfer part of the work to other organizations.

Estimated cost concept

An integral part of the project documentation is the assessment, that is, the estimated cost of construction and installation work in construction. Properly conducted financial justification ensures the rhythm and continuity of all stages of work.

If inaccuracies were made, then this can lead to losses, delays, debts, the need to obtain additional finance in the form of a loan.

Estimated cost is usually assigned to several components and is calculated using the following formula:

CMP \u003d PZ + HP + PN,

where CMP is the estimated estimated cost of the entire work, thousand rubles; PZ - the amount of direct costs, thousand rubles; НР - overhead costs, thousand rubles; PN - planned savings or estimated profit, thousand rubles.

The value of direct costs is determined by calculating the total volume of all work performed (in physical units) and the rates currently used in accordance with the standards. The share of direct costs averages 65-80% of the total cost. Their structure consists of the following elements:

salary of workers who are directly involved in construction and installation works (10-15%);
the cost of all materials that are used in the construction of buildings (50-55%);
the cost of used vehicles, special equipment, machines, including the salary of specialists who drive them (5-10%).

Overhead costs include reimbursement to the contractor or subcontractor of all costs associated with the organization and maintenance proper conditions life and production at the construction site. Their volume is determined in direct proportion to the wage fund and to a large extent - on the scale of the object, the method of production, the type of construction. As a rule, this indicator varies in the range of 13-20%.

When calculating, norms are applied taking into account the characteristics of the object.

Overhead costs include:

Funds for administrative and business needs. It takes into account transportation costs, costs for office, postal and telephone communications, maintenance of cars, purchase of the necessary specialized literature, subscription to the required periodicals.
Maintenance personnel cost. It includes the training and retraining of managers and specialists, the creation of proper sanitary and hygienic conditions, as well as labor protection.
The cost of organizing the construction process. These costs include: security systems, fire safety, operating costs of project teams, geodetic works, landscaping.
Other expenses (property insurance, licensing, audit, consulting, advertising, banking).

Estimated profit is the planned income of the contractor. The organization must cover its costs for material bonuses for employees, innovative methods in production.

Quality control

A construction contract imposes a great responsibility on the contractor, since poor quality work, the use of low-grade materials and non-compliance with approved standards can lead to the destruction of facilities, large financial losses or loss of life.

Therefore, the level of construction and installation work at each stage is of particular importance. The quality of materials affects the cost and performance characteristics designs.

When building facilities using low-grade raw materials, the cost of all processes increases due to the need to constantly correct identified shortcomings, increase operating costs, and the level of comfort of residents decreases.

The essence of control is to verify the compliance of the actual performance of the object with the approved requirements set out in the technical specifications, standards, projects, contracts, passports.

The main task is to prevent marriage and defects, maintaining the proper quality of products. There are two forms of control: internal and external.

The first is carried out directly by employees of enterprises (design, industrial) that produce the necessary products. Factories and plants that manufacture building materials issue documents and passports that confirm compliance state standards. The presence of such a document upon delivery of products is mandatory.

External quality control includes inspections carried out by organizations that have the right to oversight and are independent.

Certification and Licensing Procedures

The process of certification of manufactured products and licensing of design, survey and construction work is currently mandatory. It is an activity that is aimed at establishing the compliance of product quality indicators with the requirements of approved standards. Its purpose is to protect the rights of consumers and environment as well as the safety of human health, life and property.

As objects can act: industrial products, building materials, erected buildings and structures.

Certification is possible in the following forms:

voluntary, at the initiative of a manufacturer who wants to confirm the quality of their products;
mandatory, used for a separate legally approved range, which, in case of non-compliance with certain requirements, may be dangerous to the health of people and their property (projects for private houses, locks, sealants).

The process of confirming the quality of any type of product occurs in the following sequence:

the applicant submits a declaration;
a scheme and methodology for testing activities are established;
carry out sampling and identification of samples, study of products and study of the state of production;
analyze the results;
The certificate is registered and handed out.

Licensing is the examination of the enterprise and the documents submitted by it in relation to its readiness to carry out the activities indicated in the application.

A special commission checks the availability of the necessary technical base and documentation, the implementation of the presented production and technological processes, the qualifications and experience of the staff, as well as customer reviews.

Some types of construction and installation works are subject to compulsory licensing (design, engineering and geodetic works and surveys, production of building materials).

Organization of construction and installation works

Various organizations are involved in the construction process of facilities.

To ensure the continuity and phased commissioning of the finished parts of the facility, a system of continuous planning and execution of work is necessary.

