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Types of temperament and their characteristics. Accentuations of character Which are distinguished by increased activity they

a) indicative;

b) performing;

c) control;

D) evaluation35. The selection and organization of the content of educational information, the design of students' activities, as well as their own teaching activities and behavior, is the essence of ... the pedagogical function: a) constructive; b) organizational; c) communicative; d) Gnostic.*36. The following intellectual mechanism acts as the dominant basis for the formation of skills and abilities: a) the formation of associations; b) imitation; c) distinction and generalization; d) insight (guess)37. The leading activity of children of primary school age is a) role-playing game b) teaching c) communication in the system of socially useful activities d) educational and professional *38. Studies have shown that the main types of behavior aimed at achieving or avoiding success are formed at the age of: a) from 3 to 7 years; b) from 3 to 10 years; c) from 3 to 13 years; d) from 3 to 16 years old39. It has been established that the material is remembered better if it: a) is included in the conditions for achieving the goal; b) is included in the content of the main goal of the activity; c) is included in the ways to achieve the goal; G) is presented in a free order40. Understanding the relationship between the various elements of a given situation in order to find a solution to a particular problem is the ability to a) generalize; b) modeling; c) inference; d) comparison.41. General concept, denoting the process and result of the acquisition of individual experience by a biological system, is: a) reflex; b) imprinting; c) learning; d) repetition42. The simplest type of learning is: a) habituation. b) classical conditioning. c) operational conditioning. d) complex learning.43 A specific form of learning, the process of fixing information in memory is called: a) a reflex. b) imprint. c) imitation. d) repetition.*44. The method of activating thought processes by jointly searching for a solution to a difficult problem in an atmosphere of looseness, ease, excluding criticism and self-criticism,

a) inversion;

b) discussion;

c) the method of heuristic questions;

d) brainstorming.45. A type of thinking in which the thought process is directly related to the perception of the surrounding reality and cannot be carried out without it:

a) abstract-logical;

c) theoretically figurative;

b) visual and effective;

d) visual-figurative

*46. The ability of a teacher to objectively assess his own mental states and behavior, to understand how he is perceived by other participants in the pedagogical process is

a) reflection;

b) empathy;

c) identification * d) communication.47. The most effective style of behavior in conflict is a) avoiding conflict b) adapting c) confrontation, rivalry d) striving to solve the problem through compromise, cooperation*48. Determine the type of barrier in pedagogical communication that occurs when the teacher has an incorrect attitude towards the student a) a physical barrier b) a socio-psychological barrier; c) the barrier of incorrect mindset; d) organizational-psychological barrier;49 According to I.P. Pavlova, strong, unbalanced and mobile type nervous system characteristic for: a) sanguine people; b) phlegmatic; c) choleric; d) melancholy.

50. The type of people who are characterized by increased activity, sociability, a tendency to thoughtless mischief and a frequent change of hobbies:

A) dysthymics b) cyclothymics c) hyperthymics51. The state of increasing emotional stress associated with a threat to the well-being of the individual is: a) affect; b) frustration; c) mood; d) stress.52. What is the name of the state of rest, complete relaxation at the psychophysiological level?

a) relaxation;

b) reflection;

c) empathy

d) initiation.

53 A state characterized by a decrease in activity, emotional passivity, indifference to the events of the surrounding reality, a weakening of motives and interests is called

a) depression;

b) apathy;

c) stress;

d) frustration.54. Behavior that does not correspond to legal, moral, social and other norms accepted in society is a) asocial b) delinquent c) deviant55. Behavior is contrary to social ideology, politics, universal truths - it is a) asocial b) delinquent c) deviant d) antisocial56. Manifestations of behavior are crimes provided for by legal legislation - they are a) asocial b) delinquent c) deviant d) antisocial57. Behavior is associated with a violation of the norms of human society, social obligations, causing damage to others - this is a) asocial b) delinquent c) deviant d) 4antisocial58. Prevention of possible violations of the rules of behavior by a child through suggestions can be traced in the model a) educational and disciplinary b) operational c) personality-oriented d) educational reflex

59. Art therapy is a rehabilitation technology based on the use of means

A) horseback riding b) art c) socio-cultural animation d) physical culture

60. Turotherapy is a socio-cultural, rehabilitation technology, which is based on

A) tourism and sightseeing activities b) creative components based on working with plastic material c) musical games, singing, playing musical instruments

Regulatory framework for management

educational institution

(general part for heads of educational institutions,

applicants for the highest and first qualification categories)

1. Can the course of a disciplinary investigation of violations by a teacher of an educational institution of the norms of professional conduct and (or) the charter of this educational institution and the decisions taken as a result of it be made public?

A) Yes, only with the consent of the interested teacher; b) No; c) Yes.

2. Is a monthly cash compensation paid to executives of educational institutions - in order to facilitate their provision of book publishing products and periodicals?

A) By decision of the pedagogical council of the educational institution; b) No; c) Yes, if their activities are related to the educational process.

3. Is it provided for the distribution of benefits established in rural areas for agricultural specialists, respectively, to teaching staff of educational institutions located in a given area, and educational institutions remote from urban centers and considered as such by state authorities and administration?

A) Yes; b) Yes, for graduates of pedagogical educational institutions of higher professional and secondary professional education; c) Yes, for specialists who graduated from agricultural educational institutions of higher professional and secondary professional education; d) No.4. The federal program for the development of education is being developed a) by the Government Russian Federation; b) the highest legislative body of the Russian Federation; c) on a competitive basis5. The mandatory minimum content of each main general education program or the main professional education program, the maximum volume of the study load of students, the requirements for the level of training of graduates are established a) by the Model Regulations on educational institutions of the relevant types and types; b) the relevant state educational standard; c) an educational institution; d) a pedagogical worker.6. What is the procedure for the operation of the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of education? a) applies to all educational institutions on the territory of the Russian Federation; b) some of the articles apply only to state and municipal educational institutions, others apply only to non-state ones, there are articles that apply to educational institutions of all organizational and legal forms; c) applies only to state and municipal educational institutions.7. Who develops and adopts a new edition of the charter of an educational institution? a) the founder or founders; b) educational authorities; c) registration authorities; d) an educational institution.8. Indicate which of the documents is not a local act of an educational institution? a) regulations on the Council of the educational institution; b) regulations on the pedagogical council of the educational institution; c) internal regulations for students; d) an agreement between the educational institution and the founder (founders); e) provision on the provision of paid, including additional educational services.9. Whose competence includes the development and adoption (approval) educational programs? a) state educational authorities; b) educational authorities of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation; c) an educational institution; d) the founder (founders).10. The knowledge of labor protection of heads of educational institutions is checked at least once a) a year b) 3 years c) 5 years11. Is there an age limit for a student to receive basic general education? a) no; b) yes - 18 years old; c) yes - 15 years; d) yes - 18 years, but for certain categories of students the age limit for obtaining basic general education may be increased.12. When suspended educational activities institutions in cases that pose a threat to the life and health of employees and students, the wages of employees are paid in the amount of a) half of the tariff rate (salary) b) 2/3 of the tariff rate (salary) c) average salary13. Licensing of educational institutions for the right to conduct educational activities under the programs of higher professional and postgraduate professional education is within the competence of a) a subject of the Russian Federation; b) in the joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the subject of the Russian Federation; c) the Russian Federation.14. Does he establish a structure for managing the activities of an educational institution? a) founder; b) educational institution; c) educational authorities.15. What penalties can be established by the administration of an educational institution for students and their parents (legal representatives): a) for smoking at school and outside it;

b) for fights;

c) damage and loss of textbooks;

d) absenteeism;

e) fines from parents for damaging school property by students;

f) rudeness to teachers;

g) imposition of fines is illegal.

