Federal Law No. 261-FZ “On Energy Saving and Improving Energy Efficiency and on Amending Certain legislative acts Russian Federation» provides for a significant reduction in energy consumption by heating and ventilation systems of residential buildings.

According to the draft order of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation, it is planned to introduce normalized levels of specific annual consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation. As basic level energy consumption, indicators are introduced that correspond to building projects completed in accordance with the standards of 2008 before the federal law was put into effect.

Thus, by Decree of the Government of Moscow No. 900-PP, the specific energy consumption for heating, hot water supply, lighting and operation of a common house engineering equipment in multi-apartment residential buildings it was set from October 1, 2010 at the level of 160 kWh / m 2 year, from January 1, 2016 it is planned to reduce the figure to 130 kWh / m 2 year, and from January 1, 2020 - to 86 kWh / m 2 year. The share of heating and ventilation in 2010 accounts for approximately 25-30%, or 40-50 kWh/m 2 year. As of July 1, 2010, the standard in Moscow was 215 kWh/m 2 ·year, of which 90-95 kWh/m 2 ·year were for heating and ventilation.

Improving the energy efficiency of buildings can be achieved by increasing the level of thermal protection of the building envelope and improving heating and ventilation systems.

In basic terms, the distribution of heat energy consumption in a typical multi-storey building is carried out approximately equally between transmission heat losses (50-55%) and ventilation (45-50%).

Approximate distribution of the annual heat balance for heating and ventilation:

• transmission heat losses - 63-65 kWh/m 2 year;
• ventilation air heating - 58-60 kWh/m 2 year;
• internal heat generation and insolation - 25-30 kWh/m 2 year.

Is it possible to achieve standards only by increasing the level of thermal protection of the building fences?

With the introduction of energy efficiency requirements, the Moscow government prescribes an increase in the heat transfer resistance of building fences to the level of October 1, 2010 for walls from 3.5 to 4.0 deg m 2 / W, for windows from 1.8 to 1.0 deg m 2 / Tue Taking into account these requirements, transmission heat losses will decrease to 50-55 kWh/m 2 ·year, and the overall energy efficiency indicator - up to 80-85 kWh/m 2 ·year.

These values ​​of specific heat consumption are higher than the minimum requirements. Therefore, the problem of energy efficiency of residential buildings is not solved only by thermal protection. In addition, the attitude of specialists to a significant increase in the requirements for resistance to heat transfer of enclosing structures is ambiguous.

It should be noted that the practice of mass construction of residential buildings included modern systems heating using room thermostats, balancing valves and weather-dependent automation of heat points.

The situation is more complicated with ventilation systems. So far, natural ventilation systems have been used in mass construction. The use of wall and window self-regulating supply dampers is a means of limiting excess air exchange and does not fundamentally solve the problem of energy saving.

In world practice, systems are widely used mechanical ventilation with heat recovery extract air. The energy efficiency of heat recovery units is up to 65% for plate heat exchangers and up to 85% for rotary ones.

When using these systems in Moscow, the reduction of annual heat consumption for heating and ventilation to the base level can be 38-50 kWh/m 2 year, which allows reducing the total specific heat consumption to 50-60 kWh/m 2 year without changing the basic level of thermal protection of fences and ensure a 40% reduction in the energy intensity of heating and ventilation systems, provided for from 2020.

The problem lies in the economic efficiency of mechanical ventilation systems with exhaust air heat exchangers and the need for their qualified maintenance. Imported apartment installations are quite expensive, and their cost in turnkey installation costs 60-80 thousand rubles. for one apartment. With current electricity tariffs and maintenance costs, they pay off in 15-20 years, which is a serious obstacle to their use in the mass construction of affordable housing. The acceptable cost of installation for economy-class housing should be recognized as 20-25 thousand rubles.

Apartment ventilation systems with plate heat exchanger

Within the framework of the federal target program of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, MIKTERM LLC conducted research and developed a laboratory sample of energy-saving apartment system ventilation (ESV) with a plate heat exchanger. Sample designed as a budget option installations for residential buildings of an economy class.

