- this is an individual property of a person, which to the greatest extent depends on his innate, natural psychophysiological qualities. Temperament is an individual characteristic of a person in terms of the characteristics of his mental activity, such as the intensity, speed, pace of mental processes.

Usually there are three areas of manifestation of temperament: the level of general activity, features of the motor sphere and the level of emotionality.

General activity is determined by the degree of intensity of human interaction with the environment - natural and social. There are two extremes here. One type of people is distinguished by its pronounced lethargy, passivity, and the other - by high activity, speed in action. Representatives of other temperaments are located between these two poles.

Movement or motor activity It is expressed in the speed and sharpness of movements, in the pace of speech, as well as in external mobility or, conversely, slowness, talkativeness or silence.

Emotionality - expressed in the speed of change of emotional states, susceptibility to emotional influences, sensitivity.

Since antiquity, temperament has always been associated with physiological characteristics. human body.Hippocrates(5th century BC) described four types of temperament, determined by the fluid that supposedly predominates in the body: sanguine(from lat. sanguis- blood), choleric(from Greek. chole- bile) phlegmatic(from Greek. phlegma- slime) and melancholic(from Greek. melainachole- black bile). Temperaments were understood by Hippocrates in a purely physiological sense.

In the XVIII century. four types of temperament were compared with hippocratic types psychological type, which marked the beginning of the psychological line in the study of temperaments. General ideas about temperaments at the present time are not much different from the ideas of the 18th century: choleric temperament is associated with irritability, sanguine temperament with cheerfulness, phlegmatic temperament with calmness, and melancholic temperament with sadness and vulnerability.

In modern psychology, temperament is defined as permanent and stable natural personality traits that determine the dynamics of mental activity, regardless of its content.

As properties of temperament, extraversion and introversion, the rate of reactions, plasticity and rigidity are distinguished.

extraversion-introversion- temperament characteristics introduced K. Jung - determine the dependence of a person's reaction and activity on external impressions that arise in this moment(extrovert), or from the internal mental processes and states of a person (introvert). Extroverts include sanguine and choleric, introverts - phlegmatic and melancholic.

The rate of reactions characterizes the speed of mental processes and reactions (speed of mind, rate of speech, dynamics of gestures). The rate of reactions is increased in choleric, sanguine and well-rested melancholics and lowered in phlegmatic and tired melancholics. People with a fast rate of reactions and low sensitivity (sanguine and choleric) do not notice. that others (phlegmatic and melancholy) do not have time to follow the course of their thoughts, and on the basis of this they make completely unfounded conclusions about their mental abilities, which can cause direct damage to relationships between people, in particular business relationships.

Inactivity - the degree of involuntary reactions to external and internal influences and irritations (critical remark, offensive word, harsh tone, external influence). These are automated defense and orientation reactions. High reactivity in choleric and sanguine, low in phlegmatic.

Activity- characterizes the severity of the energy potential of the individual, with which a person overcomes obstacles and achieves a goal. Activity is expressed in perseverance, focus, concentration of attention and is the main quality of temperament that contributes to the achievement of the goal. The phlegmatic person has the highest activity, although, due to low reactivity, he is included in the work more slowly. The phlegmatic is highly active, he is not in danger of overwork. In choleric, high activity is combined with reactivity. Sanguine people are quite active, but if the activity is monotonous, they may lose interest in her. Melancholics are characterized by low activity.

The ratio of reactivity and activity determines what human activity depends to a greater extent: random external or internal circumstances - mood, random events, or from goals, intentions, beliefs.

Plasticity and rigidity indicate how easily and flexibly a person adapts to external influences (plasticity) or how inert his behavior is (rigidity). The highest plasticity in sanguine people, rigidity characterizes phlegmatic, choleric and melancholic.

Emotional excitability reflects the threshold of the minimum impact required for the occurrence of an emotional reaction and the rate of its development. Emotional excitability is increased in the sanguine, choleric and melancholic, and in the phlegmatic it is lowered.

A peculiar combination of activity, determined by the intensity and volume of human interaction with the environment - physical and social, and the severity of emotional reactions, determine individual characteristics temperament, i.e. "dynamic aspects" of behavior. Researchers remain confident that the dynamic properties of behavior have a certain physiological basis, i.e. are determined by certain features of the functioning of physiological structures, but what these structures and features are currently unknown. One thing is clear that temperament, being innate, is the basis of most personality traits, including its character. Temperament is the sensual basis of character. Being transformed in the process of character formation, the properties of temperament turn into character traits, the content of which is associated with the direction of the individual's psyche.

Temperaments and their characteristics

Phlegmatic person unhurried, imperturbable, has stable aspirations and mood, outwardly stingy with the manifestation of emotions and feelings. He shows perseverance and perseverance in work, remaining calm and balanced. In work, he is productive, compensating for his slowness with diligence.

Choleric - fast, passionate, impulsive, but completely unbalanced, with sharply changing moods with emotional outbursts, quickly exhausted. He does not have a balance of nervous processes, this sharply distinguishes him from a sanguine person. Choleric, carried away, carelessly wastes his strength and quickly depletes.

