Functional styles of the Russian language and their characteristics. Functional style of speech

Styles of a language are its varieties that serve one side or the other. public life. They all have a few parameters in common: the purpose or situation of use, the forms in which they exist, and the set

The concept itself comes from the Greek word "stilos", which meant a stick for writing. As a scientific discipline, stylistics finally took shape in the twenties of the twentieth century. Among those who studied the problems of stylistics in detail were M. V. Lomonosov, F. I. Buslaev, G. O. Vinokur, E. D. Polivanov. D. E. Rosenthal, V. V. Vinogradov, M. N. Kozhina and others paid serious attention to individual functional styles.

Five in Russian

Functional styles of language are certain features of the speech itself or its social variety, specific vocabulary and grammar that correspond to the field of activity and way of thinking.

In Russian, they are traditionally divided into five varieties:

• colloquial;
• official business;
• scientific;
• journalistic;
• art.

The norms and concepts of each depend on the historical era and change over time. Until the 17th century, colloquial and book lexicons differed greatly. The Russian language became literary only in the 18th century, largely thanks to the efforts of M. V. Lomonosov. Modern styles languages ​​began to form at the same time.

Birth of styles

In the Old Russian period there were church literature, business documents and annals. Spoken everyday language differed from them quite strongly. At the same time, household and business documents had much in common. M. V. Lomonosov made quite a lot of efforts to change the situation.

He laid the basis for the ancient theory, highlighting the high, low and middle styles. According to her, the literary Russian language was formed as a result of the joint development of the book and colloquial variants. She took as a basis stylistically neutral forms and turns from one and the other, allowed the use of folk expressions and limited the use of little-known and specific Slavic words. Thanks to M. V. Lomonosov, the styles of the language that existed at that time were replenished with scientific ones.

Subsequently, A. S. Pushkin gave impetus to further development stylistics. His work laid the foundations of the artistic style.

Moscow orders and Peter's reforms served as the origins of the official business language. Ancient chronicles, sermons and teachings formed the basis of the journalistic style. In the literary version, it began to take shape only in the XVIII century. To date, all 5 styles of the language are well-defined and have their own subspecies.

Conversational and household

As the name implies, this style of speech is used in everyday communication. Unlike jargon and dialects, it is based on literary vocabulary. His sphere is situations where there is no clear official relationship between the participants. AT Everyday life use mostly neutral words and expressions (for example, "blue", "horse", "left"). But you can use words with colloquial coloring (“locker room”, “lack of time”).

Within the colloquial, there are three subspecies: everyday-everyday, everyday-business, and epistolary. The latter includes private correspondence. Colloquial and business - a variant of communication in a formal setting. The colloquial and official-business styles of the language (a lesson or a lecture can serve as another example) in a certain sense divide this subspecies among themselves, since it can be attributed to both.

Allows familiar, affectionate and reduced expressions, as well as words with evaluative suffixes (for example, "house", "bunny", "boast"). The colloquial and everyday style can be very bright and figurative due to the use of phraseological units and words with an emotionally expressive connotation (“beat the bucks”, “near”, “child”, “blessed”, “skirt”).

Various abbreviations are widely used - “bad”, “ambulance”, “condensed milk”. Spoken language is simpler than bookish - the use of participles and gerunds, complex multi-part sentences is inappropriate. In general, this style corresponds to the literary one, but at the same time it has its own characteristics.

scientific style

He, like the official business one, is very strict in the choice of words and expressions, sharply narrows the boundaries of what is permissible. The Russian language does not allow dialectisms, jargon, colloquial expressions, words with emotional overtones. Serves the spheres of science and production.

Since the purpose of scientific texts is to present research data, objective facts, this puts forward requirements for their composition and the words used. As a rule, the sequence of presentation is as follows:

• introduction - setting the task, goal, question;
• the main part is the search and enumeration of answer options, drawing up a hypothesis, evidence;
• conclusion - the answer to the question, the achievement of the goal.

A work in this genre is built consistently and logically, it presents two types of information: facts, and how the author organizes them.

The scientific style of the language makes extensive use of terms, prefixes anti-, bi-, quasi-, super-, suffixes -ost, -ism, -ni-e (antibodies, bipolar, supernova, sedentary, symbolism, cloning). Moreover, the terms do not exist by themselves - they form a complex network of relationships and systems: from the general to the particular, from the whole to the part, genus / species, identity / opposites, and so on.

Mandatory criteria for such a text are objectivity and accuracy. Objectivity excludes emotionally colored vocabulary, exclamations, artistic turns of speech, here it is inappropriate to tell a story in the first person. Precision is often associated with terms. An excerpt from Anatoly Fomenko's book "Methods of Mathematical Analysis of Historical Texts" can be cited as an illustration.

At the same time, the degree of “complexity” of a scientific text depends primarily on the target audience and on the purpose - who exactly the work is intended for, how much knowledge these people supposedly have, whether they can understand what is being said. It is clear that at such an event as a school lesson of the Russian language, simple styles of speech and expression are needed, and complex scientific terminology is also suitable for a lecture for senior students of a university.

Of course, other factors also play an important role - the topic (in the technical sciences, the language is stricter and more regulated than in the humanities), and the genre.

Within this style, there are strict requirements for the design of written works: candidate and doctoral dissertations, monographs, abstracts, term papers.

Substyles and nuances of scientific speech

In addition to the actual scientific, there are also scientific and educational and popular science substyles. Each is used for a specific purpose and for a specific audience. These styles of language are examples of different, but at the same time similar outwardly communicative streams.