16. Do pensioners who previously worked in educational institutions located in rural areas or urban-type settlements (working settlements) retain utility benefits when they move to a permanent place of residence in the city?

A) yes; b) no; c) by decision of the educational authorities;17. The content of the mandatory part of the charter of an educational institution is determined by a) the founder; b) educational institution;

Temperament- this is a set of individual characteristics of a person that characterizes the emotional and dynamic side of his activity ( mental activity and behaviour). Individual properties and characteristics of temperament may favor or counteract the formation of personality traits.

Temperament(lat. temperamentum - “proper ratio of parts”) - a stable association of individual personality traits associated with dynamic, rather than meaningful aspects of activity (Source: Wikipedia).

From a physiological point of view, temperament is determined by the type of higher nervous activity human (type GNI).

depends on the temperament of the person

Evaluation and control of activities.
The rate of occurrence of mental processes (speed of thinking, perception, duration of concentration).
The intensity of mental processes (activity of the will, strength of emotions).
The pace, rhythm and acceleration of activity.
disciplinary influences.
The focus of mental activity on certain objects (extraversion or introversion).

Does not belong to the type of human temperament

Character - determines how a person acts, acquired, subject to change.
Abilities - determine with what speed, depth, ease and strength masters knowledge, skills, abilities.

Temperament is the basis for the development of a person's character, influences the way a person communicates and behaves.

Temperament is an innate individual feature of a person, it is not subject to change. A person with any type of temperament may or may not be capable. temperament type does not affect a person’s abilities, it’s just that some life tasks are easier to solve for a person of one type of temperament, others for another.

Adults involved in the upbringing and education of the child must take into account the type of temperament of the child, so that the methods and techniques of education and training used are effective and do not harm the child.

In psychology, there are 4 types of human temperament: choleric, sanguine, phlegmatic, melancholic.

sanguine(from Lat. "Sangvis" blood) - balanced, sociable, practical, self-possessed.
Phlegmatic person(from the Greek "phlegm" - mucus) - thoughtful, peaceful, reliable, diligent, taciturn.
Choleric(from the Greek "hole" - red-yellow bile) - impulsive, energetic, emotional, not restrained.
melancholic(from the Greek "melain hole" - black bile) - anxious, unsociable, withdrawn, gloomy.

Psychological characteristics of temperament types - advantages and disadvantages

Temperament type CHOLERIC

Type of nervous system- unrestrained, strong, unbalanced, mobile.

Advantages of Choleric:

distinguished by decisiveness, initiative, straightforwardness.
Mobile and fast.
He gets down to business with enthusiasm, works on the rise, overcoming difficulties.
Almost always resourceful in a dispute.
Unforgiving and inoffensive.
Has an expressive expression.
Speech is lively and emotional.
Choleric is able to quickly make decisions and act.
Relentlessly striving for something new.
Falls asleep and wakes up quickly, sleeps soundly.
IN critical situation shows determination and perseverance.
Feelings quickly arise and are clearly manifested.

Disadvantages of Choleric:

Choleric is too hasty.
The choleric type of temperament is characterized by sharp, jerky movements, restlessness, imbalance, and a tendency to vehemence.
Doesn't have patience.
In relationships and in communication with people can be sharp and straightforward.
Choleric can provoke conflict situations.
Stubborn, often capricious.
Characterized by a sharp rise and a rapid decline in activity, i.e. choleric works jerkily.
Sometimes he does not delve into the essence of the problem, slips on the surface, gets distracted.
Inclined to take risks.
The speech of choleric people is fast, sometimes inconsistent, passionate.
Aggressive, very quick-tempered and not sustained.
Choleric is prone to sudden mood swings, nervous breakdowns.
When the energy supply is depleted, his mood plummets.
Intolerant of mistakes and shortcomings of others.
Touchy.

Cholerics need to learn to restrain themselves, not to be arrogant. They may be advised to count to ten before reacting to the situation.

Temperament Type Sanguine

Type of nervous system- strong, balanced, mobile.

Benefits of Sanguine:

Sanguine type of temperament distinguished by cheerfulness, energy, cheerfulness, responsiveness.
The mood of a sanguine person tends to change frequently, but generally a good mood prevails.
Feelings of affection, hostility, joy and grief arise quickly in sanguine people, but they are shallow.
Quickly grasps everything new and interesting.
Quickly switches from one activity to another.
He easily overcomes his failures and troubles.
Easily adapts to various circumstances of life.
It has good performance and endurance.
For any new business is taken with enthusiasm.
The sanguine person is distinguished by loud, hasty, but at the same time distinct speech, accompanied by. active gestures and expressive facial expressions.
In dealing with new people does not experience fear and constraint.
Maintains composure in stressful, critical situations.
The sanguine person is able to reasonably defend himself and at the same time tries to normalize the situation.
Wakes up and falls asleep quickly.
Shows perseverance in achieving the set task, goal.
Good organizer.

Disadvantages of Sanguine:

If a sanguine person loses interest in the work he has begun, then he abandons it without completing it.
Sanguine people do not like monotonous work.
They tend to overestimate both themselves and their capabilities.
The sanguine type is characterized by instability in interests and inclinations.
For a person with a sanguine type of temperament, monotonous, everyday painstaking work is a burden.
Hasty in decisions, recklessness of decisions, not collected.
Unstable mood.
It is difficult to develop volitional qualities.
To achieve success in their activities, sanguine people should not be scattered over trifles, they need to be purposeful, accurate, diligent.

Temperament Type Phlegmatic

Type of nervous system- inert, strong, balanced, inactive.

Advantages of Phlegmatic:

Phlegmatic type of temperament is distinguished by calmness, composure, prudence, caution, patience, perseverance, poise and endurance, both in ordinary life and in a stressful situation.
He shows consistency and thoroughness in his affairs, as a result of which the work he has begun is brought to the end.
Phlegmatic people are persistent and persistent in achieving their goals.
There is no tendency to affect in phlegmatic people.
Speech is calm, measured with pauses, without sharply expressed emotions, without gestures and facial expressions.
Phlegmatic people are not talkative.
Able to perform monotonous, long-term stressful work.
Everything counts and does not waste energy in vain.
In work adheres to the system.
Phlegmatic people tend to adhere to the developed, habitual routine of life.
Easily follows the rules.
The phlegmatic type of temperament has good endurance, which easily allows him to restrain his impulses.
Not vindictive.
Condescendingly refers to the barbs expressed in his address.
Characterized by constancy in relationships and interests, often monogamous.
They love order and accuracy in everything.
Reason in phlegmatic people prevails over feeling.
Good contact with people of other temperaments.
Has a good memory.
Phlegmatic people are reliable people who are difficult to piss off.
The feelings of phlegmatic people are deep, but carefully hidden from prying eyes.

Phlegmatic Disadvantages:

Phlegmatic people are practically not receptive to approval and censure in their address.
They react poorly to external stimuli, so they cannot quickly respond to new situations.
Phlegmatic people are stingy with emotions.
Facial expressions and movements of the phlegmatic are inexpressive and slow.
Detailed to the point of tediousness.
He starts work slowly and just as slowly switches from one thing to another.
It is difficult to adapt to a new environment and slowly converge with new people.
There are many stereotypes and patterns in life.
Unresourceful.

