Review of flame retardants for wood and technology for the use of fire protection in construction. Fire protection of wooden structures. Fire impregnation of wood How to treat wooden surfaces with a fire retardant
Despite the diversity modern materials, wood remains popular among our compatriots. But there is one negative nuance: the wooden coating can be destroyed due to fire. For this reason, it is necessary to process wooden structures flame retardant (also called fire retardant).
The principle of operation of fire-retardant materials is based on the physico-chemical processes that occur with the components that make up fire retardants. Main Components fire fighting compositions are:
- fusible substances (salt solutions of boric, phosphoric or silicic acids);
- substances that emit gas (ammonia or sulfur dioxide).
When low-melting substances are heated, a film appears, due to which oxygen cannot get to the surface. wood flooring. As a result of this process, the ignition temperature of wood increases. This improves the fire resistance of the material.
Due to the use of substances that emit gas, the combustion process itself is suppressed. The non-flammable gas protects the wood from fire by removing oxygen from the surface.
Flame retardants are divided into:
- coatings;
- impregnation.
Fire retardant coatings have a significant drawback. They hide the texture pattern of the wood. Which leads to a deterioration in the appearance of wood. For this reason, coatings are best used for processing hard-to-reach structural elements.
It is more advisable to use fire-fighting impregnations, which are:
- organically soluble;
- water soluble.
Organic products involve the use of solvents that are fairly flammable. For wood, this is unacceptable. The most optimal option is the use of water-based impregnations, which are:
- light washable;
- difficult to wash out;
- indelible.
Impregnation treatment is applied to structures that are exposed to a humid environment to a minimum extent. Therefore, light-weighted compounds are most often used.
Material selection
Any fire fighting equipment must have an appropriate certificate and conclusion of the sanitary and epidemiological service. If there is no permit documentation, then the flame retardant composition does not meet generally accepted standards and requirements.
The best known fire retardants for wood are:
- "Fire retardant PP";
- "VANN-1";
- "Old Elm".
The formulations are available in powder form and dissolve in water. When working with them, you should follow basic safety rules.
wood impregnation treatment
Depending on the degree of processing, impregnating materials are of two types:
- with superficial penetration;
- with deep penetration.
Surface flame retardant composition is characterized by low cost. The main component of the impregnation are substances that prevent the process of burning wood. Due to the shallow penetration of the impregnation, the protective characteristics of wood are not very high. The flame retardant can be applied with a conventional brush or roller.
Treatment of a wooden surface with deep colorless impregnation is carried out using an autoclave or a special container in which the timber is soaked. After drying, the wood is used for its intended purpose.
Another option for applying deep fire impregnation is vacuum technology under pressure up to 8 atm. and preheating up to +60ºС.
Regardless of the method of impregnation application, the maximum effectiveness of its application is achieved only if all the instructions prescribed by the manufacturer of the product are observed.
When applying impregnation, you should also consider:
- season;
- probability of influence of atmospheric precipitation.
If open areas or an unheated roof are treated with a flame retardant, then winter impregnation is purchased.
Application of fire-fighting paints and varnishes
The principle of operation of these flame retardants is to create a layer that prevents heating and ignition of wood.
Fire retardant paints are divided into:
- intumescent;
- non-swelling.
Intumescent compositions are characterized by the fact that when the temperature rises, cracking of the coating occurs with the release of inert gas and water. This leads to the expansion of the protective layer (10-30 times).
Non-intumescent paint consists of flame retardant fillers and liquid glass. Depending on the variety and manufacturer, the flame retardant may resist direct fire for 90-120 minutes.
In addition to the protective function, the paint does not allow rotting of the wooden coating. The application of the fire retardant for wood is carried out using a spray gun or roller. The minimum frequency of surface treatment is 10 years.
When creating a fire-resistant coating, you can also use fire-resistant varnish. Moreover, it is applied not only to load-bearing structures, but also to wooden floors, furniture, laminate and PVC coatings.
There are the following features of the material application:
- applying varnish can be done on a painted surface (with the exception of water-dispersion compositions);
- the process is carried out at a temperature of more than +5ºС;
- applying several layers of varnish occurs with a time interval of at least 12 hours;
- the frequency of varnishing wood is 6-7 years.
The only nuance that should be taken into account when purchasing paint and varnish products is their intended purpose. For outdoor work, only facade materials are suitable, which are characterized by increased wear resistance and fire protection.