The scientific and educational substyle is a kind of lightweight version of the main style in which literature is written for those who have just begun to study a new area. Representatives - textbooks for universities, colleges, schools (high school), part of the tutorials, other literature created for beginners (below is an excerpt from a psychology textbook for universities: authors V. Slastenin, Isaev I. et al., “Pedagogy. Study Guide ").

The non-fiction substyle is easier to understand than the other two. Its purpose is to explain complex facts and processes to the audience in a simple and plain language. A variety of encyclopedias "101 facts about ..." were written by him.

Official business

Of the 5 styles of the Russian language, this one is the most formalized. It is used to communicate between states, and institutions with each other and with citizens. It is a means of communication between citizens in production, in organizations, in the service sector, within the limits of their performance of their official duties.

The official business style is classified as bookish and written, it is used in the texts of laws, orders, orders, contracts, acts, powers of attorney and similar documents. The oral form is used in speeches, reports, communication within the framework of working relationships.

Components of the official business style

• Legislative. It is used orally and in writing, in laws, regulations, resolutions, instructions, explanatory letters, recommendations, as well as in instructions, article-by-article and operational comments. AT oral sounds during parliamentary debates and appeals.
• Jurisdictional- exists in oral and written forms, is used for indictments, sentences, arrest warrants, court decisions, cassation complaints, procedural acts. In addition, it can be heard during judicial debates, conversations at the reception of citizens, etc.
• Administrative- is implemented in writing in orders, charters, decisions, contracts, labor and insurance contracts, official letters, various petitions, telegrams, wills, memos, autobiographies, reports, receipts, shipping documentation. The oral form of the administrative substyle - orders, auctions, commercial negotiations, speeches at receptions, auctions, meetings, etc.
• Diplomatic. This genre in writing can be found in the form of treaties, conventions, agreements, pacts, protocols, personal notes. Oral form - communiques, memorandums, joint statements.

In the official business style, stable phrases, complex conjunctions and verbal nouns are actively used:

• based…
• in accordance with…
• based…
• due to…
• by virtue of…
• due to...

Only the scientific and official business styles of the language have clear forms and structure. AT this case this application, resume, identity card, marriage certificate and others.

The style is characterized by a neutral tone of narration, direct word order, complex sentences, conciseness, conciseness, lack of individuality. Special terminology, abbreviations, special vocabulary and phraseology are widely used. Another striking feature is the cliché.

journalistic

The functional styles of the language are very peculiar. Journalism is no exception. It is he who is used in the media, in social periodicals, during political, judicial speeches. Most often, its samples can be found in radio and television programs, in newspaper publications, in magazines, booklets, and at rallies.

Publicism is designed for a wide audience, so special terms are rarely found here, and if they are, they are sought to be explained in the same text. It exists not only in oral and written speech - it is also found in photography, cinema, graphic and visual, theatrical and dramatic and verbal and musical forms.

The language has two main functions: informational and influencing. The task of the first is to convey facts to people. The second is to form the right impression, to influence the opinion about the events. The information function requires the reporting of reliable and accurate data that are of interest not only to the author, but also to the reader. The influence is realized through the personal opinion of the author, his calls to action, as well as the way the material is presented.

In addition to those specific to this particular style, there are also common features for the language as a whole: communicative, expressive and aesthetic.

Communicative function

Communication is the main and general task of the language, which manifests itself in all its forms and styles. Absolutely all styles of language and styles of speech have a communicative function. In journalism, texts and speeches are intended for a wide audience, feedback is realized through letters and calls from readers, public discussions, and polls. This requires that the text be readable and readable.

expressive function

Expression should not go beyond reasonable limits - it is necessary to observe the norms of speech culture, and the expression of emotions cannot be the only task.

aesthetic function

Of all the 5 styles of Russian speech, this function is present in only two. In literary texts, aesthetics plays an important role; in journalism, its role is much less. However, reading or listening to a well-designed, thoughtful, harmonious text is much more pleasant. Therefore, it is desirable to pay attention to aesthetic qualities in any of the genres.

Genres of journalism

Within the main style, there are quite a few actively used genres:

• oratory;
• pamphlet;
• feature article;
• reportage;
• feuilleton;
• interview;
• article and others.

Each of them finds application in certain situations: a pamphlet as a kind of artistic and journalistic work is usually directed against a particular party, social phenomenon or political system as a whole, a reportage is a prompt and impartial report from the scene, an article is a genre with which the author analyzes certain phenomena, facts and gives them its own assessment and interpretation.

Art style

All styles of language and styles of speech find their expression through the artistic. It conveys the feelings and thoughts of the author, affects the reader's imagination. He uses all the means of other styles, all the diversity and richness of the language, is characterized by figurativeness, emotionality, and concreteness of speech. Used in fiction.

An important feature of this style is aesthetics - here, unlike journalism, it is an indispensable element.

There are four types of artistic style:

• epic;
• lyrical;
• dramatic;
• combined.

Each of these genera has its own approach to displaying events. If we talk about the epic, then the main thing here will be a detailed story about the subject or event, when the author himself or one of the characters will act as a narrator.

In lyrical narration, the emphasis is on the impression that the events left on the author. Here the main thing will be experiences, what happens in the inner world.

The dramatic approach depicts an object in action, shows it surrounded by other objects and events. The theory of these three genera belongs to V. G. Belinsky. In the "pure" form, each of the above is rare. AT recent times some authors distinguish another genus - combined.

In turn, epic, lyrical, dramatic approaches to describing events and objects are divided into genres: fairy tale, story, short story, novel, ode, drama, poem, comedy and others.