Sanguine - a lively, hot, mobile person, with frequent changes of mood, impressions, with a quick reaction to all events taking place around him, quite easily reconciled with his failures and troubles. Usually sanguine people have expressive facial expressions. He is very productive at work, when he is interested, getting very excited about this, if the work is not interesting, he is indifferent to it, he becomes bored.

Melancholic - a person is easily vulnerable, prone to constant experience of various events, he reacts little to external factors. He cannot restrain his asthenic experiences by an effort of will, he is too impressionable, easily emotionally vulnerable.

Every temperament can be found both positive and negative properties. Good upbringing, control and self-control makes it possible to manifest: melancholic, as an impressionable person with deep feelings and emotions; phlegmatic, as a seasoned person without hasty decisions; sanguine, as a highly responsive person for any work; choleric, as a passionate, frantic and active person in work.

The negative properties of temperament can manifest themselves as follows: in a melancholic - isolation and shyness; phlegmatic - indifference to people, dryness; in a sanguine person - superficiality, dispersion. inconstancy; choleric - hasty decisions.

As already noted, there are four main types of temperament: sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic, melancholic (Fig. 1, Table 1).

Sanguine temperament

I. P. Pavlov gives the following description of the features of the sanguine temperament: “A sanguine person is a hot, very productive worker, but only when he has a lot of interesting things to do, that is, constant excitement. When there is no such thing, he becomes boring, lethargic.

The sanguine person is distinguished by easy adaptability to changing living conditions, increased contact with people around him, and sociability. Feelings of a sanguine person easily arise and quickly change, his stereotypes are quite mobile, conditioned reflexes are quickly fixed. In a new environment, he does not feel constraint, is capable of quickly switching attention and changing activities, and is emotionally stable. People with a sanguine temperament are most suitable for activities that require quick reactions, significant efforts, and distribution of attention.

choleric temperament

“The choleric type,” I. P. Pavlov notes, “is clearly a fighting type, provocative, easily and quickly irritated.” “Carried away by some business, he puts too much effort on his means and forces, and in the end he is torn, exhausted more than he should, he is being worked out to the point that everything is unbearable for him.”

Choleric is characterized by increased emotional reactivity, fast pace and sharpness in movements. The increased excitability of a choleric person under adverse conditions can become the basis of irascibility and even aggressiveness.

Rice. 1. Reactions of people with different temperaments in the same situation (Figure X. Bidstrup)

Table 1. Types of temperament and their corresponding mental properties of a person

Mental properties	Pitchfork of temperament and the properties of higher nervous activity corresponding to them
	sanguine	choleric	phlegmatic	melancholic
Speed		Very high	slow
		Very big
extraversion / introversion	extrovert	extrovert	Introvert	Introvert
Plasticity/Rigidity	Plastic	Plastic	Rigid	Rigid
Excitability	Moderate
Expression	Moderate	Increased	Reduced	Increased
Sustainability	sustainable	unstable	Very stable	Very unstable

With appropriate motivation, the choleric is able to overcome significant difficulties, devoting himself to business with great passion. It is characterized by a sharp change of mood. A person with a choleric temperament achieves the greatest effectiveness in activities that require increased reactivity and a significant one-time effort.

Phlegmatic temperament

"The phlegmatic is a calm, always even, persistent and stubborn worker of life."

The reactions of the phlegmatic are somewhat slow, the mood is stable. The emotional sphere is outwardly little expressed. In difficult life situations the phlegmatic person remains quite calm and self-possessed, he does not allow impulsive, jerky movements, since the processes of inhibition in him always balance the processes of excitation. Correctly calculating his strength, the phlegmatic shows great perseverance in bringing the matter to the end. Switching attention and activity is somewhat slow. His stereotypes are inactive, and in some cases his behavior is not flexible enough. The phlegmatic achieves the greatest success in those activities that require a uniform exertion of strength, perseverance, stability of attention and great patience.

Melancholic temperament

"The melancholic temperament is clearly an inhibitory type nervous system. For a melancholic, obviously, every phenomenon of life becomes an agent that slows him down, since he does not believe in anything, does not hope for anything, sees and expects only the bad, the dangerous in everything.

The melancholic is characterized by increased vulnerability, a tendency to deep feelings (sometimes even for minor reasons). His feelings arise easily, are poorly restrained, outwardly distinctly expressed. Strong external influences hinder its activity. He is introverted - preoccupied with his experiences, closed, refrains from contact with strangers avoids new surroundings. Under certain conditions of life, shyness, timidity, indecision and even cowardice are easily formed in him. In a favorable stable environment, a melancholic can achieve significant success in activities that require increased sensitivity, reactivity, quick learning, and observation.

Tests::: Who are you - phlegmatic or melancholic?