When creating a budget apartment installation that meets sanitary standards, the following were adopted technical solutions, which made it possible to reduce the cost of ESP:

• the heat exchanger is made of cellular polycarbonate plates;
• electric heater excluded N= 500 W;
• due to the low aerodynamic resistance of the heat exchanger, the energy consumption is 46 W;
• simple automation was used to ensure reliable operation of the plant.

The calculation of the cost of the developed ESP is given in the table.

Unlike imported analogues, the unit does not use electric heaters either for frost protection or for air reheating. The installation during tests showed an energy efficiency of at least 65%.

Frost protection is solved as follows. When the heat exchanger freezes, an increase in the aerodynamic resistance of the exhaust tract occurs, which is recorded by a pressure sensor that gives a command for a short-term decrease in flow supply air until normal pressure is restored.

On fig. 1 shows a graph of the change in the supply air temperature depending on the outdoor air temperature at different supply air flow rates. The exhaust air flow is constant and equal to 150 m 3 /h.

Pilot project of an energy efficient residential building

On the basis of an apartment installation with a heat recovery unit, a pilot project was developed for an energy-efficient residential building in Northern Izmailovo in Moscow. The project provides technical requirements for apartment installations supply and exhaust ventilation with heat exchangers. For the innovative installation, the characteristics of MIKTERM LLC are given.

The units are designed for energy-efficient balanced ventilation and creating a comfortable climate in residential premises up to 120 m2. Apartment-by-apartment ventilation with mechanical stimulation and exhaust air heat recovery for supply air heating is provided. Supply and exhaust units are installed autonomously in the corridors of apartments and are equipped with filters, a plate heat exchanger and fans. The unit is equipped with automation equipment and a control panel that allows you to adjust the air capacity of the unit.

Passing through the ventilation unit with a plate heat exchanger, the exhaust air heats the supply air to a temperature t= +4.0 ˚С (at outside air temperature t= -28 ˚С). Compensation for heat deficiency for supply air heating is carried out by heating devices.

Outside air is taken from the loggia of this apartment, the hood, combined within one apartment from bathrooms, bathrooms and kitchens, after the utilizer is discharged into the exhaust duct via satellite and is thrown out within the technical floor. If necessary, condensate is drained from the heat exchanger into a sewer riser equipped with an HL 21 drip funnel with an odor-locking device. The stand is located in the bathrooms.

Supply and exhaust air flow control is carried out by means of one control panel. The unit can be switched from normal operation with heat recovery to summer operation without heat recovery. Switching is carried out using a damper located in the heat exchanger. Ventilation of the technical floor is carried out through deflectors. According to the test results, the efficiency of using a plant with a heat exchanger can reach 67%.

Estimated heat consumption for supply air heating per apartment when direct-flow ventilation is used is:
Q = L· C·γ·∆ t, Q\u003d 110 × 1.2 × 0.24 × 1.163 × (20 - (-28)) \u003d 1800 watts.
When using a plate heat exchanger, the heat consumption for reheating the supply air
Q\u003d 110 × 1.2 × 0.24 × × 1.163 × (20 - 4) \u003d 590 watts.
The heat savings per apartment at the calculated outdoor temperature is 1210 W. The total heat savings in the house is
1210 × 153 = 185130 W.

The volume of supply air is taken to compensate for the exhaust from the premises of the bathroom, bath, kitchen. There is no exhaust duct for connecting kitchen equipment (the exhaust hood from the stove works for recirculation). The inflow is diluted through sound-absorbing air ducts to the living rooms. It is planned to cover the ventilation unit in the apartment corridors with a building structure with service hatches and an exhaust duct from the ventilation unit to the exhaust shaft. The maintenance warehouse has four redundant fans. On fig. 2 shows a schematic diagram of the ventilation of an apartment building, and in fig. 3 - plan of a typical floor with the placement of ventilation units.