Alternatives
In addition to impregnations and paints and varnishes, the fire-fighting properties of wood can be improved by using:
- materials with which a refractory crate is created;
- other constructive solutions.
Among the fire-retardant materials, gypsum fiber sheets should be noted. Due to the incombustibility of the material, the effect of heat on the supporting structure is limited. But there is a condition - all profile elements must be treated with a special solution without fail. It is most advisable to use gypsum fiber only in cases where it is impossible to carry out the application of a flame retardant composition.
The use of rolled fire-fighting material (foil insulation) is the best solution for fire protection of wood located in hard-to-reach places (attic floors, attic, other rarely visited premises).
A constructive solution is the creation of a refractory belt (or better, several), which will become an obstacle to the spread of fire. The places with the highest probability of a fire are determined. After that, refractory belts are created near them. In some cases, it is better to use a plaster mixture with vermiculite or additionally build a reinforced brick frame.
Conclusion
You can check the quality of wood processing by:
- visual inspection of the structure;
- selective examination of the integrity and thickness of the layer of several sections.
Checking with the use of fire is carried out using PNP-1 sensors. Based on the results of the research, acts are drawn up that allow the operation of the facility.
You can also check the quality of the fire-retardant layer yourself. For this:
- a sample up to 1 mm thick is cut from the treated area with a knife;
- using a lighter, the sample is ignited from the side where the flame retardant is applied;
- the workpiece should not support combustion or smolder;
- after 20-30 seconds, the surface of the sample will turn black and char (without the appearance of a flame).
For comparison, you can take a piece of wood that is not treated with a flame retardant. When you turn on the lighter, after 4-5 seconds, the workpiece will begin to burn.
Naturally, the combustion process directly depends on the type of wood. For example, oak chips are difficult to set on fire without impregnation. For this reason, all tests are carried out on a pine wood base, which is highly flammable.
Video about the treatment of a wooden structure with a fire retardant:
Fire safety requires compliance with certain norms and rules when building various objects made of wood. The relevant services, before putting the building into operation, must check its compliance with GOST and SNiP. Such rules are required to comply with the owners of private houses.
Properly performed fire protection of wooden structures helps prevent the rapid spread of flames and protect structures from destruction. These are the mandatory requirements of the fire service, which are detailed in PPB 01-03. IN apartment buildings impregnation of wood and other structures with fire-retardant materials is assigned to special services. The owners of their own home can do such work on their own. The subtleties of this process must be considered by every property owner.
General information about processing
It is a set of measures that are used to reduce the combustible properties of wood and other materials. This procedure is carried out in several ways.
Facing and finishing of wood products can be processed using refractory compounds. If necessary, changes are made to the structure of the building, which increase the fire resistance. Wooden arrays can also be treated with special paints and varnishes (LKM).
When designing a building, decisions on the use of certain protective equipment are made by qualified specialists. Therefore, when building a private house, it is necessary to draw up a house plan in accordance with all the norms of SNiP. At the same time, the project calculates exactly what measures will be applied during the construction of the house, what means will be used in this case. Next, a processing estimate is drawn up. An overview of this process should be known to every property owner.
Check upon completion construction works conducted by a representative of the Ministry of Emergency Situations or an independent expert of appropriate qualifications.
Fire protection groups
The quality of processing during the construction of a new building regulates GOST. Fire protection of wooden structures can be divided into 3 groups. When the object is handed over, a representative of the Ministry of Emergency Situations takes samples of the material. This way you can determine the compliance of the processing with the stated requirements.
1 group of fire protection efficiency of wood is assigned at the maximum level of resistance to fire. The weight loss of the material is only 9%. When tested, such wood does not burn for up to 150 minutes. Such protection is used in crowded places.
Group 2 is established if during testing the material lost weight by 25%. Such wood is also called flame retardant. The resistance of structures to fire in this case is 90 minutes.
Group 3 belongs to the fire retardant color. Fire protection is minimal. This treatment is used for private houses with low requirements for the fire resistance coefficient.
Impregnation
One of the most popular flame retardant materials is impregnation. The rules for its selection and application are described in detail in the relevant SNiP. Fire protection of wooden structures by impregnation can be divided into two ways. This is superficial and deep processing.
In the first case, the cost of the work performed will be slightly lower. Therefore, this approach is very popular. With a brush, roller or spray gun, the composition is applied to the surface of wooden structures. Such agents include flame retardants. Such products do not penetrate deep enough into the pores of the wood, which limits their protective properties.