In addition to the previous two types of temperament, there are two more - phlegmatic and melancholic. If sanguine and choleric people are distinguished by a high level of energy, active and mobile, their emotional state is easy to guess by the face, then the situation is different with phlegmatic and melancholic people. Their main similarity is a weak external manifestation of feelings. For example, you are talking with a person, he is absolutely calm, though not particularly talkative, and after some time you will find out that it was on this day that he got married, and to his beloved woman. But there is still a difference between a melancholic and a phlegmatic. The melancholic is very impressionable, he can suffer for two weeks because the neighbor forgot to say hello to him. And the phlegmatic, on the contrary, is very calm, it is almost impossible to knock him out of his usual rut. At the same time, phlegmatic people are slow: it takes them fifteen minutes to tie their shoelaces. If you "didn't find yourself" in the previous two tests, try this one.

1. You spent the whole weekend cleaning, went to take out the garbage, and when you returned, you found that your child had brought home a street puppy and after their five minute game, you would have to start all over again. You:
lie down on the sofa and wait - maybe at least once in your life you will be lucky and it is in the next half hour that the end of the world will begin. After it, they say, there will be no time for cleaning.
shrug your shoulders, send them to play outside and start all over again.

2. An acquaintance with whom you have never had a particularly warm relationship offers you a basket of mushrooms that he has collected with his own hands. Will you take them:
no, suddenly he wants to poison.
yes, but just in case, carefully sort them out, what if he doesn’t understand them very well?

3. Imagine that you have won a very large sum in the lottery. You:
you assume that people will become jealous of you, and therefore you begin to get nervous and avoid friends.
buy the essentials in such a way that there is something left for a rainy day.

4. Let's say your spouse (wife) in the service is not appointed to the position that you hoped for. You:
think it's better than being fired and start saving on household expenses.
you worry as if something irreparable had happened - what could be worse than injustice towards the dearest person.

5. You get sick, the doctor wrote you a prescription for medicines. You:
find out from the doctor which of the medicines is the most necessary, buy it for sure and will take it strictly in accordance with the instructions.
buy everything that the doctor prescribed, at the same time find out in the pharmacy if there is anything else for your illness and replenish your home first-aid kit with stocks of this remedy - what if it is it that will save you in the future?

6. Do you feel the desire to drop everything and run away somewhere?
such thoughts come to mind very rarely, besides, all things are planned for the year ahead and you don’t want to break this order at all, since you are used to doing everything on time.
yes, this happens quite often, but you think that not only the statement is true that it is good where we are not, but also bad where we are. So thinking about running away is pretty pointless.

7. You have been assigned a very difficult and responsible job. Your knowledge and skills are enough, but you will have to make every effort. Before you even completed a quarter of the task, you encountered a difficulty that seems insurmountable to you. You:
ask for an extension of the deadline. If you try to do everything even more carefully and accurately, everything will definitely work out.
put your hands down immediately. If they want, let them fire you, but you can't do it.

8. You are already late for work, stuck in traffic, although you are in the middle of the road.
will rush with all your might, fighting for every minute, try to change kind of transport, if only the delay was less significant.
this happens quite rarely. Usually you calculate your route taking into account all the possible troubles that can happen along the way. But since you are already late, then take it philosophically - wait until the movement improves.

9. You were spending the evening at home in the company of your own person, when the lights suddenly went out. After twenty or thirty minutes spent in complete darkness, silence and solitude, you:
yawn and go to bed - it seems that you won’t be able to do the things planned for the evening, so let at least time not be wasted.
you will go crazy with fear and anxiety - from childhood you are afraid of the dark. In addition, the disruption of plans completely unsettles.

10. Do you check several times to see if the Entrance door before you go to bed:
no, because you are firmly convinced that you closed it, never forget to do it.
yes, it's just some kind of misfortune - it immediately flies out of your head, whether you did it or not.

Every person is unique. Our psyche is multifaceted, we perceive the world differently. The perception of what is happening around depends on many factors, such as upbringing, type of temperament, social experience. Consider what temperament is and its 4 main types.

Temperament: 4 types of human temperament

The temperament of a person can be called a kind of biological foundation on the basis of which the personality itself is formed. These are the social properties of the psyche that determine the dynamics of mental activity, behavior and social adaptation of people.

Hippocrates is considered to be the founder of the doctrine of the types of temperament. He argued that people are divided depending on the ratio of the four basic substances of the body: black bile, yellow bile, phlegm and blood. Claudius Galen supported the idea of ​​Hippocrates and wrote a whole scientific treatise called "The Right Measure". Claudius Galen identified four main types of human temperament. These are sanguine (blood), choleric (bile), phlegmatic (phlegm), melancholic (black bile).

Properties of temperament in psychology

Human temperament is based on a number of specific properties, such as:

Sensitivity. This is the degree of force of external influence necessary for the occurrence of a reaction from the psyche. Some people react calmly to external stimuli, others show a violent reaction;

Reactivity. The property of reactivity is determined by the level of involuntary response to internal or external influences (sharp sound, tone of voice);

Activity, the ratio of activity and reactivity. These properties indicate how a person reacts to life's difficulties. Is he ready to overcome various obstacles in life, to be purposeful, persistent, attentive;

Rigidity and plasticity. These properties of temperament can indicate how skillfully a person can adapt to external influences of the social environment;

Rates of reactive activity. They characterize the speed of mental processes and reactions to external stimuli;

Introversion and extraversion. These properties depend on the speed of human reactions, the speed of applied solutions;

Emotional excitability. Characterizes the degree of external influence on a person in the form of manifestations of signs of emotional arousal;

Choleric - a characteristic of temperament: the pros and cons

Cholerics have a strong willed character.