Additional costs for the installation of apartment ventilation with exhaust air heat recovery for the whole house are estimated at 3 million rubles. The annual heat savings will be 19 800 kWh. Taking into account changes in existing tariffs for thermal energy, a simple payback period will be about 8 years.

Literature

1. Decree of the Government of Moscow No. 900-PP dated October 5, 2010 "On improving the energy efficiency of residential, social and public and business buildings in Moscow and amending the Decree of the Government of Moscow dated June 9, 2009 No. 536-PP".
2. Livchak V.I. Improving the energy efficiency of buildings // Energy saving. - 2012. - No. 6.
3. Gagarin V.G. Macroeconomic aspects of substantiation of energy-saving measures while increasing the thermal protection of building envelopes // Construction Materials.- 2010.- March.
4. Gagarin V.G., Kozlov V.V. On the regulation of heat loss through the shell of a building // Architecture and construction. - 2010. - No. 3.
5. S.F. Serov, LLC "MIKTERM", [email protected]
6. A.Yu. Milovanov, NPO TERMEK LLC
7. link to the original source http://www.abok.ru/for_spec/articles.php?nid=5469

Increasing the efficiency of heat networks is an urgent and important task for the Russian thermal power industry. In the energy sector of enterprises and municipalities the most unreliable and worn-out element are heating networks.

Traditionally, they are given insufficient attention, and the low level of exploitation culture, the impact external factors(including such as vandalism) and poor quality original construction, explains their terrible state at the moment. Accidents often occur on them, which leads to failures in the heat supply to end consumers.

It is widely believed among non-specialists that the operation of heating networks is a simple and unsophisticated exercise. This approach leads to a lack of attention paid to operational issues. Therefore, the state of heat networks, as an element of the entire heat supply infrastructure, is in a very deplorable state. This leads to large energy losses, when up to 80% of the transferred heat is lost in heating mains. Naturally, it is necessary to increase the temperature of the coolant, intensively consume fuel, which disproportionately increases costs.

It often happens that as production expands or a settlement grows, the existing heating network ceases to meet the necessary needs. Sometimes when surveying networks, design errors and performance flaws are revealed. construction works. In thermal networks with a complex structure, it is possible to carry out measures to optimize it, which reduces costs.

In practice, it is the modernization of heating networks that brings the most tangible results. This is due to their very poor condition. Often, heating networks are in such a worn out form that the modernization of boiler houses and heating points does not give the desired effect. However, in such cases, the mere increase in the efficiency of heat networks can significantly improve the quality of heat supply and reduce operating costs.

Technologies for the construction and operation of thermal mains do not stand still. New types of pipes, fittings appear, new heat-insulating materials begin to be used. As a result, the situation begins to slowly improve.

Design, construction, operation and modernization of heating mains is a complex and often non-trivial task. When carrying out this activity, it is necessary to take into account many factors, such as the features of a particular infrastructure and the specifics of the operating modes of the heating network. All this places high demands on the engineering and technical personnel who carry out this process. Unreasonable and illiterate decisions can lead to accidents, which usually occur during periods of the greatest load on the heating network - during the winter heating season.

To maintain heat pipelines in working order, many measures can be taken: from their insulation and elimination of the influence of negative external influences, to flushing the heating system from accumulated dirt. If the measures are performed correctly, then their result immediately begins to be felt in the homes and offices of consumers in the form of an increase in the temperature of the radiators of the heating system.

Carrying out repair, modernization and operational measures on heating networks is a necessary activity on the part of operating organizations and owners of heating networks. If they are carried out on time and performed efficiently, this can significantly extend the life of the heating network, as well as significantly reduce the number of accidents.

Specialists of the group of companies "Invensis" have the necessary competencies and extensive experience in the "revitalization" of heat supply networks. We will help to revive your heating networks and reduce the cost of heating and infrastructure maintenance. Our specialists are ready to conduct an audit of heating networks, develop a list of necessary repair and restoration measures, implement them, carry out design and construction and installation work, as well as work on equipment commissioning, and carry out maintenance.