The artistic style of the language has its own characteristics:

• a combination of language tools of other styles is used;
• the form, structure, language tools are chosen in accordance with the intention and idea of ​​the author;
• the use of special figures of speech that give the text color and figurativeness;
• aesthetic function is of great importance.

Tropes (allegory, metaphor, comparison, synecdoche) and (default, epithet, epiphora, hyperbole, metonymy) are widely used here.

Artistic image - style - language

The author of any work, not only literary, needs the means to contact the viewer or reader. Each art form has its own means of communication. This is where the trilogy appears - an artistic image, style, language.

The image is a generalized attitude to the world and life, expressed by the artist using the language he has chosen. This is a kind of universal category of creativity, a form of interpretation of the world through the creation of aesthetically active objects.

An artistic image is also called any phenomenon recreated by the author in a work. Its meaning is revealed only in interaction with the reader or viewer: what exactly a person will understand, see, depends on his goals, personality, emotional state, culture and values ​​in which he was brought up.

The second element of the triad "image - style - language" is related to a special handwriting, characteristic only for this author or era of the totality of methods and techniques. In art, three different concepts are distinguished - the style of the era (covers the historical period of time for which common features, for example, the Victorian time), national (it means the features common to a particular people, nation, for example, and individual ( we are talking about an artist whose works have special qualities that are not inherent in others, for example, Picasso).

Language in any kind of art is a system of visual means designed to serve the goals of the author when creating works, a tool for creating an artistic image. It enables communication between the creator and the audience, allows you to "draw" an image with those very unique style features.

Each type of creativity uses its own means for this: painting - color, sculpture - volume, music - intonation, sound. Together they form a trinity of categories - artistic image, style, language, help to get closer to the author and better understand what he created.

It must be understood that, despite the differences between them, styles do not form separate, purely closed systems. They are capable of and constantly interpenetrate each other: not only the artistic one uses the language means of other styles, but also the official business one has many mutual points with the scientific one (jurisdictional and legislative subspecies are close in their terminology to similar scientific disciplines).

Business vocabulary infiltrates and vice versa. The journalistic type of speech in oral and written form is closely intertwined with the sphere of colloquial and popular science styles.

Furthermore, state of the art language is by no means stable. It would be more accurate to say that it is in dynamic equilibrium. New concepts are constantly emerging, the Russian dictionary is replenished with expressions that come from other languages.

New forms of words are created with the help of existing ones. The rapid development of science and technology also actively contributes to the enrichment of the scientific style of speech. Many concepts from the field of artistic science fiction have migrated to the category of quite official terms that name certain processes and phenomena. And scientific concepts have entered everyday speech.

abstract

on the subject “Russian as a means of communication”

on the topic: “Functional styles of the Russian language”

Prepared by the NST

gr. DBS-22 Sviridova O.N.

Teacher: Matveeva L.V.

Novomoskovsk

1998
Plan.

Speech styles.

Functional style of the language.

Styles of the Russian literary language.

conversational style.

Journalistic and artistic styles of speech.

Literature.

Speech styles.

Word style comes from Greek stylus - wand. In ancient times and in the Middle Ages, they wrote with a rod made of metal, bone, wood. One end of the rod was pointed, they wrote (on damp clay tiles, on waxed boards, on birch bark); the other - in the form of a spatula, by turning the rod - “style”, they “erased” unsuccessfully written. The more often they turned the style, the more often they erased what was unsuccessfully written, that is, the more demanding the author was to his work, the better, more perfect it turned out. Hence the expression “Turn the style often” (Horace), that is, correct, “finish the essay” (N. Koshansky).

Origin of the word style clarifies the essence of style. Namely: style is always associated with the problem of choice. One and the same thought can be expressed in this way, and in a different way, and in a third way ... And what is better? The search for the best, optimal way of expressing thoughts (in given specific conditions) is taught by stylistics - the science of styles.

Word style ambiguous. Let's try to determine in what meanings it is used in the following phrases.

1. Style of L. N. Tolstoy; the style of the story “After the Ball”, the style of the feuilleton, the style of romanticism. Here style is a set of methods of using the means of language, characteristic of any writer, poet, work, genre, literary movement.

2. Solemn style. ironic style. Here style is a kind of language, which is characterized by certain expressive means.

3. Functional style. Function - in a different way, purpose, purpose. People use language for different purposes. In some situations, language is used to simply exchange thoughts, impressions, observations. Let us recall, for example, our conversations with friends, relatives, family members, our correspondence with them. In these and similar situations, the function of language is communication. In other situations, language performs other functions: communication and impact. Styles that are distinguished in accordance with the main functions of the language associated with a particular area of ​​human activity. called functional.

Functional styles are primarily colloquial and bookish, and book styles include scientific, official business, journalistic and, and the style of fiction is especially worth it.

Each functional style is characterized by certain; language means: words, their forms, phraseological units, phrases, types and types of sentences. Moreover, the belonging of these means to one or another style is realized when comparing them with neutral means (from Latin neutralis - not belonging to either one or the other genus, middle), i.e. commonly used. It is these means, which are interstyle, that create the unity of the literary language.

Functional language style - this is its variety, which serves any side of public life: everyday communication; official business relations; agitation and mass activity; science, verbal and artistic creativity. Each of these spheres of public life uses its own kind of literary language. Let us present in the form of a table the spheres of communication and the styles of the literary language serving them.

Styles of the Russian literary language.