Deep impregnation is considered more effective. The material is processed under pressure. To do this, use a hot-cold bath or autoclave. If the work is done at home, the wood is soaked in a container. Then the timber is dried. The whole process must be carried out strictly according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Environmental conditions
One of the most effective ways wood impregnation is a vacuum deposition agent. This requires heating up to 60 ºС and a pressure of 8 atm. However, even this method cannot guarantee that the agent will not lose its properties during operation under the influence of factors environment.
For example, fire protection of wooden roof structures, attic and other open structures in winter require the use of special compounds. Such compositions must be resistant to washout. Under the influence of atmospheric phenomena in such conditions, the agent should not be washed out of the structure of the material.
Distinguish between washable and non-washable products. The effect of moisture on the material must be taken into account when choosing a suitable agent.
fire retardant paint
Works on fire protection of wooden structures can be carried out independently if a small private house out of town, cottage. In this case, wood can be treated with special paint. It creates a protective layer on the material. It prevents heat and fire. When the ambient temperature rises, such paint releases water and inert gas.
Such a tool additionally protects wood products and structures from decay and destruction. The paint can be applied with a roller or spray gun. Periodically, the coating must be updated. The frequency of such procedures is indicated by the paint manufacturer. Usually this figure is at least 10 years.
Fireproof varnish
Can be created with a special varnish. It also allows you to create decorative coating on the surface. The natural structure of wood is preserved in its original form. Therefore, such material is used in the processing of floors, furniture, laminate, etc.
The frequency of renewal of the lacquer coating is about 6 years outside. If the processed objects are inside the room, such work is carried out once every 10 years.
Lacquer coating can be matte or semi-matte. The material must be applied in several layers. The hardening time of each of them is 12 hours. The more layers will be applied, the greater the fire safety of the material.
Other flame retardant materials
It can be done with special materials. These include sheets of drywall (GVL), roll insulation, refractory belts, as well as additional frame structures.
GVL materials of a non-combustible type are able to limit the effect of heat on fire on supporting structures. Such plates are used when it is impossible to apply impregnations or paints and varnishes.
Foil insulation is used in hard-to-reach places, attics or attics. Fireproof belts help prevent the spread of fire. Their location is developed at the design stage of the building.
Bearing structures can be protected from fire with a brick frame or stucco refractory mixture.
Cost of work
Has different cost fire protection of wooden structures. Price per m2 depends on the processing material. The class of fire protection is also taken into account. If the owner of the property resorts to the services of specialized companies, then when treating wood with varnish, the cost will be 480-500 rubles / m², and with paint - 400-450 rubles / m².
Surface impregnation of materials for attic spaces inside will cost 20-30 rubles / m². If it is necessary to process external structures, walls, then weather-resistant impregnation will cost about 500 rubles / m². If the surface spraying method is used for its application, the price will be lower - 340-350 rubles / m².
When calculating the cost of the services of a particular company, one should also take into account the quadrature of the treated surface. If it is less than set in the price list, the price will be set individually, and may be higher.
Choice of remedy
Fire protection of wooden structures (price for the work indicated above) can be purchased independently. If the owner of a private house wants to impregnate or apply a special paintwork, you need to pay attention to some important issues.
First of all, you need to calculate the consumption of funds per 1 m² of surface. It happens that more cheap funds are required, so the total cost of the work will be higher than when using an average cost tool. In addition, cheaper products take longer to dry. Processing in this case can be very delayed.
On average, when applied with a brush or spray, wood absorbs about 150-180 g per 1 m² of surface. When choosing a product, be sure to read the manufacturer's information on the use of the composition.
Required documentation
To checking the fire protection of wooden structures was successful, when buying, you need to pay attention to the accompanying documentation. In our country, the sale of fire fighting compositions without certificates of conformity and conclusions of the sanitary and epidemiological station is prohibited.
Before buying a product, you need to pay attention to the fire safety class that this composition provides. If it is lower than required, it cannot be purchased. It is also desirable to consider the composition and method of applying the product, the level of its absorption by wood.
The service life of the coating, as well as its tinting qualities, deserves attention. If you have all the necessary documentation, as well as the compliance of the composition with the requirements of the design documentation, it can be purchased for use at your facility.