When implementing projects for the construction, modernization and maintenance of heating networks, the Invensis group of companies pays special attention to the quality of the work performed, meeting the wishes of customers and obtaining a positive final result.

In this article, we continue the topic we started about the heating system of a private house with our own hands. We have already learned how such a system works, talked about which type to choose, now let's talk about how to increase efficiency.

So, what needs to be done to make it more effective.

We need the coolant inside to move in the direction we need and in the right amount at a higher speed, while giving off more heat. The fluid in the system must move faster not only through the pipeline, but also through the batteries connected to it. I will explain the principle of operation using the example of a two-pipe system with a lower wiring.

In order for water to enter the batteries connected to the pipe, it is necessary to make a brake at the end of this supply pipe, that is, to increase the resistance to movement. To do this, at the end (the measurement must be taken from the entrance to the extreme radiator), we install a pipe of a smaller diameter.

In order for the transition to be smooth, they must be installed in this order: If the input to the radiator is 20 mm (standard for new-type batteries), then the supply pipe (outlet for radiators) must be at least 25 millimeters.

Then it smoothly, after 1-2 meters, passes into a pipe whose diameter is 32 millimeters, then according to the same scheme - 40 millimeters. The rest of the distance of the system or its wing will be a supply pipe with a diameter of 40-60 mm or more.

In this case, when the boiler is turned on, the coolant begins to move through the system and, having encountered resistance on its way, will begin to move in various other directions (to the radiators), equalizing the total pressure.

We thus increased the efficiency of the supply pipe and the first half of the system. And what happens in the other half, which is, as it were, a reflection of the first.

And since this mirror reflection, then the processes in it occur exactly the opposite: in the return pipe, the pressure decreases (due to a decrease in the temperature of the liquid and an increase in diameter) and a suction effect appears, helping the initial pressure to increase the speed of water movement not only in the pipeline, but also in heating batteries .

By increasing efficiency, you will not only make your home warmer, but also save a lot of money.

Video: Heat in the house - heating: Increasing the efficiency of the battery / water heating radiator

In a well insulated DHW, many free heat sources significantly reduce heat demand compared to a poorly insulated home. The amount of this free energy can fluctuate greatly throughout the day. Therefore, the heating system must respond quickly and accurately to these fluctuations in order to efficiently use the free energy. The supply of heat must be regulated and, if there is no need for heat, it must be stopped. In the interest of dynamic regulation

the total mass of the heating system should be as small as possible in relation to the amount of heat released. They have proven themselves in flat heaters with a low water content, convectors, or so-called frame heaters.

Special thermostatic valves with built-in analogue regulation are important. Air heating systems combined with air heat reuse systems are also effective Not recommended due to the inertia of the floor heating system, if they are not associated with the use of stored solar energy. Heating systems must be well thought out on the basis of heating network calculations. Use safety valves or a differential pump to ensure that the control valves are not overloaded when there is little heat demand. It is also impossible to refuse the general central regulation of heating, which reduces or increases the heat supply depending on the change of day and night, and also turns off the system when there is no need for heat.

Heat transfer. The selection criterion for the heat transfer system should be the preferential energy consumption and emission harmful substances per unit of heat produced. Taking into account the low heat consumption of a single-family DNE, good choice from a financial point of view, it is gas-combi-therm (housing heating with simultaneous heating of water). Gas-combi-therm is a geyser with automatic power control, which heats water in a heating system that maintains the set temperature in each room separately. It simultaneously maintains hot (60°C) water in a heat-insulated tank for household needs. Optionally, this tank can be connected to a solar collector, which pays for itself in a few years. The automation unit controls the operation of the entire system.

Technique for using the heat of combustion products

Taking into account the conservation of primary energy and the total energy load on environment the mechanism of using the heat of combustion products can be recognized as the best solution. The large capital investment of this system pays off due to better energy utilization (about 10% for gas) and a long cycle life.

At in large numbers energy consumption or when connecting several households, it is possible to use combined heat and power plants (heat from a diesel, coal or gas thermal power plant). This is the best solution for short communications.