Sphere of communication

functional style

Communication of people in everyday life

Conversational (household)

Communication of citizens with institutions and institutions among themselves

Official business

Agitation and mass activity

journalistic

Scientific activity

Verbal and artistic creativity

Artistic style (fiction style)

Each style is characterized by the following features: the purpose of communication, a set of language tools and forms (genres) in which it exists.

conversational style.

The colloquial style is characterized by such syntactic means of the language as dialogue, inversion, one-part sentences, incomplete sentences, connecting constructions, etc.

Example: a book whose title immediately became winged: “The war has no woman's face”. Its author is S. Aleksievich. The basis of the book is the memoirs of the participants of the Great Patriotic War. S. Aleksievich met with them in a relaxed atmosphere, talked in a friendly way and recorded the conversations on a tape recorder. The work lasted for four years, hundreds of stories were recorded. The most important, valuable of them, S. Aleksievich, without changes, as they say, in a living form, included in the book.

From the memoirs of N. Ya. Vishnevskaya, medical instructor of a tank battalion

The soldiers, seeing that we were such young girls, liked to play a trick on us. Once they sent me from the medical platoon for tea. I come to the chef. He looks at me:

What came?

I'm talking:

For tea.

The tea is not ready yet.

And why?

The cooks wash themselves in the cauldrons. Now they will wash themselves, we will boil tea.

I took it quite seriously, took my buckets, I'm going back. Meet the doctor

Why are you going empty?

I answer:

Yes, cooks wash themselves in boilers. The tea is not ready.

He grabbed his head.

What cooks wash themselves in boilers? ..

He returned me, gave me a good deal to this cook, poured me two buckets of tea.

I bring tea, and the head of the political department and the commander of the brigade are walking towards me. I immediately remembered how we were taught to greet everyone, because we are ordinary fighters. And they go two. How can I greet them both? I go and think. We caught up, I put the buckets, both hands to the visor and bow to one and the second. They walked, did not notice me, and then they were dumbfounded with amazement:

Who taught you to give honor like that?

The foreman taught, he said that everyone should be greeted. And you two go together...

From the memoirs of Claudia Grigorievna Krokhina, a former sniper

... I went to the front line like a village. And suddenly I see: a foal is in neutral. He's so handsome and has a fluffy tail. He walks calmly, as if there is nothing, no war ...

From the story of the former blockade survivor Ivan Andreevich Andreenko

As for the sale of food, I have such a case. The bread truck was coming. A shell hit the car. The driver was killed. It really was. Dark. The people have gathered - grab and run! But they didn’t do this, they kept everything to the crumbs. They called the police, they loaded everything and drove away.

In the dictionaries of the modern Russian language, words characteristic of the colloquial style have a stylistic mark unfold In colloquial style, vernacular is also used. They also have a stylistic mark - simple.

Conversational style is used both in oral and written form. For example, the memoirs of participants in the Great Patriotic War, as well as the former siege survivor, were heard orally, and then, using a tape recording, they were printed and included in the book.

Friendly letters are usually written in a conversational style. For example, fragments of a letter from A. Vertinsky to his wife.

Dear Lily!

Yesterday I had a day off. And Alyosha and I went to see Pushkin's apartment. It made a huge impression on me. Even today I can't get rid of it. It's terribly sad. The sofa on which he died, the pen with which he wrote on the last day, the letter to his wife - “do not flirt with the king”, the library.

There was some scientist from the Academy. She told us a lot - not everything in the apartment is authentic, his personal. A lot is gone. But replaced by things, the same, of the same era, only he did not touch them. All the books have been replaced with exactly the same ones, and the real ones are kept in the safes of the Academy. The portraits and watercolors are authentic. His cane, the saber that he gave him in Arzrum... The apartment is modest. And it was all so recent. It was as if he had been killed yesterday ... I walked from room to room, and I wanted to cry

The weather is still warm. I'm already tired here and bored without you and the children. Yesterday I was at a Gilels concert - he plays like a beast, what a power! Shoots the crowd exactly at point-blank range! I saw our "Anna" - Larionova. She came to audition for Shakespeare's "12th Night" for two days.

On the 9th at night I get into a diesel engine and on the 10th in the morning I will be at home. It's disgusting that I have to cut myself. Well, to hell with him! ..

I kiss you, honey.

Scientific and official-business style of speech.

Signs of scientific style: terms, definitions of concepts and others.

Before us is an excerpt from the popular science book by A. A. Leontiev “What is language”.

Do you speak Russian?

Do not rush to answer this question in the affirmative. It all depends on what you mean by "mastery" of the language.

Let's start with the fact that no one knows the Russian language in all the richness of its grammar and especially the dictionary. The number of words in the modern Russian literary language is approaching 120 thousand. But if “we take the number of words used by even the largest Russian writers, then it will far from reach this number. For example, A. S. Pushkin, for whose works a complete dictionary has now been compiled, used “only” 21 thousand words.

It's not even that. To master a language means to make the most of all the expressive possibilities hidden in it;

be able to put into even the smallest stock of words, expressions everything that can be put into it; be able to understand what was said the way it was said. All this is not so simple.

Below is an excerpt from the popular science book by D. E. Rozental and I. B. Golub “Entertaining style”.

Stylistic use of synonyms

Brave, courageous, courageous. That's what they say about a hero. And more can be said about it fearless, fearless, fearless, daring, dashing. All these words have a common meaning: “fearless”, and the differences between them are barely noticeable. For example, intrepid(book) - “very brave”, daring(folk poet.) - “full of daring”, dashing (colloquial) - “bold, risk-taking”. Words that are close or identical in meaning, but differ from each other in semantic shades or stylistic coloring, are called synonyms.