Type of nervous system: unbalanced, unrestrained, overly mobile.

Choleric takes on any difficult task, despite the complexity. Such people are excellent speakers, they are eloquent and convincing in almost any dispute.

Choleric people are not vindictive, they quickly forget insults and cannot keep a feeling of anger at the offender for a long time.

Cholerics are excellent leaders, they can organize people and make difficult decisions for them. AT critical situation choleric is able to group, repulse the enemy, protect a weak person.

Choleric is not restrained in his statements in relation to ongoing events, he can sometimes be rude.

Cholerics have a certain tendency to dominate other people. Often people with such temperaments are prone to rapid mood swings, excessive gesticulation.

In the love sphere, the choleric is quite jealous, while the beloved person becomes a kind of property for him. People with this type of temperament quickly fall in love and become attached to another person. Sometimes choleric people in a relationship are prone to anger and scandals.

Choleric children are quite capricious, they are often the center of attention in the family. The child can use his emotions to get the desired result. Such children are often capricious, in adolescence they show hyperactivity, they can get involved in sports or music, but they quickly get bored with hobbies.

Choleric Disadvantages

The main disadvantages of choleric include:

• Excessive haste in their actions and actions;
• Cholerics are impatient;
• Excessive impulsiveness and imbalance;
• Excessive straightforwardness and harshness in communicative communication with other people;
• Aggressiveness that occurs periodically;

Psychologists recommend that choleric people learn to work on themselves. This work should consist in the ability to control oneself in any conflict situations. Often choleric people make ill-considered decisions and literally throw themselves into the pool with their heads. The ten-second tactic is suitable for them, which consists in the fact that before making an important decision or expressing an opinion, one must mentally count to ten.

Sanguine - characteristic: pros and cons of sanguine

Sanguine people are cheerful and incorrigible optimists. These people cannot sit still, they need constant movement.

Sanguine people are very active, and this activity is manifested in literally all areas of the life of a sanguine person. They like to be the center of attention, but unlike choleric people, they do not have the manners of dictators.

The peculiarity of the psychological behavior of sanguine people is different a high degree excitability.

Sanguine people know how to get along with people, find a compromise in any difficult life situations. They are resourceful and enterprising. A sanguine person can literally lead the crowd, because these people are excellent speakers who know how to convince others that they are right.

Hyperactivity does not give the sanguine person the right to sit still. He tries to make his life brighter and more interesting. Such people love to travel, discovering more and more facets of the world around them. Many artists, musicians, actors are just sanguine.

Psychological feature of the sanguine

If we talk about the psychological component of sanguine people, then in these people the degree of excitation of the central nervous system is quite high. The inhibition threshold, on the contrary, is low, and therefore sanguine people perceive the world as somewhat illusory. But at the same time, memory functions are developed remarkably. Often sanguine people focus their memory only on what arouses their interest. They can remember funny cases, but at the same time forget the dates of the birthdays of their acquaintances. Sanguine people pay attention to noticeable details, such as bright clothes or an unusual hairstyle of the interlocutor.

The emotional background of sanguine people is quite diverse. These people are emotional and not afraid to show their experiences to others. They often gesticulate when talking, they can hug or kiss when meeting. These emotions are completely sincere, a sanguine person wants to please people and receive the same reaction from them in response. Sanguine people are distinguished by non-standard thinking, they are constantly trying to learn something new, change their image or occupation. Monotonous work and loneliness leads them to severe depression.

People with this type of temperament have a lot of friends. Sanguine knows how to make friends, and always comes to the aid of a person in a difficult situation. In personal relationships, sanguine people are sometimes windy. In building a strong family, they are hindered by an excessive thirst for communication.

The main disadvantages of sanguine people:

• Inconsistency in actions and deeds. A sanguine person often gets down to business, but rarely brings it to the end, such people cannot work in a monotonous job;
• Sanguine people often overestimate themselves and their abilities;
• People with a similar temperament have mood swings, it is difficult for them to develop strong-willed qualities in themselves;

Phlegmatic - characteristic: pros and cons

A phlegmatic person is a balanced person who carefully thinks through his every step. Usually such people have an analytical mindset and soberly look at the life around them.

Phlegmatic people are rather lazy, often prefer not to be active and go with the flow. They are always calm and unruffled. Even if they have experienced stress or an unpleasant life situation, they do not always show their temper.

Phlegmatic is difficult to piss off, his nervous system is like a scale that keeps balance. If it is difficult to bring him to simple emotions, then it is even more difficult to force him to show activity or joy.

In other words, the phlegmatic type of human temperament is recognized as the most balanced and emotionally stable.

Phlegmatic people do not immediately make contact with people, they need time to assess the situation. Abrupt change environment for them it is like a tragedy and it is very hard to bear. These people do not like active entertainment, they like a cozy home environment, they often prefer to spend time alone.