Phlegmatic people should develop the qualities they lack, such as: mobility, activity. Do not allow the manifestation of such qualities as: inertia and lethargy.

Temperament type MELANCHOLIC

Type of nervous system- weak, unbalanced, inactive.

Advantages of the Melancholic:

Melancholic temperament type is highly sensitive.
Melancholic people are able to perceive approval and censure.
He makes high demands both on himself and on those around him.
Feel good about other people.
At favorable conditions reserved and tactful.
The emotional states and feelings of people of the melancholy type of temperament are distinguished by depth, duration and great strength.
Melancholics are characterized by constancy and depth, acute susceptibility to external influences.
In a familiar and calm environment, people with a melancholic type of temperament feel calm and work very productively.

Melancholic Disadvantages:

Melancholics are distinguished from other types by high emotional sensitivity.
They can hardly endure grief and resentment, outwardly this may not manifest itself in any way.
Keep your thoughts and feelings to yourself.
Melancholic people are very worried about even minor setbacks.
The melancholic is very shy, shy, vulnerable, secretive, indecisive, unsure of himself and his abilities.
Always pessimistic, rarely laughs.
At the slightest failure, he experiences a feeling of depression and confusion.
Lost in unfamiliar surroundings.
The melancholic is embarrassed when in contact with new people.
It takes a long time to adapt to a new team.
Has a small circle of close people.
Melancholics have a tendency to loneliness, depression, suspicion, they become isolated and withdraw into themselves.
They get tired quickly, it is necessary to pause in work.
The melancholy type of temperament is characterized by weak quiet speech up to a whisper, impressionability to the point of tearfulness, excessive touchiness and tearfulness.
The slightest nuisance, a nervous atmosphere at work can unbalance the melancholic.
Under adverse conditions, melancholics are closed, timid, anxious.
Melancholic is the only type of temperament characterized by slight vulnerability and resentment.
The melancholic prefers to obey rules and authorities.
On the eve of important events, he is always overly worried and worried.
What the choleric will sweep away on its way, the phlegmatic will not notice, the sanguine will bypass - becomes an obstacle for the melancholic. He is lost, gives up, it is at such moments that he needs the sympathy and support of relatives and friends.

In terms of self-improvement and self-realization, melancholic people need to be more active, organize activities, engage in patronage in order to feel their importance, confidence and increase their self-esteem. This is also facilitated by physical education and sports, gymnastics.

Temperament and profession: the influence of temperament on the choice of profession, recommendations for choosing a profession in accordance with the type of temperament, videos, temperament types of famous people.

Eye makeup: how to look younger, makeup mistakes that age us.

Types of temperament and their characteristics Video - features of interpersonal relationships of people with different types of temperament

Friendship and love depending on the type of temperament

sanguine- experiences sympathy easily, brightly and cheerfully. Novels start easily, just as easily can part with the object of love.

Choleric- befriends few, commands his soul mate, strongly attached, prone to anger and jealousy, to break from addiction.

Phlegmatic person- not inclined to express vivid feelings, calm, even attitude towards a partner, amorous, characterized by calm affection. From him it is almost impossible to hear words of declaration of love, compliments.

melancholic- devoted to a partner, obeys him, ashamed to open his feelings, often monogamous.

There are no bad and good temperaments. Your temperament can and should be controlled.

The doctrine of the types of temperament Pavlova I.P.

Psychologists say that in life it is quite rare to meet bright representatives of one or another type of temperament, mainly in people the features of different types of temperament are combined, among which one prevails to a greater extent, the rest complement.

However, according to the research of I.P. Pavlov, each type of temperament corresponds to only one specific type of higher nervous activity (HNA), which completely excludes the existence of a “mixed” type of temperament in humans.

Reliable, objective criteria for determining the type of temperament, as a type of nervous system according to Pavlov I.P.

metabolic rate.
The speed of the course of nervous processes in humans.
The power of expressing emotions.
Structural features of the body structure (somatotype).

I.P. Pavlov argued that the basis human temperament- this is the ratio of the main features of mental activity and the properties of the nervous system (the speed and nature of the balance of the nervous processes of excitation and inhibition).

I.P. Pavlov proved that the basis of higher nervous activity is three components:

Strength - the individual maintains a high level of performance during intense and prolonged work, does not respond to weak stimuli, quickly recovers. A person has stress resistance and endurance.
Balance - in an exciting environment, the individual remains calm, easily suppresses his mobility and inadequate desires.
The mobility of the processes of inhibition and excitation occurring in the nervous system - a person quickly reacts to changes in the situation, easily acquires new skills.

IP Pavlov correlated the types of nervous systems he identified with the psychological types of human temperament and discovered their complete similarity. As a result, we can conclude that temperament is a manifestation of the type of nervous system in human activity and behavior.

It is the type of higher nervous activity that is the physiological basis of temperament.

The ratio of types of the nervous system and temperaments according to Pavlov I.P.

Sanguine type of temperament- strong, balanced, mobile ("alive").

Phlegmatic type of temperament- strong, balanced, inert (sedentary) ("calm").

Choleric type of temperament- strong, unbalanced, mobile, with a predominance of excitation ("unrestrained").

Melancholy type of temperament- weak, unbalanced, inactive ("weak").

A person with a weak type of temperament, despite the weakness of the ongoing nervous processes, is able to achieve great success in studies, work and creative activity, career.

Characteristics of nervous processes of excitation and inhibition in various types of temperament according to Pavlov I.P.

Hippocrates' doctrine of the types of temperament

Hippocrates (an ancient Greek physician) understood the anatomical, physiological and individual psychological characteristics of the individual as temperament. Hippocrates, and later Galen, spoke of temperament as the characteristics of the behavior of a person in whose body one of the four fluids of "vital juices" predominates.

In choleric people, yellow bile ("bile, poison") predominates, which makes it impulsive and unrestrained.
In phlegmatic people, lymph (“sputum”) predominates, which makes a person calm, calm, slow.
In sanguine people, blood ("blood") predominates, which makes it cheerful and mobile.
In melancholics, black bile ("black bile") predominates, which makes him timid, fearful, sad.

Teachings about the types of temperament Scheme

To parents about children:

Raising a child, taking into account the type of temperament, has a number of important features that every parent should be aware of.

children's room interior, designed taking into account the psychological, emotional, age and behavioral characteristics of the child.

Speech development of children 5 - 6 years old: features, characteristics, games for the development of children's speech.