A responsible approach to the choice of fireproof protection will help to avoid damage to property, as well as protect the owners of the house from accidents associated with fires of wooden structures.
Fire protection of wooden structures (wood) is necessary because the material has a high fire hazard. Fundamentals of fire retardant wood treatment:
Methods of fire protection of wooden structures
Fire treatment of wooden structures with fire retardant (OS) has levels of efficiency. When applying, take into account the characteristics of wood, buildings.Facilities |
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Structural protection | Plastering:
Facing:
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Surface coatings |
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Impregnation |
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Regulations
NPB for fire protection of wood:- main:
- And ;
- recommendations of VNIIPO "Methods and means of fire protection of wood";
- verification, responsibility:
- (licensing);
- objects:
- , ;
- tests:
- general rules:
- "On the fire regime";
Duration and frequency of fire-retardant treatment of wood
Time intervals for applying impregnation (PP N 390):- every year, if there are no instructions in the instructions;
- any other period (1 time in 2 years), but according to the OS technical documentation.
- primary requirements - TD from the manufacturer;
- in the absence - PP N 390.
In the technical documents and the act, the manufacturer / contractor indicates the frequency and frequency of repeated measures to protect wooden structures, the period of validity of non-combustible properties. Usually, for impregnations 2 gr. another application is required after 5 years, for 1 gr. – 5 - 10 years.
Ignition temperature of wood
Wood qualities:- ignites at +250 C°;
- self-ignites at +350 C°;
- two modes: combustion (homogeneous), smoldering (heterogeneous);
- there are products of pyrolysis (smoke, toxins).
Classification by PPB:
- G4, G3 - strongly and normally combustible;
- B3 - highly flammable;
- RP3, RP4 - fire spreads moderately, strongly;
- D2, D3 - burning with a flame, smoldering with moderate and high smoke formation;
- T3 - toxicity, high danger.
- intumescent paint of the 2nd category lowers the class to G1, G2 (weak and moderate flammability);
- resistance to direct fire appears for a certain time (EI up to 90 min., 80 - 120 min.).
Impregnation of class 1 will make the NG tree - non-combustible in general. The reaction of the material to fire is similar to trying to ignite damp wood that does not dry out.
Groups of fire-retardant efficiency of wood
GOST 16363-98, R 53292-2009, NPB 251-98 set fire exposure levels. Test methods classify wood into 3 fire performance (FR) categories:- funds of the 1st group:
- enhanced effect;
- repeated fire protection works less often;
- more often 2 groups are enough for domestic purposes, residential buildings;
- Group 3 does not provide an acceptable result.
If the object is assigned to fire hazard group 1, for example, crowded places, then group 1 impregnations are applied.
Who can apply fire protection for timber structures
Fire protection is required for buildings with wooden structures. Without an act on fire treatment, the admission of the building to operation is impossible.Do I need a fire retardant license?
Fire safety requirements include:- project creation, calculations;
- compliance with technology;
- proper selection of flame retardant composition and methods.
Performers, in order to issue technical documents, must have a license from the Ministry of Emergency Situations, the State Tax Inspectorate and the corresponding OKVED activity (84.25.1).
The costs of budgetary organizations for fire protection are attributed to sub-item 225 of KOSGU.
Flame retardants and substances for wood
All fire protection equipment (CO) must have a fire safety certificate. It is necessary to check its availability upon purchase and save it in the package of documents for the processing.Types and properties of OS:
Description | ||
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Impregnation | Release way:
The composition of the impregnation:
Peculiarity:
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Pastes / Coatings |
This group can include wet plastering, which is considered an obsolete method, although it is often referred to as constructive methods. Peculiarities:
Ingredients:
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Compositions of the combined type | A complex of several flame retardants applied sequentially, for example, first a paste, then a varnish. |
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Tools can have additional properties:
How wood is treated against fire
Fire protection means are applied strictly according to the manufacturer's instructions, the method and consumption of the composition per 1 m² are indicated in the TD. Each brand has its own characteristics. At the same time, there are requirements for work regulated by the airbag.Stages:
- Analysis of wood properties.
- Estimation of object parameters.
- Definition of ways and means.
- Project creation.
- Application.
- Checking, issuing a fire protection act.
Terms of reference for processing
According to paragraph 3.5 of SP 2.1310.2012 and "On the composition of sections ..." for fire protection measures, a project is being developed (terms of reference, flow chart or working documentation) containing:- substantiation of decisions on ways, means;
- execution order;
- description indicating the fire resistance limit in accordance with GOST 30247;
- indications of experimental data on the OE of fire protection means;
- strength results, heat engineering calculations.