In work, phlegmatic people are painstaking and diligent, they have a good memory and they can memorize large amounts of information.

Phlegmatic people are rather closed and hidden, they are reluctant to show sympathy for another person. But if a phlegmatic person likes a representative of the opposite sex, then he will do everything to achieve his location.

Phlegmatic friends are quite difficult to find, he does not make contact well. But if a person with this type of temperament finds a friend, then this friendship can last a lifetime. A family for phlegmatic people is a kind of fortress in which they feel comfortable. Such people enter into marriage late, they can be in search of a partner for a long time.

The main disadvantages of phlegmatic:

• Often they are not receptive, do not show initiative, react poorly to external stimuli;
• They can be stingy with emotions, slowly get involved in work, make poor contact with people around them;
• Difficulty adapting to changing living conditions;

Melancholic - characteristic: the pros and cons of a melancholic

Melancholics are prone to bouts of despair and depression. The temperament of such people is sluggish, pessimistic. Any event, even an insignificant one, makes the melancholic worry. He does not know how to enjoy life, and sees it exclusively in a negative tone. Sadness and longing can cover such a person for no reason, often melancholic people feel a sense of self-pity.

People with this type of temperament have to resort to secrecy and suppression of emotions. They experience everything in themselves, which is why depressive states of the psyche appear. Psychologists note that a huge number of people who commit suicide are just melancholic.

The melancholic reacts slowly to external stimuli, does not remember information well, often suffers from a mass of complexes and an excessively low level of personal self-esteem. Motor activity is sluggish and inexpressive.

Melancholic people cannot work intensively and monotonously, as they definitely need rest or short breaks to stabilize their psychological state. In a social environment, such people are lethargic, uncommunicative, it is difficult for them to find a soul mate or a close friend. It is difficult for them to be active and cheerful. They choose sanguine or choleric people as people, since this choice is explained by the subconscious desire of the melancholic to be patronized.

It can be difficult for melancholic people to arrange their personal life. Often a big role in the fiasco love relationships plays their indecision and cowardice. They choose a strong person as their life partner. There are also advantages to this type of temperament.

Melancholy people are kind, vulnerable, they will always share the last thing they have. They subconsciously want to help a person in need.

Melancholic Disadvantages:

• Emotional instability, indecision, lack of confidence in oneself and one's abilities;
• Difficulty with the perception of the surrounding world, vulnerability, pessimism;
• Tendency to depressive states of the psyche;

Psychologists strongly recommend melancholic people not to close themselves. Try to explore the world, travel, communicate with new people. You can try to engage in sponsorship in order to increase your personal self-esteem. Engage in active sports, dancing, any creativity. A melancholic person needs to be close to relatives and friends, and not to become isolated in himself and his feelings.

Since ancient times, four types of temperament have been distinguished: choleric, phlegmatic, sanguine and melancholic. What is temperament? This is an individual characteristic of the personality, expressed in the features of the activity of the higher nervous system. It is believed that temperament is an innate property, and the character that is formed on its basis is acquired.

Spheres of manifestation:

• General activity (inert, active, passive, impetuous, calm)
• Motor sphere (rhythm, speed, pace, number of movements)
• Emotionality (impulsiveness, sensitivity, impressionability)

Since ancient times, a peculiar relationship has been revealed between temperament and the characteristics of the body. Even Hippocrates in the 5th century BC. substantiated distinctive properties of mental activity human physiological properties, namely the predominance of a particular fluid in the body.

The origin of the word "choleric" has Greek roots. Chole in translation means "bile". Sanguine type (from lat. sanguis - blood), melancholic (lat. melanacholle) - "black bile", phlegmatic (lat. phlegma) - "mucus". Thus, Hippocrates singled out the types of temperament, based solely on the physiological nature of the organism.

Individuals differ in the degree of general activity, that is, interaction with the outside world. Some of them are characterized by pronounced passivity and lethargy, while others, on the contrary, are extremely active and quick in action. Different types of temperament correspond to such external manifestations of character traits as slowness, lack of sociability, or vice versa, talkativeness, developed communicative qualities, speed and sharpness of movements, external mobility.

Susceptibility to emotional influences, mood swings and sensitivity collectively represent the level of emotionality of a person. The choleric type is associated primarily with irritability, impulsiveness, and an extreme degree of emotionality. Phlegmatic temperament is characterized by slowness and calmness, sanguine - cheerfulness and sociability. Characteristic features of temperament for a melancholic are sadness and vulnerability.

Temperament types are defined as innate personality traits that determine psychological activity, interaction with the outside world and people. The properties of temperament are considered to be extraversion or introversion, plasticity and rigidity, activity (inactivity), sensitivity, emotional excitability. It should be noted that none of the above types of temperament is found in its pure form.

In the nature of every person features of all four main types are present(in some cases three), the difference lies only in the percentage of the presented character traits that are inherent in a particular type of temperament.

Phlegmatic person

The predominant character traits are benevolence and calmness, passivity and patience. Thus, we can say that in the psychological activity of an individual with such a temperament, the process of inhibition prevails over excitation. He is prudent, distinguished by prudence. Inspires confidence and is reliable. He likes to engage in labor activity, is diligent and completely devoted to work.