Literature on the topic "Psychological characteristics of the main types of temperament" for the course

Ananiev BG Selected psychological works. V. 2v. -M., 1980.
Ananiev BG Man as a subject of knowledge. -SPb., 1999.
Andreeva G. M. Social psychology. -M., 2000.
Asmolova A. G. Psychology of personality. -M., 2000.
Aho A, Hopcroft J. , Ulman J. Motivational structure of personality. -M., 1999.
Big explanatory psychological dictionary: V2t., St. Petersburg, 2001.
Breslav G. M. Emotional features of personality formation in childhood. -M., 1990.
Verisov N. N. Psychology of management. - Library Manager-Moscow-Voronezh, 2006.
Vygotsky L.S. Collected works: v6t. -M., 1984.
Vygotsky L.S. Psychology. -M., 2000.
Darabash Yu. L. Structure of activity. -M., 1993.
Daseev VG Motivation of behavior and personality formation. -M., 1996.
Caprara D.Zh., Servon D. Psychology of personality - St. Petersburg-2003.
Kovalev L. G. Psychology of personality. -M., 2002.
Leontiev A.N. Selected psychological works: V2t. -M., 1983.
Maklakov A. G. General psychology. Textbook for high schools. - Moscow, St. Petersburg: ed. Peter, 2005.
Morgun V.F.; Tkacheva N. Yu. The problem of periodization of personality development in ontogenesis. -M., 1981
Mukhina VF Problems of personality genesis. -M., 1985.
Nebylitsyn V. D. Temperament. // Psychology of individual differences. Texts. / Ed. Yu. B. Gippenreiter, V. Ya. Romanova. - M.: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1982.
Nemov R.S. Psychology: in 3 books. -M., 2001.
Ovchinnikov B. V., Vladimirova I. M., Pavlov K. V. "Types of temperament in practical psychology." – 2003.
Petrovsky A. V. Personality in psychology. - Rostov-on-Don., 1996.
Piaget J. Selected psychological works. -M., 1994.
Pryazhnikov M. S., Pryazhnikova E. Yu. Psychology of work and human dignity.
Psychology of personality in the works of domestic psychologists. -SPb., 2000.
Psychology of personality in the works of foreign psychologists. / Comp. A. A. Rean. - St. Petersburg, 1998.
Rubinshtein S. L. Fundamentals of General Psychology: in 2 volumes, -M., 1989.
Sapogova EE Psychology of human development. -M., 2001.
Slobodchikov V.I., Isaev E.I. Psychology of human development. -M., 2000.
Feldshtein D. I. Psychology of personality formation. M., 1994.
Khjell L., Ziegler D. Theory of Personality. Fundamentals, research and application. - SPb., 2001.
Elkonin D. B. Selected psychological works. -M., 1989.
Jung K. Psychological types. -M., 1995.
The Four Temperaments in Herluf Bidstrup's Comics

Accentuation is the weak points of an individual's character.

La Rochefoucauld wrote: "Weakness of character is the only flaw that cannot be corrected."

One of the classifications of personality types is determined by the typology of the German psychiatrist K. Leonhard. It is based on an assessment of the style of communication of a person with other people and is associated with the concept of character accentuation.

This typology is divided into:

Hyperthymic type, characterized by a constantly elevated mood. People of this type are cheerful, carefree, often frivolous and prone to hobbies of all kinds. These are incorrigible optimists who see everything in a rosy light. They are confident in themselves and their success, and therefore are prone to risk. Their failures do not upset them at all or not deeply and not for long. They are sociable, easily make acquaintances, respond vividly to all events, versatile, but at the same time usually superficial, restless, distracted. Irritability is often mixed with a constantly elevated mood, leading to angry outbursts, as a rule, short-lived, shallow and not making a big impression on others. They boil easily and quickly leave. These are active natures. They are energetic, active, enterprising. They carry out their projects quickly and decisively.

The hypothymic type. Hypothymics, as well as hyperthymics, are responsive, lively and strongly react to everything that happens around them, but their mood tone is lowered. They feel little joy in life, see everything in a gloomy light, are dissatisfied with everything, and above all with themselves. Often, objectively doing a job well, they are not satisfied with it. They willingly talk about the aimlessness of existence, they are prone to complaints about their health, to hypochondria.

The distimic type is characterized by low contact, taciturnity, pessimism. People of this type are homebodies, lead a secluded lifestyle, and are prone to submission.

Cycloid type. People of this type are characterized by fairly frequent mood swings. In a period of high spirits, they are sociable, and in a period of depression, they are closed. During the period of spiritual upsurge, they belong to the hyperthymic type of character, and during the period of decline, to the distimic type.

The excitable type is characterized by low contact, sullenness, boredom. People of this type have delayed verbal and non-verbal reactions. In a calm state, they are conscientious, accurate, love children and animals. In a state of emotional excitement that arises on completely trifling occasions, they are prone to abuse, conflicts, poorly control their behavior, and it is difficult to get along in a team due to low communication skills.

· Stuck type - a person of moderate sociability, prone to moralizing, tediousness. People of this type are touchy, suspicious, conflicted, have a heightened sensitivity to social injustice. They are characterized by the desire to achieve high performance in any business, to make high demands on themselves and others, discipline.

pedantic type. It is distinguished by excessive formalism in service zeal, grumbling, boringness at work and at home. However, in communication, people of this type attract with an even mood, seriousness, reliability in business, conscientiousness and accuracy.

Anxious type. People of this type are characterized by low contact, self-doubt, timidity, low mood, indecision, long experience of failures. People of this type rarely enter into conflicts, trying to rely on a strong personality in difficult situations. The attractive properties of these people are friendliness, self-criticism, diligence.

Emotive type. An essential feature of people with this type of character is the desire to communicate in a circle of friends where they are well understood. They are extremely sensitive, touchy, although they carry grievances in themselves, are often in a depressed mood, tearful. Their attractive features: kindness, compassion, diligence, the ability to sincerely rejoice at other people's successes.

Demonstrative type. People of this type are very contact, strive for leadership, dominance, crave power, praise. They are self-confident, proud, easily adapt to people, prone to intrigue, boasting, hypocritical, selfish. Their positive features are artistry, courtesy, originality of thinking, the ability to captivate other people and lead them along.

Exalted type. He is characterized by high contact, talkativeness, amorousness, but at the same time, such people can be conflicted. They are altruists, attentive to friends and relatives, have bright and sincere feelings, well-developed artistic taste. The negative traits of their character are susceptibility to panic, despair, momentary moods.

Extrovert type. Such people are open to any information, willing to listen and help anyone. They have a high degree of sociability, compliant, executive. It is difficult for them to be organized at work and at home. Repulsive traits - frivolity, thoughtlessness of actions, a tendency to spread rumors and gossip.

The introverted type. People of this type are characterized by low contact, isolation, isolation from reality, and a tendency to philosophize. They are focused on themselves, on their inner world, their assessment of an object or event, and not on an object as such. They are prone to loneliness, enter into conflicts when trying to interfere in their personal lives, are restrained, principled, prone to introspection, have strong beliefs and life principles. Their actions are determined primarily by their internal installation. They are overly stubborn in defending their views, even unrealistic ones. (Extroverted and introverted types refer to the typology of K. Jung.)

The personality types introduced by Jung are not determined by the circumstances of a person's life. They are innate.

Another classification of accentuated personalities was proposed and developed by the Soviet psychiatrist P.B. Gannushkin and then continued by the German psychiatrist K. Leonhard.

According to it, the following psychological types are distinguished:

Epileptoid. He is characterized by high energy, aggressiveness, love of order, thoroughness. He most often chooses a profession that is closer to him - a financier, an officer, a lawyer, since in the process of this work related to maintaining order, the very traits of his character develop more and more. So, as a financier, an epileptoid is especially valuable, since accounting and control are necessary in this activity, they require strict order, thoroughness and strict observance of the law, that is, all those qualities that an epileptoid possesses. If these qualities do not find a worthy constructive application, then the epileptoid can become a bureaucrat. He tends to obey not the spirit, but the letter of the law, and an official document for him is obviously more important than a living person. In working with money, such people do not allow waste and do not take risks. The epileptoid will not make a dizzying career, but will slowly but surely move up the career ladder. As a boss who manages people, he will always be demanding and picky, both to himself and to others. He knows how to make quick decisions without delaying time, but if there is time, he can “think” everything in detail. He has an authoritarian style of leadership, but at the same time he is influenced by the way it is accepted in society. If it is customary to lead democratically, then it is not difficult for him to reorganize in the spirit of the times.