Due to the possibility of air heat recovery, it is recommended to use air heating systems instead of systems with panel radiators and hot water. In this case, the volume of air brought by the exchange system is heated in a given mode. Although such heating systems are very expensive compared to conventional steam heating, they still have the advantage of being integrated with the ventilation system.

In a single-family house, the hot water connections must be planned very short, because in this case heat losses can be really reduced. With the help of a timer, it is also necessary to stop the heat supply during periods when there is no need for heat.

Getting hot water with solar energy. For a partial household, this is the most efficient way to use renewable energy. Solar panels can provide about 50% of the annual need for hot water. Moreover, from May to September, they can fully meet this need. With a lack sunlight this system provides at least water heating in the upper part of the heat exchanger. In this way, a rational distribution of energy between systems can be ensured. All components of the system, such as collector plates, heat exchangers, heating lines, can be assembled according to the needs and rationally interconnected. Installation can be carried out on your own and thus reduce the overall cost.

Electric heating systems are not recommended. Reflector heating systems (e.g. electric storage heating) cannot be recommended from an environmental point of view as primary energy use and emissions are more than double that of combustible fuel systems. Electric heat pumps are approximately as efficient in terms of primary energy use and emissions as gas heating systems. In addition, electric heat pumps are much more expensive than gas systems.

ecological natural civilization

Control tasks

Make an economic assessment and analysis of the possibility of obtaining additional profit for the power system, which includes 5 TPPs.

Cost of heat and electricity:

Cm \u003d 32 rubles / Gcal;

Se \u003d 0.4 rubles / kWh.

The price of supplied heat and electricity:

Цm = 70 r./Gcal;

Tse \u003d 1 ruble / kWh.

Data for calculation

Let us determine the relative emission factor (for each pollutant):

E = P / F = ?iAimi(1) / ?iAi(0) (1)

Where, P is the maximum allowable concentration;

Ф - actual concentration;

Ai - relative danger of emissions;

mi is the mass of emissions.

E=8.233/6.318=1.303

The value of the economic coefficient is estimated:

in case of non-compliance with the standards (E\u003e 1)

K \u003d lg E - 1 (2)

K \u003d lg (1.303) - 1 \u003d -0.885

Let's calculate the profit of the power system:

Electricity: Ce- Se = 1-0.4 = 0.6 rubles / kWh,

Profit: We * K \u003d 12.40 * 0.6 \u003d 7.44 million rubles

Heat: Tst- St \u003d 70-32 \u003d 38 rubles. /Gcal;

Profit: 2168 * 38 = 82384 rubles.

By \u003d 7440000 + 82384 \u003d 7522384 rubles.

Additional profit will be:

P \u003d Po [(lg E + 1) - 1] \u003d Po (K-1) (3)

Description:

Improving the energy efficiency of buildings can be achieved by increasing the level of thermal protection of the building envelope and improving heating and ventilation systems.

Apartment ventilation system with heat recovery units

Pilot residential building project

S. F. Serov, LLC "MIKTERM", [email protected] website

A. Yu. Milovanov, NPO TERMEK LLC

Federal Law No. 261-FZ “On Energy Saving and Improving Energy Efficiency and on Amending Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation” provides for a significant reduction in energy consumption by heating and ventilation systems in residential buildings.

According to the draft order of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation, it is planned to introduce normalized levels of specific annual consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation. As a base level of energy consumption, indicators are introduced that correspond to building projects completed in accordance with the standards of 2008 before the federal law was put into effect.

Thus, by Decree of the Government of Moscow No. 900-PP, the specific energy consumption for heating, hot water supply, lighting and operation of general building engineering equipment in multi-apartment residential buildings was set from October 1, 2010 at the level of 160 kWh / m 2 year, from January 1, 2016 year, it is planned to reduce the indicator to 130 kWh/m 2 year, and from January 1, 2020 - to 86 kWh/m 2 year. The share of heating and ventilation in 2010 accounts for approximately 25–30%, or 40–50 kWh/m 2 year. As of July 1, 2010, the standard in Moscow was 215 kWh/m 2 year, of which 90–95 kWh/m 2 year was for heating and ventilation.