In dealing with people shows loyalty and patience, tries not to notice the shortcomings and weaknesses of others. Treat everyone kindly and kindly. He does not simply make promises, keeps his word, does not like to talk about empty things. If he is experiencing serious emotional disturbances or failures befall him, outwardly he will seem calm and calm, without showing his bad mood. It is difficult to bring such a person to any emotions, whether negative or positive. He does not like to express feelings openly, trying to keep them inside himself.

The type is sedentary, inert, adhering to a certain order at the workplace. He is cautious, at first he thinks, weighs everything, and only then proceeds to action. He can not be called an unsociable person. He gets along well with people, but communicates in moderation. Difficulty switching from one job to another.

Interests and hobbies change rarely. In this regard, it is traditional and conservative. It is difficult for him to get involved in a new job and get used to an unusual environment. Despite his phlegm, he is able to achieve success in his work thanks to his patience, perseverance and perseverance.

Choleric

Impetuous and passionate, characterized by a high degree of mobility and quick reaction. His mood changes often and abruptly, sometimes unreasonably. He is subject to emotional influence from the outside. Reacts to what is happening extremely emotionally, violently expresses feelings, and for this reason is quickly depleted.

Completely unbalanced and unable to control his emotions. Choleric often wastes his energy. He has no balance of nervous processes. This is a fighter, provocative, quite aggressive and strong in character. At the same time, everyone is sensitive and optimistic.

He likes to make grandiose plans, he is ambitious. Often changes interests and does not finish the job, even if he was initially passionate about it and switches to a new occupation. Productivity at work is unstable, often changes interests. Likes to learn new things. In dealing with people not distinguished by restraint. Straightforward and bursts quickly. Choleric is characterized by inconstancy, imbalance and restless character. Strives for leadership.

melancholic

Differs in sensitivity and vulnerability. He deeply worries about failures and various events. He tends to analyze his mistakes and delve into thoughts. Weakly reacts to any external factors, immersed in himself. He cannot hide his mood: he lacks the effort of will to overcome his asthenic experiences. Emotionally vulnerable and very impressionable.

Often gets frustrated if he fails. Immerse yourself in your experiences, analyze and reason. He is very sensitive to criticism. Takes offense at statements that come to him. Is pessimistic. Often sees the world in gray colors. Anxiety prevails. He can be called a quiet and uncommunicative person who is used to restraining the manifestation of emotions. For a melancholic, it is important to do the job well, even if it takes a lot of time to complete it.

As partners, they often choose themselves frivolous and cheerful people opposite to themselves. Among melancholics there are many philosophers, artists, musicians and poets. They like to look for solutions to complex problems. Any trouble plunges him into a state of fear, longing and hopelessness. It is difficult to adapt to a new environment and get lost.

They differ in suspiciousness. Unsure of themselves, indecisive and extremely sensitive. Melancholic people are inactive. It is difficult for them to establish contact with people, they are closed and prone to loneliness. The voice is quiet, the movements are slow and constrained. As a rule, interests and inclinations change extremely rarely.

sanguine

This type of temperament is somewhat similar to choleric. At the same time, a sanguine person can control his emotions. He is hot, emotional and has high mobility. Active and hardworking, not afraid to do difficult work, but only if he is passionate about it. In this case, he demonstrates high productivity and is absorbed in the work process. If the occupation is not interesting to him, then the sanguine becomes bored, and he demonstrates indifference.

Sanguine people are distinguished by expressive facial expressions, they openly show emotions and easily make contact with people. They react quickly to events and the environment. As a rule, they easily forget about troubles and cope with their experiences easier than melancholic. Sanguine people are cheerful, talkative, laid-back in behavior. They are sociable. Movement and speech are fast. Easily adapt to new conditions. They are trying to take the lead.

They are they just don't like to worry, easily manage their mood. In a difficult unusual environment, they know how to maintain self-control. In the new team feel easy and comfortable. They like to take the initiative and attract attention, but it can be difficult for him to stick to a certain position.

The combination of naturally interconnected traits of temperament is called the type of temperament. In psychology, the typology of Hippocrates - Galen is traditionally used, highlighting the sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic and melancholic.
Giving a psychological description of the types of temperament, it should be remembered that this division is conditional. Typical for each type are its extreme poles and the ratio between the various features. In the same time "clean" temperaments in life almost never happen. Most people combine features of different temperaments, especially brightly after the child masters oral speech, that is, after 2-2.5 years. Also, one should not talk about “good” or “bad” temperaments: in each type there are both strong and weak sides.

Sanguine

sanguine people- These are people who have a strong, balanced and mobile nervous system. They are active, sociable, easily adapt to new conditions. They are sociable, quickly deal with people, easily establish good relations with them. In the circle of friends cheerful, cheerful, optimistic. By orientation - extroverts.

Kant called sanguine people cheerful disposition, carefree and full of hope, who always hope for success. In his opinion, they are bad debtors, they promise so, but do not keep their word.