· Paranoid. He is characterized by high energy, aggressiveness, purposefulness. If the work coincides with the main goal of this type, then it is always in work. It is difficult for him to work in teams, so the most successful for him is individual creative work. Creativity for him is not free self-expression, but the search for an answer to some great riddle or a solution to some major problem. It is these individuals who move the progress of all mankind, contribute to the development of the whole society. IN collective labor the paranoid type is a generator of ideas that cannot be limited by any framework other than setting the very goal of the study. The results of the work must be able to accept in the form in which he delivers them. He should not be forced to draw up reports or issue ready-made calculated results - this is a waste of time. For this, it is better to use an epileptoid, which will refine the results of the paranoid one.

· Hyperthymia. He is characterized by an elevated mood, extroversion, high energy. Due to the enormous activity, sociability and abilities of hyperthym, it seems to him and those around him that he will be successful in any business. At the beginning, he can organize, propose, start something, but in the process of everyday work he gets bored, and he switches to another, leaving the previous one. Since he is always in the public eye, he is quickly promoted and promoted to leadership positions. Hypertim is often artistically gifted, and at the same time in different areas - music, painting, literature. His creative process is an unsystematic splashing out of excesses of his energy and talent. Usually he creates a little bit in all areas, not achieving outstanding success in any of them.

hysteroid. He is characterized by high energy and demonstrativeness (the desire to be in the spotlight). This is a talented, multi-talented person, especially in terms of artistic abilities. He is easily given reincarnation, he is very artistic. This is not a mental, but an artistic type, he does not think abstractly and logically, but figuratively, therefore he is highly productive in artistic creativity - fine arts and poetry. It is best for hysteroids to work independently, outside the framework of the team, to engage in free creativity, because it is very difficult for them to get along in the team, as they are very conflicted - they demonstrate their superiority, interrupt, behave arrogantly.

· Schizoid. He is characterized by low energy, introversion (isolation). Most often, schizoids are engaged in the exact sciences - mathematics or theoretical physics. They can be musicians gravitating towards classical music, composers composing complex, original music or new style music, abstract artists. All this happens under favorable circumstances. If, from childhood, the schizoids remained misunderstood and his abilities were not given enough attention, then most often such a person will grow up as an eccentric or loser who is not understood by anyone, working in a low-prestige job (watchman) and reading his obscure books. But even as a professional scientist or musician, if it is impossible to conduct his research or create freely, he can go to the watchman and continue his activity there, because it is the main thing for him, and not the position he occupies in society. It is the schizoids who are the creators of great discoveries.

Psychastenoid. He is characterized by weakness, low energy, uncertainty. In his work, he is a good performer, a very obligatory and accurate worker. It is not difficult for him to obey if the instructions of his superiors are logical and orderly. If he finds himself subordinate to a leader who constantly changes his decisions, opinions, orders, then in such an environment the psychasthenoid becomes nervous and is eventually forced to change it. He enjoys quiet, neat and unhurried work closer to home (librarian).

Hypothym. He is characterized by weakness, low mood, increased sensitivity, anxiety, suspiciousness. In work, the sensitive hypo-tim is not as important as the relationship at work, especially the attitude of the authorities. Therefore, they can be very good, diligent and dedicated secretaries, typists, etc. However, usually hypothemes are not satisfied with their work, wherever they work, at the same time they do not want to change anything in their lives.

What to Learn First!

Personality types are determined, firstly, by the temperament and character of the individual, and secondly, by his organic features and, finally, one cannot consider a person's personality without taking into account existing social relations, the existing system and socialization.

Character is manifested in a person's behavior, in his attitude to the world and to himself, being a combination of the most stable, essential personality traits.

The considered types of character accentuations appear inconsistently. During education and self-education, they are smoothed out, harmonized, since the character structure is mobile, dynamic and changes throughout a person’s life. In this regard, it is necessary to constantly study the conditions for educating a personality, take into account existing deviations and carry out their psycho-correction in a timely manner, since a person can and should improve his characterological features.

In the process of motivating labor activity, leaders of organizations must take into account the psychological characteristics of each individual, the type of his character, temperament and behavior in the process of labor activity. Particular attention, in my opinion, should be given to the orientation of a particular personality to an external or internal object (that is, extra- and introversion). The functional division of labor and the fulfillment of production tasks largely depend on this. Managers should from time to time study by testing the character traits of their staff along with the study of their needs. Possession of knowledge about their personnel will help managers to correctly build a line of conduct in various situations of production activity.

Consider the most common accentuated character traits that may be of interest to judicial practice.

The hyperthymic type is characterized by excessive mobility, activity, increased sociability, the desire for leadership, a negative factor that often provokes negative forms of behavior in such individuals, there may be a strict regulation of lifestyle. In the presence of adverse social influence, serious defects in education, low level of intellectual development, such "excitable" individuals are more easily involved in group forms of entertainment, accompanied by the use of alcoholic beverages, gambling, with the subsequent transformation of these entertainments into group offenses against public order against the life and health of citizens. Persons with similar character traits are more prone to group forms of illegal behavior than others, often they themselves become inspirers of an offense not only for the sake of entertainment, for selfish motives, but also for the desire to assert themselves among their peers, out of a desire to experience the sensations associated with risk.

In addition to the "pure" hyperthymic type of character, there are also various types mixed with it: a hyperthymic-unstable type of character; hyperthymic-hysterical (demonstrative) personality type, for which the tendency to demonstrative behavior, the desire to impress others are leading; hyperthymic-explosive type of personality, in the structure of the character of which irritability, anger, aggressiveness, irascibility, affective coloring of emotions dominate.

An unstable type of character accentuation. Persons with such an accentuation are content with primitive entertainment, live without any sustainable life plans for the future. Their emotions are extremely poor and unstable. Subjects with such character traits are more likely than others to resist the demands of discipline and, therefore, are more in need of control. The favorite pastimes of such persons are gambling, fast driving, etc. Young people with character traits related to the unstable type of accentuation are most susceptible to illegal behavior.

With age, in such individuals, character traits can be transformed into a cycloid type of accentuation. Subjects whose character is distinguished by the properties of cycloid accentuation are irritable more often than others for no apparent reason, more prone to apathy, unreasonable mood changes without any serious reason. Moreover, a change in mood can be caused not only by significant events for them, but also occur under the influence of some subtle circumstances. Their mood cycles can vary from a few days, weeks to several months and even years (in older people). In the phase of a subdepressive state, they avoid interpersonal contacts, plunging into the world of their own experiences. It is difficult for them to adapt to a new environment, in emotionally they are more vulnerable, overwork faster.

Getting into conditions of a radical break in the habitual life stereotype, for example, to military service, people of this circle are more prone to protracted subdepressive reactions, which can lead to suicidal attempts for various, even insignificant reasons.

Sensitive type of accentuation. Persons endowed with the properties of sensitive accentuation are characterized by excessive sensitivity, increased impressionability. They have a sharply expressed sense of their own inferiority, the level of claims is reduced. In behavior, they are timid, overly shy, more closed than others. Their weak link is a heightened perception of attitudes towards them from others. Unbearable for them is the situation in which they become the object of ridicule, suspicion of some unseemly deeds, unfair accusations. For this reason, people in this circle can commit suicide even for an insignificant reason.