The project or calculations are made by the contractor. The document is required by Pozhnadzor, Stroynadzor, Rostekhnadzor. Without project documentation, departments will not sign a processing act.
If you need to create fire retardant properties for a single simple element, the project will also be required, but it looks like an explanatory note.
At the enterprise and in the test fire laboratory, the following is stored:
- project, working documentation;
- certificate, mixture instructions;
- performer's license, contract agreement;
- test report;
For complex wooden structures and buildings, the procedure is labor-intensive, since calculations are required: a project can take dozens of sheets and be developed for several weeks.
Protection equipment
Each type of flame retardant has its own technology, equipment, tools:
Determine the cost of processing the price per m² at the rates of the contractor. If you buy fire fighting substances yourself, then it is more profitable to take fire protection agents in powder, but they are less common on the market.
Composition technology
Work features:- surface is prepared:
- grind or roughen;
- covered with shingles;
- dry;
- several layers are required, each must dry thoroughly;
- special putties are used with the compositions;
- it is recommended to use topcoats (fire-retardant varnishes) to protect against moisture and ultraviolet radiation.
Checking the quality of fire protection of wood structures
Responsibility for the fire protection of wooden structures and ensuring verification rests with the owner of the structure (premises). The procedure consists of the control:- visual (for cracks, chips, untreated areas);
- instrumental (destructive):
- special equipment - example: PMP 1 device for express check;
- measurement of layer thickness with a probe;
- checking chips for combustibility;
- tests (not in all cases) - impregnation should provide a weight loss of the material up to 13% according to GOST 16363-98.
Examination and evaluation of effectiveness is carried out by licensed specialized institutions, laboratories included in the register of Rosakkreditatsiya, SRO structures. The frequency of the check depends on the schedule in the OS instructions or in the guarantee issued by the contractor.
The wooden structure must not contain untreated segments, cracks, chips, or defects. The layer must meet the PPB standards. If shortcomings are found, the supervisory authority issues an order to eliminate the shortcomings, sets the date for the next inspection.
Sample act of fire treatment of wood
The act for fire protection is issued upon completion of work on the basis of a quality check and compliance with PPB standards. The paper contains the characteristics of the mixture, the object, the work performed, as well as the dates of the procedures, the warranty period for the fire retardant treatment, references to standards, and the result.The processing act is signed and stamped by the participants in the procedure (representatives): contractor, customer, State Fire Supervision. The document is an official confirmation of the presence of fire protection.
Wood is the most common building material. It allows us to carry out the design of almost any design, to create an atmosphere of comfort and warmth. In addition, wood natural material which has a positive effect on human health. However, there are times when such structures are at risk. For example, in case of fire. Therefore, fire protection of wooden structures is a desirable procedure.
Is it necessary to protect wood in this way?
The answer is unequivocal - yes. even the simplest processing contributes to increased resistance to combustion. At the same time, you not only protect your home from destruction, but also insure your own life. And spending a little money on flame retardants can save you a lot more money in the event of a fire.
Fire protection of wooden structures can cost in different ways. It all depends on the type of product chosen, its properties and manufacturer. To do right choice, you should first understand the classification of fire retardants and the features of their use.
Benefits of the procedure
Before you fire protection of wooden structures, you need to consider its advantages:
1. Relative processing cost. Whatever price you have to pay for the remedy, it will cost you less than a ruined house.
2. Big choice funds. Moreover, both in terms of application types and properties. That is, different designs can be treated with different compositions.
3. Ease of use. Fire protection of wooden structures can be done with your own hands. This will also save you a lot of money.
4. High efficiency. In the event of a fire, your structures may char, but will not catch fire.
5. Wide availability. You can purchase the necessary composition at any hardware store.
Processing tasks and its scope
Before fire protection can be made, it is necessary to find out exactly where it can be used and what it should provide. The main objectives of the procedure are:
- from fire.
- Stop the spread of open fire.
- "Passive" localization of a fire at its very beginning, that is, without the use of any additional means.
Fire protection is used for almost all wooden structures:
- Roof truss systems.
- Floors and walls, both inside and outside.
- Lumber that is intended for storage in warehouses.
In principle, such protection is used both in private and multi-storey construction.