Sanguine people are emotional, with expressive facial expressions and pantomime, which is easy to control. they speak loudly, clearly, quickly, with the right intonation. During the conversation, they actively gesticulate, laugh out loud. Feelings arise very easily, just as easily change and are, as a rule, shallow. Today they are joyful, carefree and passionately in love, tomorrow they are sad, worried and can forget about their passionate love. However, in general, good luck and trouble are experienced easily, and therefore sanguine people are dominated by good mood and a well-developed sense of humour.

Sanguine people willingly take on a new business, but their activity is productive only when the work captures them. If it’s not interesting, the work is monotonous, they abandon the case without finishing it. During work, they easily switch attention, but they devote little time to preliminary and control actions (for example, preparation for work, corrections, additions, etc.). They rarely plan their work, and if there is a plan, they do not strictly follow it, they are often distracted by trifles. Sanguine people easily grasp everything new, but their interests are weak, changeable and constantly require new experiences.

So, for a sanguine person, the strength is that they are cheerful, quickly learn new material, “grabbing” it “on the fly”. They are suitable for working with strong and unexpected stimuli. During responsible competitions, competitions show higher results than during study and training. The weak side is that they overestimate themselves and their capabilities, they are often distracted from the main business, they are not focused enough, their interests and feelings are unstable, they can be frivolous and superficial. Sanguine people cannot do work that requires perseverance, attention span and patience for a long time. Through the speed of action, mistakes can be made. Therefore, they should cultivate perseverance and concentration, maintain a steady interest in the matter.
When communicating with sanguine people, we can recommend the following. Requirements for them should be maximum, but fair. You should show confidence in them and give vent to their internal energy, directing them to useful deeds. It is inappropriate to entrust monotonous work, because sanguine people get tired of it, but the work that has been started must be taught to complete it. To do this, you can use additional motivation. It is advisable to cultivate patience and purposefulness, to teach to value friendship.

Cholerics

Cholerics are strong, mobile and unbalanced people with a predominance of excitation over inhibition. they are characterized by a high level of activity, energy and perseverance. By orientation - extroverts. They love to be the center of attention. In communication, conflicting and uncompromising. They are impatient, unrestrained, quick-tempered. In relations with others, they can be harsh and overly straightforward, they lack restraint. However, there is no hatred in their anger, and they love others the more, the faster they give in to them.

Kant writes that choleric people willingly become bosses who do not like to work themselves, but only manage.

These are emotionally unstable people. Emotions and feelings quickly arise, but just as quickly they can disappear. Expression is pronounced. Speech is hurried, interrupted, tense. Lively facial expressions, expressive gestures, sharp and energetic movements. They experience their joys, pains, sorrows deeply. They are often influenced by strong passions and. In this state, they can act thoughtlessly, which they will later regret.
Cholerics are characterized by cyclic behavior: they can work hard, overcoming difficulties, and suddenly leave everything. This is facilitated by a rapid change of interests. If the interests are serious, they can be energetic, enterprising, principled, capable of high concentration of attention. If there is no interest, they demonstrate affective experiences, irritability and incontinence. Just like sanguine people, they devote little time to preliminary and control actions and rarely plan their work.

So, the strength of choleric people is that they easily concentrate their attention, especially in a stressful situation, they are active, fast, energetic. They can work with strong irritants, in particular, in unpredictable situations.
In conditions of competition and competition, they improve their results. They have organizational skills. They have the ability to easily form skills and habits. The weak side is their tendency to violate discipline and conflict, as well as incontinence, harshness, affectivity, weakness of self-control in emotional situations. Through the speed of action, mistakes can be made.
In working with choleric people, it is recommended to capture them with an interesting business and give instructions; teach to be restrained; accustom to more calm and uniform work; guide them in the right direction. In dealing with choleric people, one should rationally use their energy, do not slow down activities in the form of direct prohibitions, communicate calmly and confidently. If this is a child, in no case should you punish her by prohibiting her activity (for example, wait, sit). In connection with the tendency of choleric people to aggression, to cultivate sympathy.

Phlegmatic

Phlegmatic people are strong, balanced and inert. Low level of activity behavior, slow, assiduous, calm, restrained, persistent, soft. Remain calm even in difficult life situations. They adequately respond to the influence of the external environment, but they cannot quickly respond to changes in the environment, they tend to have the same attitude towards others, sociability, but low sociability. By orientation - introverts.

Kant noted that in Everyday life phlegmatic is often called a philosopher.

Feelings arise slowly, but differ in strength, depth, constancy, duration and restraint in external manifestations. They are patient and rarely complain. Unaffected. Taciturn, speech is slow, calm, with pauses. The voice is quiet, inexpressive. Gesticulation and facial expressions are very poor. They know how to control their emotions. Therefore, they are difficult to anger and they rarely "lose their temper."
Phlegmatic people are not inclined to change the environment, to frequent transition from one job to another. In activity they show seriousness, thoughtfulness, perseverance. They work hard and always get things done. Tasks are performed evenly and accurately, new information is acquired slowly, but thoroughly and for a long time.
They are characterized by stable interests. The work is planned and strictly adhere to the plan. Before making a decision, it will be a long time to think about it. They have a steady attention, but its switching is somewhat slow.