There are three main ways to organize technological process, which determine what is included in construction and installation works in construction:

Consistent. With this method, certain activities are performed one after the other, that is, the next one does not begin before the end of the previous one.
Parallel. It is based on the maximum possible combination of different processes in a single period of time. This allows you to simultaneously erect several buildings, but requires the involvement of a significant amount of labor and technology.
Streamline. It consists of dividing complex processes that are combined in time into simpler operations that are performed sequentially. All actions are divided into flows that are performed in a well-defined period of time. In each facility included in the flow, construction and installation work is carried out by integrated teams that move from room to room, which makes it possible to evenly load the staff and ensure rhythmic work at the facilities.

Construction and installation works in road construction

Road construction has its own characteristics. The process is characterized by an extended construction site, constant changes in the workplaces of specialized machine complexes, an uneven distribution of types of work along the road under construction, and, finally, the dependence of the technological process on climatic conditions and seasons.

The construction duration of tens of kilometers complicates the organization of work, complicates control and management, worsens the repair and maintenance of road construction and vehicles.

CMP Master: Knowledge and Functions

The position belongs to the category of managers who have a number of specific duties of a construction and installation foreman in construction. The person performing these functions must have a higher technical education.

The job description of the master of construction and installation works in construction is developed at the level of a particular enterprise. However, in general, all the duties and functions prescribed in this instruction are similar for different enterprises.

The master of construction and installation works must know:

Decrees, orders of higher authorities and other regulatory materials on the activities of construction sites.
Composition of construction and installation works in construction.
Design and estimate documentation for construction in progress.
Technical regulations, norms and rules, conditions for carrying out and accepting construction and installation works.
Principles of planning the technological process at the site.

The main duties of the master of construction and installation works in construction:

Ensuring the implementation of the work plan on site.
Organization of operational accounting for the implementation of production tasks and the receipt of raw materials and materials.
Monitoring compliance with safety measures by employees.
Organization of the receipt of materials, structures, products, their storage, accounting and reporting.
Ensuring the rational use of fixed assets at the facility.

When filling out a resume for a construction and installation foreman in construction, it is imperative to indicate experience in previous places of work with a specific list of constructed facilities.

Rotational method in construction and installation works

The method is a form of labor organization outside the place of permanent residence of employees, provided that they return home. The watch for the master of construction and installation works in road construction is very common in recent times. Construction and installation works in this case are carried out at facilities that are far from the location of the organization and the permanent residence of employees.

The shift method is used when it is impractical to perform work by conventional methods, as well as to reduce construction time in uninhabited and remote areas or places with adverse natural and climatic conditions.

Conclusion

The building complex today is quite numerous and developed. However, the impact of the crisis had a serious impact on the pace of development of the industry in terms of higher costs of work and lower consumer demand.

Now in every city there is an active construction of shopping centers, multi-storey buildings, sports grounds, in the private sector, a lively construction of cottages has been noticed. This indicates the rapid development of the construction industry. Of course, the demand for specialists increases with the increase in construction sites, but not everyone is able to devote themselves to this industry.
The construction of new public and residential buildings, the reconstruction of old buildings, the arrangement of communications, the repair of bridges and the laying of roads require high professionalism and certain skills. Both the strength of the facility and the safety of people, both the builders themselves and ordinary civilians for whom the work is being performed, will depend on the quality of these parameters.

Structure of construction and installation works

A set of sequential actions and means of execution aimed at the construction or reconstruction of production and non-production facilities, installation different kind equipment, is included in the concept of construction and installation work. A carefully planned construction process allows you to avoid shortcomings and errors, prevent alterations and corrections and, as a result, correctly calculate the cost of construction and installation services (http://3proraba.com.ua/calculator/item/cat/ctroitelno-montajnue-rabotu). There is no clear distinction between construction and installation work, since in fact these two areas are inextricably linked and tend to flow into each other.

Conventionally, there are 4 types of construction and installation works:

General construction. Cover the largest amount of work. These include: engineering preparation of the construction site; earthen, pile, stone works; erection and installation of all types of structures; carpentry, roofing and painting; building cladding; arrangement of territories.

Special. These construction works are associated with the use of special materials or with the installation of individual systems and devices. For example, the application of anti-corrosion coatings, the laying of structured cable networks, the construction of mine shafts, the installation of elevators, sanitary systems, etc.

Transport. Delivery to the construction site is implied necessary materials, finished products, construction equipment, parts and fixtures.

Loading and unloading. This includes the transport of materials around the construction site using lifting equipment or human labor. For example, transportation of soil, concrete mix, steel, wood, reinforced concrete products, etc.

Who provides the construction process?

The management of construction and installation works and ensuring the continuous process of their production is entrusted to specialists who:

have the appropriate education;
possess a high degree qualifications and responsibilities;
have sufficient experience in a particular field;
are interested in the development of technology and production.

With insufficient experience in construction work, developers attract more competent persons as part of general contractors. Highly specialized specialists organize the construction process in accordance with applicable regulations and standards. Their competence includes strict control and optimization of construction and installation works in all respects. General contractors provide planned construction on the basis of an existing project approved by the customer.