Psychasthenic type of character accentuation. The main distinguishing feature of the psychasthenic variant of character is increased anxiety, suspiciousness. Therefore, this character is often also called anxious and suspicious. Moreover, in relation to the personality of such subjects, anxiety is considered not only as a mental state in which they often stay about the most diverse, sometimes completely insignificant, circumstances, but also as a leading property of their character, leaving its noticeable imprint on their decision-making, on their behavior. generally. At the same time, people in this circle are distinguished by a more developed sense of responsibility and conscientiousness. They are obligatory, conscientious in their affairs, carefully fulfill their duties, and with a developed intellect, sufficient knowledge, they are usually good performers who do not need additional control. However, when making decisions, they often show a tendency to unreasonable doubts, obsessive anxiety, as a result of which they are indecisive. Situations with an unpredictable outcome, with a quick change in the usual environment, disordered, not amenable to planning for people with an anxious and suspicious nature are stressful. The situation, which changes dramatically and can be regarded by them as dangerous to their life and health, can suddenly lead them to an affective breakdown. It is much more difficult for such people to control their behavior in extreme conditions, in a situation of necessary defense.

The epileptoid type is characterized by increased anger, irritability, irascibility, and a tendency to impulsive behavioral reactions. The most striking character traits of such persons are: excessive aggressiveness, affective mood coloring without sufficient reasons, constant conflict with others. The most insignificant infringements of their interests can be the reasons for conflicts. Affects in such persons are often accompanied by unbridled rage, severe beatings of the victim, despite her weakness and defenselessness. In the absence of an external reason, such persons are looking for those on whom evil can be vented. Sometimes the owners of this character show sadistic inclinations.

It should be noted that epileptoid character traits can be hidden from others for the time being. Often, people with this type of accentuation can look emphatically correct, hypersocial, stand out for their super-accuracy, pedantry in observing the rules of behavior, while in other situations they can unexpectedly show extreme anger, incomprehensible, as if unmotivated cruelty, sophisticated vindictiveness.

In some individuals of this circle, flashes of affectively colored anger are replaced by a depressive state, which, like excitement, requires its discharge, sometimes pushing the subject to suicide.

Another feature of persons with epileptoid features is the nature of their thinking, which is characterized by excessive scrupulousness, pedantry, heaviness, slowness of thought processes.

Paranoid type of accentuation. Persons endowed with character traits according to this type are distinguished primarily by their affective capture, obsession with some overvalued, in their opinion, idea, which becomes dominant for them. As a rule, they have a vulnerable pride, expressed ambition, inflated self-esteem. Their behavior is distinguished by self-confidence, sometimes turning into arrogance, especially when their opinion is not shared by others. And since the majority that surrounds them is indifferent to their obsession, the people of this circle begin to suspect "everyone and everything" of various intrigues against them, and gradually their suspicion from a state becomes a stable feature of their personality. Fertile ground for the development of such a state of excitement can be, for example, jealousy, accidentally hurt ambition, morbid fantasy, etc.

In addition to the "jealous" among this category of people, one can also meet a fairly common personality type of "fighter for justice", "tireless complainers", "plaintiffs conflicting in the field of truth-seeking". People of this kind often actively seek meetings with representatives of judicial, state and legal bodies, with constant perseverance engaging in all kinds of litigation, sometimes insignificant in their cause, or commit crimes under the influence of fear, jealousy, in a state of passion, frustration, etc. P.

Subjects belonging to this circle of persons are extremely intractable in defending their views. They are the so-called type of persecuted pursuers. This is a severe type of character accentuation, supplying the society with various kinds of litigants, squabblers, from whom it is especially difficult for people who are forced to live with them in a family, to cooperate at work. Persons of this circle “are constantly ready for an affective reaction to any real or imaginary action in relation to them, they are extremely concerned about their personal prestige, and any objection, disagreement or simply indifference is perceived by them as a personal insult and insult.”

Schizoid type character accentuation. The most significant features of this type of people are their isolation, emotional coldness, isolation from others, inability or simply unwillingness to establish and maintain informal contacts with them, reduced need for communication, indifference even towards their loved ones. Another characteristic feature of these individuals is their lack of internal unity, the consistency of their mental activity, their quirkiness, originality, sometimes paradoxical thinking, statements, emotions, and behavior. They are focused mainly on their inner world. Therefore, they are not able to look at themselves from the outside, standing in the place of others. As a result, emotionally, they often react inadequately, look from the outside as somewhat strange, incomprehensible people. For the sake of some idea, the triumph of some abstract values, they are ready to sacrifice everything. In conflict situations, especially when they arise because they are not understood, they are touchy, angry, aggressive, they can commit illegal actions of a violent nature that are not adequate to their cause.

However, with a developed intellect, individuals of this type stand out for their creative orientation, diverse interests and hobbies, and non-standard, analytical mindset. They subtly feel, emotionally react to the abstract images created by their imagination.

The considered types of character accentuations appear inconsistently. During education and self-education, character accentuations are smoothed out, since the character structure is mobile and changes throughout a person’s life.

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Temperament types are a combination of subjective personality traits of an individual that are stable and have some degree of innateness, associated with dynamic manifestations, and not meaningful ones. They are the basis for the development of the subjective character of the individual. The types of temperament are determined by the typology of higher nervous activity of subjects and reflect the emotional sphere of individuals.

All psychological and physiological activity of a person is reflected in the types of temperament. For the first time, the ancient physician K. Galen singled out the types of temperament. He subdivided four main types of temperament, depending on the predominance of one or another juice (for example, bile) in the human body.

Types of human temperament

Today there is the following division into types of personality temperament: choleric type; melancholic type; sanguine type; phlegmatic type.

♦ People of the choleric type of temperament are usually not very balanced, they are distinguished by intemperance, irascibility, sometimes unbridled temper. Choleric people are characterized by a rather quick-tempered character, along with quick appeasement, after expressing violent emotions. They are easy to piss off. They are said to flare up like a torch. However, just like a torch, they are easy to extinguish. In such a person, all emotional experiences are clearly expressed, characterized by great intensity and transience.

Choleric people are hot and passionate people, characterized by a sharp change in feelings that differ in depth. Such feelings capture the choleric completely and completely for a while. He can equally deeply experience both sorrows and joys. All his experiences are expressed in facial expressions and gestures, sometimes even very violently manifested. Choleric is distinguished by strength and speed of reactions. Such a person is simply not able to perform monotonous work. Often takes on work with great enthusiasm, but is prone to rapid cooling of the fuse. Then he can treat the work with disregard, "slipshod".

In communication, it is characterized by sharpness and impatience. His gestures and facial expressions are quite energetic, and the pace of work is quite fast. Often, adolescents with a choleric type of temperament during puberty bring a lot of trouble to teachers and parents. They can disrupt lessons, be rude, get into fights and the like. They can be described as children prone to activity and mobility. Such children are perky and fighting ringleaders, able to involve their peers in various adventures.

♦ Individuals of the melancholic type of temperament are characterized by an unbalanced character, the depth of experience of absolutely any event with a completely weak and sluggish external manifestation. The reaction of such people is slow. Melancholic people are easy to spot by their facial expressions and movements. They are characterized by inexpressiveness, slowness, monotony, restraint, poverty.

People of the melancholic type have an inexpressive and quiet voice. Such people are characterized by excessive sensitivity and vulnerability. The melancholic is always afraid of difficulties and is characterized by high anxiety. Such people try to avoid any difficulties and unforeseen situations. For them, it is preferable to perform actions that do not require mental stress.