Synonyms form nests, or rows: spin, spin, spin, revolve, twist; indifferent, cold etc. In the first place in dictionaries, they usually put the “main” synonym, which expresses a common meaning that unites all the words of this series with their additional semantic and stylistic shades.

The same words can be included in different synonymous rows, which is explained by ambiguity. For example: cold look - passionless, indifferent, indifferent; cold air - frosty, icy, chilling", cold winter - severe, frosty.

There are few completely unambiguous words in the language: here - here, because - so. as, linguistics - linguistics. Usually there are minor, often very subtle semantic differences between synonyms. Synonyms that have different shades of meaning are called semantic (semantic, ideographic). For example, storm, hurricane, storm. Having a common meaning (“strong, destructive wind”), they differ in its shades: Hurricane - it is not just a storm, but a storm of unusual strength; storm- it's a storm on the sea. Or: words cheerful and glad", both of them indicate the external manifestation of good mood. But a person can be cheerful without a special reason, and a joyful person usually has some reason for fun. Word cheerful can denote a permanent feature of a person, and joyful - only a temporary state. Another example: look and look - words that are very close in meaning, but the verb look indicates an action that is performed more attentively, more concentrated than the verb look. Therefore, it is impossible to say “looked through a microscope”, but N. A. Nekrasov - Don't look longingly at the road... Or A. S. Pushkin:

On the shore of the desert waves He stood, full of great thoughts, And looked into the distance... Semantic synonyms, thanks to a variety of semantic shades, can convey the finest nuances of human thought.

Other synonyms differ in stylistic coloring. For example: sleep-rest-sleep. The first can be used in any style, the second - only in a book style, and will give an archaic tone to the speech (after all, they used to say so in the old days!), And the third is better not to use at all, because it sounds rude. Such synonyms are called stylistic, they require no less attention than semantic ones.

To make our speech correct and not seem ridiculous, we try to accurately use synonyms that differ in stylistic shades. After all, you will not say to a girl who has come running from the cold: “How your cheeks are burning!” Do you remember how A. Fadeev describes Ulya Gromova? She didn't have eyes, she had eyes. He even contrasts the neutral word with its poetic synonym. In such cases, the appeal to synonyms that stand out for their stylistic coloring is fully justified.

As an artist takes not just the seven colors of the rainbow, but also their countless shades, as a musician uses not only the main sounds of the scale, but also their subtle overflows, semitones, so the writer “plays” on the shades and nuances of synonyms. Moreover, the synonymic wealth of the Russian language does not make it easier, but complicates the writing work in this case, because the more words that are close in meaning, the more difficult it is in each case to choose the only, most accurate one that will be the best in the context. Purposeful, careful selection of synonyms makes speech accurate and vivid.

Word official means "government official". “The language of laws requires, first of all, accuracy and the impossibility of any misunderstandings” (L. V. Shcherba). Therefore, words with a figurative meaning, as well as emotionally colored and colloquial vocabulary, are uncommon in official documents. The official style is characterized by precisely those specific words, set phrases and phrases that are commonly called clericalisms. For example: pursuant to a decision, in order to avoid accidents, I enclose the application, present a certificate, place of residence, according to the order, state, annul, make an offer (s), give preference, after the expiration of the contract, after graduation etc.

The form of each type of document is also stable, generally accepted, standard. Remember, for example, the application form, certificates, receipts, powers of attorney, etc.

A stamp in an official style is justified, appropriate: it contributes to an accurate and concise presentation of business information, facilitates business correspondence.

It is characteristic that even the implacable enemy of clericalism, K. Chukovsky, in his book on the language “Alive, Like Life,” wrote: “... with official relations of people, one cannot do without official expressions and words.”

But at the same time, he advised the compilers of the Business Papers manual to end the book with a stern warning:

Remember once and for all that the forms of speech recommended here should be used exclusively in official papers ... And in all other cases - in letters to relatives and friends, in conversations with comrades, in oral answers at the blackboard - it is forbidden to speak this language.

For example autobiography: Word autobiography in its origin it is connected with the Greek language and consists of three elements: autos - myself, bios - life, grapho - I write. Autobiography - this is a description of my life.

As an official document, an autobiography has the following structure

a) the name of the document,

b) the text of the biography (it indicates, if possible, the exact dates of the events);

d) date of writing (under the text on the left) In the text of the biography, the writer indicates his surname, name, patronymic; date, month, year and place of birth, social affiliation of the family; reports on education, labor and social activities.

In the collected work of S. Yesenin, the text of the autobiography is given. Can it be considered as an official document.

Yesenin Sergey Alexandrovich, son of a peasant in the Ryazan province and district, the village of Konstantinov, Kuzminskaya volost. Born in 1895 on September 21.

He was educated at a teacher's school and listened to lectures at the Shanyavsky University for two years. He began writing poetry at the age of 8. He began to print at the age of 18. The book came out a year later, as poems appeared, called “Radunitsa”, ed. Averyanov 1916

Write your choice of a) an autobiography in a formal business style, b) memories of individual episodes from your life (perhaps in the form of a friendly letter with elements of humor).

Journalistic and artistic styles of speech.

AT Latin there is a verb publicare - “make public, open to all” or “explain publicly, make public”. The word is connected with it by origin. journalism. Journalism is a special type literary works that highlights and explains topical issues social and political life, moral problems are raised. The journalistic style combines the function of a message with the function of influence, i.e. opens up the possibility of evaluating what is said in order to influence the thoughts and feelings of readers.