Fund types
Now let's look at the classification of the presented substances:
1. Flame retardants. These chemical compositions serve to prevent wood fires. They are phosphate and intumescent. Their feature is that during heating they form a film and which absorb excess heat and do not give oxygen access to the source of ignition.
2. Coating materials. They consist of a binding component, often inorganic (alabaster, lime or clay), as well as a refractory filler (mica, asbestos). In order to prevent a fire, such material should be applied in a thick layer. Naturally, this method has one drawback: the surface does not have a decorative look.
3. These funds are applied to the tree in a fairly thin layer. This creates a film of 1 mm, which, when heated to a high temperature, tends to foam and block the access of oxygen to the structure. Varnishes have the same characteristics, but they do not spoil the wood. On the contrary, they can greatly improve it.
4. Impregnation. As part of these funds, both organic components and flammable solvents can be noted. Therefore, you should be extremely careful when working with them. Fire retardant impregnation for some time is able to stop the spread of fire.
5. Combined substances. They can effectively protect the tree not only from fire, but also from pests (beetles, rodents, and others).
This classification is the main one and makes it possible to determine exactly the tool that suits you best.
How to choose a substance?
Before the fire protection of the wooden structures of the roof or other parts of the structure is carried out, it is necessary to purchase a suitable composition. So, when choosing, pay attention to the following criteria:
- The ability to influence appearance processed structure. It all depends on your needs. For example, fire protection of wooden roof structures can be any, because it is not visible in those rooms where you are constantly located, and does not spoil their appearance.
- The product must be approved for indoor use. That is, it should not contain any toxic elements that can cause health problems.
- Fire protection should not impair the natural properties of wood.
- Please note that the products presented can have a negative effect on metals.
- Naturally, attention should also be paid to the consumption of the composition per 1 sq.m. It depends on how much money you spend.
Naturally, you should buy it only at certified points of sale. Each composition must have the necessary accompanying documents confirming its quality.
In principle, the presented funds can be used almost everywhere. However, there are certain caveats:
Do not apply compounds to damp or frozen wood. This will not give the desired effect.
Do not cover the surface that has already been painted with other paintwork materials.
Fire retardant impregnation for wood cannot be used on other types of building materials(metal, concrete, brick, plastic).
Fire protection works can only be carried out during the warm season.
Features of applying the composition
First of all, remember that you should work in protective clothing so that the impregnation does not get on bare areas of the body. The fact is that it can cause a burn or other damage. Before you start, you need to collect necessary tools. It all depends on the type of fire protection. For example, you can use a regular brush or sprayer. You can also use normal immersion for a short period. However, these methods do not provide deep impregnation.
It is best to use soaking methods. This will provide deeper penetration. Naturally, this method is more laborious and time consuming.
It is necessary to apply the product in compliance with the consumption norms. Before that, it should be diluted according to the system indicated in the instructions. This will ensure the effectiveness of the substance indicated in the instructions. Do not work in rainy weather.
Before applying varnish or paint, the structure should be cleaned of debris and dust. If there are any irregularities, then they need to be handled especially carefully.
How often should the remedies presented be used?
Fireproofing should be carried out periodically. The fact is that the service life of impregnations can range from 1 year to 30 years. The coating should be checked every 12 months if the structure is open, and at the next repair if it is closed.
If there are chips, peeling or washing out of the protective coating on the surface of the wood, and they occupy more than 25% of the area, then the application needs to be repeated. Try to use the same tool that you used before. If you bought something else, then you need to check the compatibility of these two substances. And it is better to remove the old layer of fire protection altogether.
That's all. Impregnation of wooden structures may one day save your life. Try to be attentive. Good luck!
- What are fire retardants
- Normative documents
- Types of fire retardants
- Operating conditions of the OS
- OS stability
- Degree of penetration
- Refractory varnishes
- fire retardant paints
- Impregnation
The unique properties of wood contribute to its widespread use in construction. Wood is subject to rapid fire. Fire protection of wooden structures is the most important stage in the implementation of a set of measures to prevent fires in houses and structures where walls, roofs, ceilings and interior coatings of premises are made of wood.
What are fire retardants
Flame retardants are called fire retardants.. They prevent ignition, slow down the burning of structures that have already flared up. Wooden parts are impregnated, painted or lubricated with flame retardants.