His moods and feelings are rather monotonous, but they are stable. Their character is rather asthenic. Therefore, when they talk about melancholic, they always represent a rather gloomy and eternally sad person. Melancholic people are very vulnerable, they react painfully to external stimuli, they experience any life difficulties very hard. Differ in unsociableness and isolation.

For melancholic people, a lack of determination and strength, constant decadence, and frequent hesitation are quite characteristic. In a deeper manifestation, the melancholic manifests itself in passivity, lethargy, disinterest in business. Melancholic people are usually presented as people "not of this world", airy and ephemeral creatures, people who are not very adapted to life.

Children of the melancholic type of temperament cannot and do not know how to resist injustice, they are often teased and offended, they tend to fall under the influence of other people or children. It is quite difficult for such children in a team. In adolescence, the melancholic type manifests itself in timidity and shyness, often tearfulness.

♦ The sanguine type of temperament is characterized by poise, speed and moderate force of reactions along with a relative weakness of the intensity of mental processes. This type of temperament is distinguished by the rapid transition of some mental processes to others. A sanguine person tends to work for a long time without getting tired, if the activity is varied, he quickly learns new professional skills and knowledge. It is characterized by the ease and speed of the emergence of new emotional states, which do not differ in depth, as they quickly replace each other.

Sanguine people can easily be identified by their expressive and rich facial expressions, by emotional manifestations, which are always accompanied by various expressive movements. Such people are distinguished by cheerfulness and mobility. The sanguine person is quite impressionable, his brain quickly responds to any external stimuli and has much less focus and depth in his subjective experiences.

People with this type of temperament can easily cope with solving problems that require quick wit, provided that such a decision is not particularly serious and difficult. Sanguine people easily take on all sorts of things, but also quickly abandon them when there is interest in others, they are often hasty in making decisions.

A person of the sanguine type is quite sociable, easily makes contact. However, his relationships with other people are often characterized by superficiality, since the sanguine person calmly and easily parted with attachments, quite quickly forgets joys and sorrows, reconciliation and resentment. Their gestures, facial expressions and other movements are very expressive, and their speech is fast. Sanguine people are prone to leadership, they can take responsibility and command. They like to be in front, in the center of attention.

♦ People of the phlegmatic type of temperament, first of all, are characterized by low mobility, their gestures and movements are rather slow, even lethargic. You should not expect quick action from such people, since they are not energetic. Such people have a weak emotional excitability. Phlegmatic people are characterized by evenness of feelings and moods, which change rather slowly. They are characterized by equanimity, regularity, calmness. Such a person is quite difficult to get out of himself, out of his calm and even emotional state. He is rarely agitated and affective manifestations are far from him.

In external manifestation, it is characterized by monotony, inexpressive facial expressions and gestures. His speech is slow, not lively, not accompanied by expressiveness and gestures.

Before doing anything, phlegmatic people can think about future actions for a long time and in great detail. However, if the phlegmatic has made a decision, he will carry it out calmly and purposefully. Such people are usually very attached to the work that is more familiar to him, and with great difficulty can change to other activities. They are able to rebuild only on condition that they are warned in advance, and they will be able to comprehend, think over and get used to this thought. When the phlegmatic is accustomed to and thought about the upcoming change of activity, such a change itself will be much easier and easier for him.

But do not think that any person can be attributed to one of these four types of temperament. The types of personality temperament described above are quite rare in real life in their pure form. Usually each person combines different features of these types. This is called a mixed type of temperament. Only if a person has pronounced certain traits of temperament, then he can be attributed to one of the above types of temperament.

Psychological types of temperament

The psychological main types of temperament are characterized by the following characteristics: sensitivity, reactivity, activity, the ratio of activity and reactivity, rigidity and plasticity, the rate of reactions, introversion, extraversion, emotional excitability.

Sensitivity is characterized by the amount of the smallest forces of external actions that are necessary for the appearance of any, even the most insignificant, reaction of the psyche.

Reactivity is determined by the level of unintentionality of reactions or manifestations to internal or external actions. equal strength(for example, offensive words, critical remarks, etc.).

Activity shows how much a person can energetically (intensively) influence the world around him and overcome the obstacles that have arisen in achieving various goals (for example, purposefulness, perseverance, concentration, etc.).

The ratio of activity and reactivity characterize the degree of dependence of people's activities. Activity can depend both on external stimuli and on internal ones (for example, random events).

Rigidity and plasticity show the degree of adaptability of a person to external stimuli, circumstances (plasticity) or the inertia and inertia of human behavior.

The rate of reactions determines the speed of various reactions and processes of the psyche, such as: the rate of speech or the dynamism of gestures, the speed of the mind.

Introversion, extraversion shows the predominant dependence of the reaction and activities of people. The reactions and activities of subjects may depend either on external manifestations that arise at this very moment (extraversion), or on ideas, images, thoughts that are directly related either to the future or to the past, but not to the present (introversion).

Emotional excitability is determined necessary quantity weak impact for the appearance of any emotional reaction, and with what speed it can occur.

Based on all of the above properties, Strelyau gave psychological characteristics to the main classical types of temperament identified by Galen.

So, according to his theory, a sanguine person is a person characterized by increased reactivity and balanced activity and reactivity. His movements are quick, his mind is flexible, he has resourcefulness and a fast pace of speech, as well as a quick inclusion in work. It is distinguished by high plasticity, which manifests itself in a change of feelings, interests, mood and aspirations. The sanguine type of temperament is characterized by extraversion.

Choleric is a person who is characterized by a rather small sensitivity, along with increased activity and reactivity. Since in such people reactivity clearly prevails over activity, they stand out for their unbridled disposition, intemperance, impatience, and irascibility. Choleric is not particularly plastic and rather inert when compared with a sanguine person. Therefore, he has a sufficiently greater stability of interests and aspirations, perseverance. He has difficulty shifting attention. Choleric refers more to extroverts than to introverts.

A phlegmatic person is a person with high activity, which greatly prevails over insignificant reactivity, sensitivity and emotionality. Characterized by slow speech and movement. The phlegmatic is also quite difficult to switch attention and adapt to new environments. Along with this, he is distinguished by efficiency and energy. A phlegmatic person can rather weakly respond to external stimuli. Refers to introverts.

A melancholic is a person with very high sensitivity along with very little reactivity. It is also characterized by inexpressive gestures, facial expressions, movements, a quiet voice, and poor movements. He is not energetic and does not have perseverance, he is distinguished by rather rapid fatigue and low efficiency. His attention is easily distracted and unstable. The pace of absolutely all mental processes is characterized by slowness. Melancholic refers to introverts.

Pavlov deduced and proved the theory that the basis of the physiology of temperament is precisely the type of higher nervous activity, which is determined directly by the ratio of the defining properties of the nervous system, such as: strength, mobility and balance of the processes of inhibition and excitation occurring in the nervous system. But the typology of the nervous system depends on the genotype, i.e. heredity. He identified four subspecies of the nervous system:

A weak subspecies consists in the weakness of both inhibitory and excitatory processes, it includes a melancholic;

An unbalanced strong subspecies consists in the strength of the irritable process and the comparative strength of inhibition, this subspecies includes the choleric or "unrestrained type";

A balanced, mobile and strong type is a sanguine or "living type";

Balanced and strong, along with the inertia of nervous processes, is a phlegmatic or “calm type”.