The most famous genres of journalism: information, critical note, reportage, interview, article, review (on a new book, film, play), sketch, essay, feuilleton.

Example: a statement by a famous Russian philosopher and literary critic.

A journalist is first and foremost a contemporary. He owes them to be. He lives in the realm of issues that can be resolved in modern times (or, in any case, in the near future). (M. M. Bakhtin.)

An example of an artistic style: An excerpt from the autobiographical story “The Last Bow” by V. Astafiev

Soon the grandmother died.

They sent me a telegram to the Urals with a summons to the funeral. But I was not released from production. The head of the personnel department of the car depot where I worked, after reading the telegram, said:

Not allowed. Mother or father is another matter, but grandmothers, grandfathers and godfathers ...

How could he know that my grandmother was my father and mother - everything that is dear to me in this world! I should have sent that boss to the right place, quit my job, sold my last pants and boots, and rushed to my grandmother's funeral, but I didn't.

I had not yet realized the enormity of the loss that had befallen me. If this happened now, I would crawl from the Urals to Siberia, to close my grandmother's eyes, to give her the last bow.

And lives in the heart of wine. Oppressive, quiet, sad. Guilty before my grandmother, I am trying to resurrect her in my memory, tell other people about her, so that in their grandparents, in loved ones and loved ones they will find her, and her life would be boundless and eternal, as human kindness itself is eternal, - yes from the evil one this work. I have no such words that could convey all my love for my grandmother, would justify me before her.

I know my grandmother would forgive me. She always forgave me everything. But she is not. And never will.

And no one to forgive.

The style of fiction may include elements of other styles, however, not in their own function, but in an aesthetic one, as a means of expressiveness of speech.

Literature.

1. Grekov V.F. and other Handbook for classes in the Russian language. M., Enlightenment, 1968.

2. Nikitina E.I. Russian speech: Proc. A guide to the development of coherent speech for grades 8-9. general education institutions / Scientific. ed. V.V. Babaitsev. – M.: Enlightenment, 1995. – 192 p.

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Lecture 4. Functional styles of the modern Russian literary language. Scientific style.

1. The system of functional styles of the modern Russian language.

2. The concept of stylistic norms.

3. Scientific functional style, its language features.

4. Speech norms of educational and scientific fields of activity.

functional styles are called special varieties of a single literary language that are used in any field, perform certain tasks (functions) and have some features in the selection and use of language means. In the modern Russian literary language, four functional styles are distinguished: colloquial, journalistic, official business, and scientific. Conversational style It is used in the sphere of everyday communication and is realized mainly in oral form. This style is opposed to other styles that are associated with different areas. social activities and implemented primarily in written form. The main function of conversational style is the function of communication. The conversational style has such stylistic features as ease and emotionality. Distinctive feature This style is the use of language means with colloquial coloring: special vocabulary and phraseology, as well as incomplete sentences.

Journalistic style implemented in the social and political sphere. Its main function is the function of social impact. Initially, it appeared as a book style and was used in newspapers and magazines, ᴛ.ᴇ. journalism (hence its name), but today the oral version of the journalistic style is also actively developing, incorporating many features of colloquial speech. Style features - passion, appeal. In the journalistic style, socio-political vocabulary and phraseology, incentive and exclamatory sentences, rhetorical questions and appeals are actively used. Genres of journalistic speech: article, essay, interview, information, reportage, commentary, campaign speech, etc.

Formal business style used in the field of administrative and legal activities. The most important role in official business speech is played by the function of communication and social regulation (information-directive function). Stylistic features - insincerity, standardity. Typical language tools: neutral words, official business terminology, standard expressions and turns. The genres of business speech are extremely diverse. Among them are an autobiography, a statement, a report, a protocol, an order, an explanatory note, a law, a charter, an agreement, etc.

scientific style used in science and technology. The main task of the scientific style is communication and logical proof of the truth of what is being reported (information-argumentative function). The scientific style has three sub-styles: proper-scientific, scientific-educational and popular science. The scientific style is dominated by neutral words and words with a generalized and abstract meaning. (reliability, research, analysis, etc.), special terminology and general scientific vocabulary are actively used (function, element, system, etc.). In morphology, the noun prevails over the verb, impersonal forms over personal ones, the so-called "real timeless" (Volga flows into to the Caspian Sea). The scientific style is dominated by a logically defined, bookish syntax. Among the genres scientific speech should name the article, monograph, review, review, summary, abstract, annotation, textbook, teaching aid, etc.
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Abstract and abstract are of great importance in the system of these genres, the content and structure of which most clearly and clearly reflects the orientation of scientific speech towards a concise transmission of objective information.

Each functional style involves the purposeful use of linguistic phenomena, taking into account their meaning and expressiveness. The development of a particular style is associated with the choice of expressions, language forms, constructions that are most suitable for the purposes of communication in a particular social environment, for the most effective expression of certain thoughts. Τᴀᴋᴎᴍ ᴏϬᴩᴀᴈᴏᴍ, the selection of specific functional styles takes into account the originality of various areas of application of linguistic phenomena and the specifics of expressiveness (expressiveness) inherent in a particular style.

It must be borne in mind that functional styles, representing the largest speech varieties, fix the deepest style features. Each of them is also subject to further intra-style differentiation. This differentiation can be roughly compared to a nesting doll: the main functional styles are subdivided into a number of varieties, each of which includes even more particular varieties, and so on. For example, the scientific style, while retaining its basic style features, is divided into proper scientific and scientific and technical. In turn, both of them can have popular science presentation options.