When heated, they evaporate in the form of stable compounds that actively cool the material. The burnt layer of wood becomes an insurmountable barrier to the penetration of oxygen into the array. At the same time, heat is removed deep into the structure, which prevents smoldering.
Types and application of flame retardants are regulated by regulatory documents.
Normative documents
To impart fire-resistant qualities to load-bearing wooden elements of buildings and structures, norms and rules for the operation of wooden structures have been developed. They are specified in SNiP 21-01-97, GOSTs 30402, 30244 and Fire Safety Rules. The documentation contains requirements for the protection of wooden structures with fire-resistant impregnations. Each facility is assigned a fire certificate.
Classification of flame retardants
Fire retardants (OS), in accordance with their characteristics, are divided into groups according to types, operating conditions, level of resistance to aggressive environments and the degree of penetration into the structure of the material.
Types of fire retardants
Lucky
Film-forming varnishes are one of the types of aqueous solution or organic suspension. Groups of solutions - flame retardants, plasticizers, colors and other chemicals. The emulsion creates a colorless heat-resistant film on the surface of the structure.
Paints
Paints, consisting of a heterogeneous mixture of flame retardants and pigments, form a fire-resistant coating of wooden structures. Paints are produced in various colors. Hardeners, plasticizers, and other components are added to the fire retardant.
Pastes
Pastes are composite coatings. In composition, they are similar to paints, except that the products are applied in a thicker layer. Fire-retardant treatment of wooden structures with pastes creates a non-flammable barrier to open fire.
Impregnation
The solutions consist of a mixture of flame retardants with antiseptics. Impregnations do not form a film coating, but penetrate into the wood structure, forming a heat-resistant shell. The compositions are divided into means of superficial and deep penetration.
Combined formulations
Means are compositions of several types of fire protection. The application to the wood of each is carried out in turn.
Operating conditions of the OS
Wooden structures in specific operating conditions need fire treatment with certain substances:
- compositions for the treatment of wooden structures operated in open space or under a canopy must take into account the conditions of the local climate. This applies to temperature fluctuations, humidity levels in a given area;
- coatings and impregnations for wood in unheated rooms. Flame retardants are used to treat wooden parts, where, due to the closed space, changes in temperature and humidity levels of the surrounding air are insignificant;
- OS for heated rooms, enclosed spaces with an artificial microclimate. The compositions provide fire safety of structures in conditions of constant positive temperature and air humidity level of about 70%.
OS stability
Fire retardants for resistance to aggressive environments are resistant and unstable.
Degree of penetration
The indicator refers to impregnating compositions. Impregnations are superficial and deep penetration.
Criteria for the effectiveness of fire protection
Fire protection of wood is divided into three categories of action:
- Prevention of wood fire hazard.
- Extinguishing of combustion at the initial stage.
- Passive localization of foci.
The choice of fire protection of wooden structures
The selection of heat-resistant compositions for processing wood structures depends on factors:
- location of buildings wooden elements- in an open area, under a roof or in a confined space;
- requirements of the Fire Safety Rules and normative documentation(SNiPs and GOSTs);
- methods of processing structures;
- the cost of flame retardants and the production of works.
Refractory varnishes
The effectiveness of varnishes for fire protection of wooden structures is great. If there is a risk of fire, the varnish heats up and turns into a ceramic-like heat-insulating shell. The heat-resistant film emits inert gases that block the access of oxygen to the combustion source.
Refractory varnish has a number of advantages:
- gas impermeability of the shell;
- the natural color and texture of the wood cut practically do not change;
- no smell;
- water-soluble varnish base eliminates the use of organic solvents;
- non toxic.
Apply varnish with a roller or brush in a cross way. You can use a spray bottle. The first coat of coating should dry after 8-12 hours. The next layers of varnish are applied at intervals of 4-6 hours.
Popular fire retardants based on varnish:
Stabiterm
The tool is used to process MDF, chipboard, fiberboard and parquet board. Used to reduce fire hazard. Consumption rate - 330 g / m 2. Retains properties for 10 years.
Lacron Lac
Supplied for sale in a plastic container. Lakron is effective as a fireproof wood coating indoors and outdoors under the protection of a canopy.
Shield-1
Means Shield-1 is applied to wood and products based on it. OS is used for processing internal fences and attic floor structures.
Negorin Lac
Lacquer covers the elements of finishing walls, floors and ceilings made of wood-containing materials. It is supplied to hardware stores in plastic cans with a capacity of 5 to 30 liters.