Improving the energy efficiency of buildings can be achieved by increasing the level of thermal protection of the building envelope and improving heating and ventilation systems.

In basic terms, the distribution of heat energy consumption in a typical multi-storey building is carried out approximately equally between transmission heat losses (50–55%) and ventilation (45–50%).

Approximate distribution of the annual heat balance for heating and ventilation:

• transmission heat losses - 63–65 kWh/m 2 year;
• ventilation air heating - 58–60 kWh/m 2 year;
• internal heat generation and insolation - 25–30 kWh / m 2 year.

Is it possible to achieve standards only by increasing the level of thermal protection of the building fences?

With the introduction of energy efficiency requirements, the Moscow government prescribes an increase in the heat transfer resistance of building fences to the level of October 1, 2010 for walls from 3.5 to 4.0 deg m 2 / W, for windows from 1.8 to 1.0 deg m 2 / Tue Taking into account these requirements, transmission heat losses will decrease to 50–55 kWh/m 2 ·year, and the overall energy efficiency indicator will decrease to 80–85 kWh/m 2 ·year.

These values ​​of specific heat consumption are higher than the minimum requirements. Therefore, the problem of energy efficiency of residential buildings is not solved only by thermal protection. In addition, the attitude of specialists to a significant increase in the requirements for resistance to heat transfer of enclosing structures is ambiguous.

It should be noted that modern heating systems with the use of room thermostats, balancing valves and weather-dependent automation of heat points have entered the practice of mass construction of residential buildings.

The situation is more complicated with ventilation systems. So far, natural ventilation systems have been used in mass construction. The use of wall and window self-regulating supply valves is a means of limiting excess air exchange and does not fundamentally solve the problem of energy saving.

In world practice, mechanical ventilation systems with exhaust air heat recovery are widely used. The energy efficiency of heat recovery units is up to 65% for plate heat exchangers and up to 85% for rotary ones.

When using these systems in Moscow conditions, the reduction of annual heat consumption for heating and ventilation to the base level can be 38–50 kWh/m 2 year, which makes it possible to reduce the total specific heat consumption index to 50–60 kWh/m 2 year without changing the basic level of thermal protection of fences and ensure a 40% reduction in the energy intensity of heating and ventilation systems, provided for from 2020.

The problem is the economic efficiency of mechanical ventilation systems with exhaust air heat exchangers and the need for their qualified maintenance. Imported apartment installations are quite expensive, and their cost in turnkey installation costs 60–80 thousand rubles. for one apartment. With current electricity tariffs and maintenance costs, they pay off in 15–20 years, which is a serious obstacle to their use in the mass construction of affordable housing. The acceptable cost of installation for economy-class housing should be recognized as 20-25 thousand rubles.

Apartment ventilation systems with plate heat exchanger

Within the framework of the federal target program of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, MIKTERM LLC conducted research and developed a laboratory sample of an energy-saving apartment ventilation system (ESV) with a plate heat exchanger. The sample is designed as a budget installation option for economy-class residential buildings.

When creating a budget apartment installation that meets sanitary standards, the following technical solutions were adopted that made it possible to reduce the cost of ESP:

• the heat exchanger is made of cellular polycarbonate plates;
• electric heater excluded N= 500 W;
• due to the low aerodynamic resistance of the heat exchanger, the energy consumption is 46 W;
• simple automation was used to ensure reliable operation of the plant.

The calculation of the cost of the developed ESP is given in the table.

Unlike imported analogues, the unit does not use electric heaters either for frost protection or for air reheating. The installation during tests showed an energy efficiency of at least 65%.

Frost protection is solved as follows. When the heat exchanger freezes, an increase in the aerodynamic resistance of the exhaust tract occurs, which is recorded by a pressure sensor that gives the command to short-term decrease in the supply air flow until normal pressure is restored.