At the same time, each of the stylistic varieties of the scientific and scientific-technical style must be differentiated in relation to specific types of science (biology, geology, history, ethnography, etc.). At the same time, differences arise both of a lexical nature and manifested in a number of linguistic features. Such stylistic varieties have an even finer differentiation: they take into account the genre and the way of presentation. Given the dependence on the genre, the scientific style can be implemented in dissertations, monographs, abstracts, articles, reports, scientific information, etc. This style acquires additional variability in connection with the method of presentation: description, narration, reasoning. Moreover, certain stylistic varieties differ from each other and, based on the author's individuality, bear its features.

As you can see, stylistic differentiation is associated with the action of a large number of non-linguistic factors. Without taking them into account, it is almost impossible to implement it. These factors influencing the selection of particular stylistic features are unequal in their role in the process of style formation. In addition, not all factors affecting speech are classified as style-forming. Many linguists believe that the development of style is based on the principle of choosing the necessary language means, but some, say, individual factors (gender, age, etc.) exclude the possibility of such a choice from the author of a particular statement.

Each functional style has its own rules. These norms are called stylistic, violation of them is the cause of stylistic errors. (For example: "Girl, what issue are you crying about?")

Functional styles have their own characteristics of using the general literary norm; it can exist both in written and oral form. Each style includes works of different genres that have their own characteristics.

Most often, styles are compared on the basis of their inherent word usage, since it is in word usage that the difference between them is most clearly manifested. At the same time, grammatical characteristics are also important here, for example, the style of many tabloid press texts should be defined as journalistic, largely on the basis of the syntactic structure; in the field of word usage, we can see both colloquial and non-literary (colloquial, slang) units in general. For this reason, when creating a work related to a certain style, one should observe not only the lexical norms of the style, but also morphological and syntactic norms.

Conversational style associated with the sphere of direct everyday communication. This sphere is characterized by a predominantly oral form of expression (except for private correspondence of a domestic nature), which means that intonation and facial expressions play a large role. In everyday communication, there are no official relations between speakers, contact between them is direct, and speech is unprepared. In colloquial style, as in all others, neutral words are widely used (lay down, blue, house, ground, left), but bookish words are not used. Normative use of words with colloquial stylistic coloring (joking, chattering, locker room, hype, completely, lack of time, sort of). It is possible to use emotionally evaluative words: affectionate, familiar, reduced (cat, brag, headless, intrude), as well as words with specific evaluative suffixes (grandma, daddy, sun, house). Phraseological units are actively used in colloquial style (hit your pocket, play the fool, two inches from the pot). Words are often used that are formed by contracting a phrase into one word or a long compound word into a shortened word. (unsuccessful, cash, communal, ambulance, condensed milk, electric train).

The morphological norm of conversational style, on the one hand, generally corresponds to the general literary norm, on the other hand, it has its own characteristics. For example, in oral form, the nominative case prevails - even where it is impossible in writing. (Pushkinskaya, come out 7 Child, look), truncated forms of function words are often used (at least, so that eh, really). The norm of the use of the verb allows you to form forms that do not exist in normative book speech with the meaning of multiplicity (sitting, talking) or, conversely, one-time (pushed, punched). In a colloquial style, the use of participles and gerunds, which are considered a sign of book speech, is inappropriate. More often a prepositional case is formed with the ending -y (on vacation), plural with ending -a (reprimand). It is important to note that for the syntax of the colloquial style, the norm is the use of such sentences in which some component is omitted, but some component is easily restored. (He is back to Me - incomplete). Such sentences are called elliptical. . Simple sentences predominate, word-sentences are often used (I see. No. You can. Why?), as well as interjections and interjection phrases (Here's more! Moms! Oh! Oh you!).

Formal business style serves the sphere of purely official relations. This is the style of administrative and clerical documentation, legislative acts, diplomatic documents. It is worth saying that it is characterized by the utmost concreteness of the content with abstract, typified, stamped means of expression. Official speech is characterized by specificity, standard presentation and the nature of the prescription, obligation. This determines the language norm of style. Against the background of neutral and general words (worker, commission, control and marriage, dominate) words and phrases are used that can be attributed to professional (legal, accounting, diplomatic, etc.) terminology, such as plaintiff, impute, contractor, taxpayer, declaration, notice, memorandum, tariff scale, rent ͵ federal bodies, budgetary institutions, as well as clerical stamps, the use of which in an official business style is not a drawback, and even less a mistake, but a special stylistic norm: appropriate, the foregoing, for the purpose of improvement, come into force, past, bring to the attention. extremely dry and neutral style the presentation should be free not only from colloquial, and even more so jargon or dialect layers, but also from literary words that have an emotionally expressive coloring. Compound abbreviated words are often used in official business style (CIS, GKO, Ministry of Agriculture and Food, AIC, St. Petersburg State University, JSC, IMF) and nouns formed from verbs (documentation, storage, non-compliance), since this style is characterized by a clear predominance of the name over the verb.

The official business style is characterized by the frequent use of verbs in the form of the imperative mood and in the indefinite form in the meaning of the imperative mood (release from rent, establish a monthly surcharge). If the verbs are used in the present tense, they also have the character of a prescription. iwkoh establishes, the exemption does not apply). The norm is the use of the so-called logical, bookish syntax: the use of narrative, two-part, complete sentences with direct word order; sentences complicated by homogeneous members, participles and participles; complex sentences.

The journalistic style is focused, on the one hand, on the communication of information, and on the other hand, on the impact on the reader or listener. For this reason, it is characterized by a combination of expressiveness (for maximum impact) and standard (for speed and accuracy of information transfer). This is the style of newspaper and magazine articles, interviews, reports, as well as political speeches, radio and television programs.