The domestic industry also produces other heat-resistant varnishes.
fire retardant paints
The purpose of the paints is to create a heat-shielding layer on the surface of wooden elements under the influence of the combustion temperature. The expanded shell increases in volume, ten times greater than the original thickness of the paint. The neoplasm acquires the qualities of a heat shield that does not allow heating of the solid wood from the inside. This allows you to buy time before the arrival of the fire brigade.
Flame retardants, which are part of refractory paints, contain magnesium and aluminum hydroxides. The OS not only remains on the surface, but also penetrates into the structure of the wood. The composition of paints includes antiseptics that prevent the occurrence of fungal and mold formations.
Before painting, the wood is cleaned of contaminants. Organic solvents remove oil and grease layers.
Neomid
Fire-retardant paint is supplied in plastic containers from 5 to 30 liters. The manufacturer produces several varieties of water-soluble paint for processing wooden structures outdoors, under a canopy and indoors.
Bionic House
The company produces high-quality paint, which has good adhesion, is quickly absorbed into the wood massif. The wooden structures processed by her do not lose fire-retardant properties for 20 years. For wood, the paint is available under the name Fireproof Coating ( fire retardant coating).
Spray paint Pro Sto
Means processed concrete, metal and wooden surfaces. The temperature regime for the use of aerosols is from +5 ˚C to +25 ˚C. Full drying time - 3 minutes. Black acrylic paint sold in 250 ml cans.
The range of refractory paints on the building materials market is large. OS of this category belong to colorless aqueous solutions. To obtain the desired color, the appropriate color is added to the paint.
Impregnation
Impregnations, in addition to fire-retardant properties, have the qualities of antiseptics. The compositions do not leave marks on the surface of the wood. The substance penetrates deeply into the structure of the wood massif.
Various types of impregnations are designed to process the material in certain operating conditions of structures. The main group of impregnations has a universal nature of application. Effective Pirilax for processing wooden surfaces in severe operating conditions - in unventilated enclosed spaces with a high level of humidity. Pirilax impregnation is used as a fire protection for ceilings, external fences of the house, the frontal part of the roof in wooden houses. Means impregnated truss structures, beams, logs, floor boards from the back and crowns of baths.
Pyrilax protects wood from ignition and interrupts the progress of fire during a fire. The OS stops the development of fungal, mold formations and destroys the wood-boring beetle. Bioprene Pirilax is produced in more than 10 types in containers of various sizes. Wooden structures coated with Prilax do not crack, which significantly slows down the aging of the material.
Vuprotek
Wood impregnated with Vuprotek, when burned, forms a foamed non-combustible shell on the surface. In this case, inert gases are released. They prevent oxygen from entering the fire zone.
If the fire was of a short-term nature, then to continue the operation of the structure, it will be enough to remove the caramelized layer from the surface.
Vuprotek goes on sale in two types. The finished solution is sold in a plastic container. The powdered mixture is supplied to the distribution network in polymer bags.
Powder bred hot water(+60 ˚С) in a ratio of 1:2.5. The agent is applied to structural elements with a brush or spray gun. To ensure the effectiveness of the 1st category of fire protection, the consumption rate of an aqueous emulsion per 1 m 2 of the surface of an object is 0.6 liters. Vuprotek is applied in three layers. Intermediate drying is about 6 hours. Processing is carried out at an ambient temperature of at least +20 ˚С.
The OS manufacturer guarantees the preservation of the refractory qualities of the object for 10 years when treated with a ready-made composition and 3 years when using a powder solution. The flame retardant is produced in three modifications: Vuprotek-1, Vuprotek-2, Vuprotek-3 and MS. Each tool is designed for a certain degree of fire protection, taking into account the operating conditions of the structures.
Plaster Neosprey
Effective fire retardant Neospray coating. OS is used to create a refractory coating of steel, concrete and wooden structures. The tool is a non-combustible shell with high thermal insulation properties. During a fire, it protects the structure from the effects of heat flow and open flame for 2-4 hours.
In the burning zone, Neospray does not change its appearance, does not crack or flake off the wood. OS does not contain harmful impurities. The shell resembles plaster “under a fur coat”.
The Neospray protective coating is applied by shotcreting with a plastering unit. Works are carried out at a temperature not lower than +5 ˚С. The shell hardens 3-4 hours after application. Neospray gains its final strength after 30 days.