Wundt admitted that the fundamental in those psychological properties, the compounds of which form different types of temperament, are two main (basic, basic) characteristics that are associated with the dynamism of the flow of the emotional sphere of subjects. He attributed to them: the strength of emotional reactions, on the one hand, and the degree of stability of emotional manifestations, on the other. It is strong emotional manifestations, along with emotional instability, that contribute to the formation of those mental properties that can usually be attributed to an individual with a choleric temperament type. But instability, along with the insignificant strength of emotional manifestations, is characteristic of the owners of the sanguine type of temperament.

It is in this way that Wundt departed from specifically descriptive typological characteristics of temperament and introduced two features that can serve as an object of experimental analysis and research. And since the stability of emotional manifestations and their strength can be measured empirically, then the assignment of a person to one or another typological characteristic of temperament can be based on objective information and research data.

hallmark Wundt's theory is that typology is no longer tied only to those extreme manifestations of psychological characteristics characteristic of different types of temperament. According to his theory, people who have different emotional strength can be equally attributed to both the choleric type and the melancholic type. The main thing is that they observe the ratio of weakness and strength of emotion in the direction of strength.

Determining the type of temperament

Different types of temperament can be determined using specialized techniques based on the use of tests and questionnaires. There are many such methods. They consist in the fact that every person who wants to determine his typological characteristics of temperament is invited to answer a series of questions that are aimed at recognizing in him his usual way of responding to internal and external stimuli, as well as his behavior. Basically, the questions are quite simple and relate to the personal qualities of the subjects, behavior in specific situations from life.

The main recommendations for passing the tests are that the individual is invited to answer clearly, accurately, quickly, trying not to think too much about what came to mind first, then you should answer. In such tests, there are no known good or bad answers. Therefore, the subjects are advised not to be afraid to answer correctly or incorrectly, badly or well. After all, the definition of the type of temperament largely depends on the honesty of the answers.

Why is it necessary to determine the types of temperament? Psychologists recommend nevertheless to determine your typological characteristics of temperament in order to know your strengths and weak sides, and be able to correct them throughout life. It’s also good to understand temperaments in order not to demand the impossible from the people who surround us, or from children. So, for example, you can not demand from the phlegmatic the speed of work. You should not rush the slow phlegmatic, as this will not add speed, but will only cause his aggression towards you.

Knowing temperaments will help a lot in family life. For example, let's take the phlegmatic again, before any work he needs to pre-tune, so it's better to inform him in advance about the upcoming general cleaning or shopping trip. He needs some time to get used to the thoughts about the upcoming, albeit small, but still changes in his life. But, after a while, he will create the right mood for himself, and all changes will be more comfortable.

Also, the type of temperament can be determined by activity, by appearance, facial expressions and gestures.

If there is a person among you who easily adapts to an unfamiliar environment, easily contacts other people and can quickly switch from one type of activity to another, does not like monotony in work, then most likely he is a person of a sanguine type of temperament.

If you see a person in front of you who is distinguished by excitability and imbalance, increased irritability, swiftness of action, often under the influence of an impulse, then this will be a choleric person.

A colleague annoys you with his slowness, slowness and amazes with his calmness, then most likely a phlegmatic person works with you.

If you met a person who, as it were, is always in himself, overly touchy, prone to strong feelings due to the slightest troubles, does not converge well with others, is closed, then this is a melancholic.

However, in real life, it is not easy to identify a true melancholic or, for example, a sanguine person. Basically, we are surrounded by people of a mixed type. A slow person may well have the excitability of a choleric person and vice versa.

Test for the type of temperament

As mentioned above, there are many tests and techniques that determine the types of temperament and their properties. Basically, the study of personality temperament can be directed either to its general characteristics, or to an in-depth study of its properties.

According to Rusalov's questionnaire, one can determine the formal dynamic properties of individuality. The questionnaire is represented by 150 questions that are aimed at clarifying the usual behavior of the individual. The subjects are presented with a series of typical situations where they need to give one answer, the first one that comes to mind.

The method for determining the type of temperament that prevails in a particular individual is presented by Belov and consists in sequentially presenting four cards to the subject. Each of the proposed cards contains twenty properties that are characteristic of a particular type of temperament. The subject will need to mark in each card those features that are most characteristic of him.

The most popular method for determining the types of temperament is the test in the form of questions, developed by Eysenck. It involves the diagnosis of types and properties of temperament. This technique consists in the fact that the subjects are asked 100 test questions that characterize the characteristics of their behavior and feelings. In cases where the feature or property described in the test coincides with the self-image of the subjects, then they are recommended to put a plus sign, if it does not match, then a minus sign. These questions should also be answered quickly, honestly, and without thinking. This questionnaire is designed to determine the level of neuroticism, introversion and extraversion, psychotism.

The study of the psychological structure of temperament according to the Smirnov questionnaire makes it possible to detect the polar properties of temperament, such as: extraversion and introversion, balance and excitability, the pace of reactions is slow and fast, activity is low and high. In this questionnaire, a scale of sincerity was additionally developed, which makes it possible to assess the veracity and reliability of the answers received and the results as a whole.

According to the Smishek questionnaire, it is possible to diagnose types and identify accentuations of temperament and character traits. This questionnaire is based on Leonhard's theory of accentuated personalities. Accentuated personalities are such personalities that have individual features that have a high degree of severity. Leonhard identified 10 such types of accentuations: demonstrative, emotive, excitable, pedantic, affective-exalted, stuck, cyclothymic, hyperthymic, anxious-fearful, dysthymic.

In psychology, along with the term "temperament", the term "character" is widely used, which literally means - a sign, trait, seal. Character is a set of subjective features of an individual that are stable, develop and manifest themselves in the process of communication, activity, thereby causing the typicality of behavior. Among the variety of character traits, leading and secondary traits are distinguished. If these traits are in harmony with each other, then such a person can be considered the owner of such a quality as integrity of character. And if such features contrast sharply with each other, then this means the presence of inconsistency in character.

In the process of socialization, an individual, in addition to such personality traits as honesty, deceit, rudeness, politeness, tact, acquires such temperamental properties as introversion and extraversion. That is why psychologists have a question about the relationship between character and temperament. That is why many questionnaires are also equipped with an introversion and extraversion scale (for example, the Eysenck test).

There is also a method for determining the type of temperament according to Obozov. It uses fifteen empirical characteristics in which temperament manifests itself. This technique allows you to determine the type of temperament even without the participation of the subject. To determine its type, a line-by-line selection of the level of manifestation of each of the fifteen characterological features given is made. So, for example, in the “balance of behavior” scale, the line “well balanced” corresponds more to the subject, and the line “perfectly balanced” is slightly less suitable. In this case, the first line is assigned two points, and the second - one point. The rest of the lines in this scale receive a mark of "0" points. Other indicators are also evaluated for all remaining characterological features. Next, you should calculate the number of points for each column separately. The type of personality that scored the most points is the main one for the subject.

It must always be remembered that it is impossible, using one or another of the above methods, to calculate one hundred percent the type of temperament. Temperament is not one hundred percent innate property. Also, traits of temperament can be strengthened and reduced in the process of human life. After all, temperament is just the biological basis of all personal qualities that a person educates and develops in himself in the course of his life. And the knowledge of their personality traits and himself as a whole will allow him to choose such a style of interaction with others and such an activity that will bring even greater success and the realization of personal potential.

Speaker of the Medical and Psychological Center "PsychoMed"