So, the strength of phlegmatic people is their discipline, stability, regularity and systematic work, endurance, punctuality. The weak side is the slowness of action, inertia, lethargy, external indifference, poor switching of attention. They are often late with the delivery of work, and their stereotypes are difficult to change. Phlegmatic people are also not suitable for working with strong and unexpected stimuli.
Phlegmatic people are advised to give more time to complete certain tasks, and switch from one habitual action to another follows gradually. You can give additional instructions about the work they perform, avoid assignments associated with a high pace of activity. In no case do not complain about slowness and slowness. Welcome every manifestation of initiative and independence. It is advisable to stimulate the manifestation of sincere feelings.

Melancholy

Melancholics are characterized by a weak, unstable and inert nervous system. Low level of activity, restrained, experiencing fear of a new situation. Getting into new conditions, they are lost. Therefore, it is difficult to tolerate a change of scenery. There are closed, shy, indecisive, timid, avoid communication with unfamiliar people. They do not like new acquaintances and noisy companies. By orientation, they are introverts.

Kant called melancholic people with a very gloomy character, who first of all pay attention to life's difficulties.

Melancholic people are very impressionable people, they are often offended; their feelings are distinguished by the slowness of the flow. They deeply experience any event in life, especially images and failures, however, unlike choleric people, they carry their grief in themselves, without outwardly showing their experiences. Melancholic movements are restrained, speech is slowed down, quiet, sometimes turning into a whisper. Constant in their affections. If they love someone, then the gap is a great tragedy for them. They will suffer, but they will not decide on this or that act. Prolonged and strong stress, as well as everything new and unusual, causes a slow reaction, and then its cessation. However, in a familiar and calm environment, they feel good and work productively. They plan their work. At the same time, decisions are made carefully. A lot of time is devoted to preliminary and control actions (for example, preparation for work, correction, additions, etc.). During work, their attention is easily distracted and focused only for a short time. They have stable, strongly expressed interests that change slowly.

So, the strength of melancholic people is their sympathy and understanding of the problems of other people. They are "deep" and stable in feelings, able to capture such details that are inaccessible to other people. They perform monotonous work well. The weak side of melancholic people is their excessive impressionability, immersion in their own experiences, shyness, isolation, aloofness, slowness, and fatigue. They have a hard time with strong and unexpected stimuli. During the competition they show the worst results. Melancholic, as well as phlegmatic, should be given more time to complete certain tasks. they need a calm, favorable environment, tact, responsiveness and goodwill in relationships, a gradual transition from one activity to another.
In working with melancholics, it is recommended to observe the principle of gradualness. Show empathy and understanding of the human condition. Moral support when the environment changes. Approve the slightest manifestation of activity. Cultivate a sense of self worth. Learn to plan your activities, intelligently distributing time between work and leisure.

Does a person's temperament affect his success in life?

Psychology has always been topical issue about whether a person's temperament affects his success in life: firstly, on his personal life; secondly, for labor activity.
When communicating with people, it should be remembered that temperament is a stable individual psychological feature of a person and therefore it is almost impossible to change it. Under the influence of the environment, in general, only certain features are strengthened or weakened.
temperament without changing its type. Therefore, knowing the strengths and weaknesses of your temperament, you can learn not to show its individual manifestations, for example, excessive facial expressions and gestures, shyness, touchiness, etc. A person with any temperament can learn this. To a large extent, it depends on the moral and volitional qualities of character.
Only in some cases, mainly in early childhood, under the influence of severe physical and mental trauma, severe infectious diseases and other factors as a result of changes in higher nervous activity, changes are also observed in the type of temperament.
to people with various types temperament, respectively, you need a different attitude. So, punishment, reprimand, a bad assessment can positively affect choleric people who have a strong nervous system. In this case, negative reinforcement can stimulate them to improve.
However, this can affect melancholic people in the opposite way: they become depressed, their performance decreases, and it may occur. The above type of response to negative reinforcement is the most likely, but not mandatory. Either a person will do just that or in a different way will ultimately depend on his character.

From a practical point of view, the question of whether temperament imposes restrictions on activities is relevant. In general, it can be argued that there is no such limitation, and a person with any temperament may achieve significant success in life, or may not realize his potential. However, if professions impose strict requirements on the speed, pace and rhythm of work, such restrictions arise. For example, a dispatcher of an airport or a nuclear power plant, a test pilot will require a strong and mobile type of nervous system, characteristic of sanguine and choleric people. On the contrary, actors, musicians need emotional sensitivity, more typical for melancholic people. However, for most professions, temperamental traits play a decisive role, and their shortcomings can be compensated for by the individual style of human activity. It should be remembered that in conditions of joint activity, character traits have a more significant effect on the final result than when a person works alone.
So, differences in temperament are primarily differences in the originality of the dynamic manifestations of the psyche, and not in the level of its capabilities. Features of temperament determine the ways and means of work, and not the level of achievement. Therefore, temperament does not determine the social value and moral-volitional qualities of a person. They will depend on the character.