On fig. 1 shows a graph of the change in the supply air temperature depending on the outdoor air temperature at different supply air flow rates. The exhaust air flow is constant and equal to 150 m 3 /h.

Pilot project of an energy efficient residential building

On the basis of an apartment installation with a heat recovery unit, a pilot project was developed for an energy-efficient residential building in Northern Izmailovo in Moscow. The project provides technical requirements for apartment supply and exhaust ventilation units with heat recovery units. For the innovative installation, the characteristics of MIKTERM LLC are given.

The units are designed for energy-efficient balanced ventilation and creating a comfortable climate in residential premises up to 120 m2. Apartment-by-apartment ventilation with mechanical stimulation and exhaust air heat recovery for supply air heating is provided. Supply and exhaust units are installed autonomously in the corridors of apartments and are equipped with filters, a plate heat exchanger and fans. The unit is equipped with automation equipment and a control panel that allows you to adjust the air capacity of the unit.

Passing through the ventilation unit with a plate heat exchanger, the exhaust air heats the supply air to a temperature t= +4.0 ˚С (at outside air temperature t= -28 ˚С). Compensation for heat deficiency for supply air heating is carried out by heating devices.

Outside air is taken from the loggia of this apartment, the hood, combined within one apartment from bathrooms, bathrooms and kitchens, after the utilizer is discharged into the exhaust duct via satellite and is thrown out within the technical floor. If necessary, condensate is drained from the heat exchanger into a sewer riser equipped with an HL 21 drip funnel with an odor-locking device. The stand is located in the bathrooms.

Supply and exhaust air flow control is carried out by means of one control panel. The unit can be switched from normal operation with heat recovery to summer operation without heat recovery. Switching is carried out using a damper located in the heat exchanger. Ventilation of the technical floor is carried out through deflectors. According to the test results, the efficiency of using a plant with a heat exchanger can reach 67%.

Estimated heat consumption for supply air heating per apartment when direct-flow ventilation is used is:
Q = L· C·γ·∆ t, Q= 110 x 1.2 x 0.24 x 1.163 x (20 - (-28)) = 1800 watts.
When using a plate heat exchanger, the heat consumption for reheating the supply air
Q\u003d 110 × 1.2 × 0.24 × × 1.163 × (20 - 4) \u003d 590 W.
The heat savings per apartment at the calculated outdoor temperature is 1210 W. The total heat savings in the house is
1210 × 153 = 185130 W.

The volume of supply air is taken to compensate for the exhaust from the premises of the bathroom, bath, kitchen. There is no exhaust duct for connecting kitchen equipment (the exhaust hood from the stove works for recirculation). The inflow is diluted through sound-absorbing air ducts to the living rooms. It is planned to cover the ventilation unit in the apartment corridors with a building structure with service hatches and an exhaust duct from the ventilation unit to the exhaust shaft. The maintenance warehouse has four redundant fans. On fig. 2 shows a schematic diagram of the ventilation of an apartment building, and in fig. 3 - a typical floor plan with the placement of ventilation units.

Additional costs for the installation of apartment ventilation with exhaust air heat recovery for the whole house are estimated at 3 million rubles. The annual heat savings will be 19 800 kWh. Taking into account changes in existing tariffs for thermal energy, a simple payback period will be about 8 years.

Literature

1. Decree of the Government of Moscow No. 900-PP dated October 5, 2010 "On improving the energy efficiency of residential, social and public and business buildings in Moscow and amending the Decree of the Government of Moscow dated June 9, 2009 No. 536-PP".
2. Livchak V.I. Improving the energy efficiency of buildings // Energy saving. - 2012. - No. 6.
3. Gagarin V.G. Macroeconomic aspects of substantiation of energy-saving measures while increasing the thermal protection of enclosing structures of buildings // Stroitelnye materialy.– 2010.– March.
4. Gagarin V.G., Kozlov V.V. On the regulation of heat loss through the shell of a building // Architecture and construction. - 2010. - No. 3.