In addition to neutral in a journalistic style, evaluative and emotional words are often used. (ambition, totalitarian, foppishness, narrow-mindedness, bully), words in a figurative sense (dirt in the meaning of ʼʼimmoralityʼʼ, penny's meaning ʼʼpettyʼʼ, emphasize in the meaning of ʼʼ to bring to the foreʼʼ). Typical for journalism can be considered ʼʼpoliticalʼʼ vocabulary: president, parliament, faction, dissident, deputy, patriot, society, speaker, constitution. Used in a journalistic style and high book vocabulary: uplift, raise, mark. This style is characterized by the use of metaphor as a way of assessing the surrounding reality, for example, ʼʼmilitaryʼʼ metaphors (mobilize, landing),ʼʼconstructionʼʼ metaphors (ʼʼbuilding of obsolete politicsʼʼ, ʼʼcellars of cultureʼʼ, ʼʼnational flatsʼʼ),ʼʼroadʼʼ metaphors (political off-road ʼʼ, ʼʼship of reformsʼʼ, ʼʼtrain of the federationʼʼ). Colloquial words and phraseological units are also used in this style. (smear, slouch, hindsight is strong, hang noodles on your ears, with a sin in half).

Morphological norms of journalistic style largely determine the possibility of combining bookish and colloquial. Often adjectives and adverbs are used with evaluative meaning: serious, minor, significant, contemptuously, magnificent). The pronounced personality of style determines the frequency of personal pronouns. The present tense of the verb is often used (the so-called ʼʼpresent reportageʼʼ): ʼʼHalfway make a decision climb the other way, ʼʼLet's start looking around neighborhood ʼʼ Along with the present - frequent past tense: ʼʼEverything and always wrote only about love and warʼʼ, ʼʼOffers acted of the most varied nature.

The syntactic norms of journalism are associated with the extreme importance of combining expressiveness and information richness: exclamatory sentences, interrogative (including rhetorical questions), repetitions, changing the order of words in a sentence to highlight a word are used (This is a short-sighted policy).

In modern journalism, borrowed words associated with new economic, political, everyday, scientific and technical phenomena are extremely frequent, such as broker, distributor, investment, impeachment, inauguration, dianetics, kidnapping, killer, croupier, sponsor, rating, display. The terms of various fields of knowledge are being rethought, most often economic, political, ʼʼcomputerʼʼ: wild market, consensus, stagnation, data bank. Colloquial and slang vocabulary is intensively used, which becomes a special expressive means: scoop, hangout, disassembly, rubbish, fan, lawlessness. Religious vocabulary is also becoming an expressive means of journalism: faith, orthodoxy, righteous. Book words are used that used to be of little use; it is through journalism that half-forgotten words return to us, such as mercy, charity. At the same time, the journalistic style still remains mainly a bookish style, as evidenced not only by word usage, but also by the syntactic structure - the syntax of journalism is bookish-oriented.

The scientific style is used in the field of science and technology. The scientific style is used in the field of science and technology. The main task of the scientific style is the message and the logical proof of the truth of the reported (information-argued function). Within the framework of the scientific style of speech, the following substyles were formed:

1) actually scientific (academic);

2) scientific and educational;

3) scientific and technical;

4) popular science

The academic style is the core of the scientific functional style. It has such features as accuracy, responsibility, generalization, logic. On the academic basis, scientific monographs, articles, dissertations are written, discussions are held between specialists.

The scientific and technical substyle is used in the manufacturing sector. It is worth saying that abstraction is less characteristic of it, due to the extreme importance of a specific description of production processes. In this regard, the scientific and production sub-style is approaching the language of documents, the official business style.

In the scientific, educational and popular science substyles, the use of expressively colored and figurative language means is allowed. At the same time, the scientific and educational substyle is distinguished by a more systematic presentation, which is associated with its main task - to teach the basics of a particular discipline.

The task of the popular science style is essentially to interest the mass reader, to encourage him to raise his cultural level. Among the genres of the scientific style, one should name an article, a monograph, a review, a review, a summary, an abstract, annotation, a textbook, a teaching aid, guidelines, etc.

The scientific style is dominated by neutral words and words with an abstract and generalized meaning. Almost every word appears in a scientific text as a designation of an abstract concept or an abstract object - ʼʼspeedʼʼ, ʼʼtimeʼʼ, ʼʼlimitʼʼ, ʼʼquantityʼʼ, ʼʼregularityʼʼ, ʼʼdevelopmentʼʼ. Often such words are used in the plural, which is not typical for other styles: ʼʼsizeʼʼ, ʼʼprivateʼʼ, ʼʼstrengthʼʼ, ʼʼlengthʼʼ, ʼʼbreadthʼʼ, ʼʼemptinessʼʼ, ʼʼspeedʼʼ. The scientific style actively uses special terminology and general scientific vocabulary (function, element, system, etc.). The use of grammatical categories and forms is distinguished by its specificity in the scientific style. The noun here prevails over the verb, the impersonal forms over the personal, the so-called ʼʼtrue timelessʼʼ (for example: ʼʼCarbon is the most important part of the plantʼʼ, ʼʼThe sum of the squares of the legs equals the square of the hypotenuseʼʼ.). The forms of the 1st and 2nd person singular of verbs and personal pronouns are uncommon in the scientific style. Adjectives in scientific speech are not used as often as in other styles. As a rule, they are part of the terms, have an exact and highly specialized meaning (hence the predominance of relative adjectives over qualitative adjectives in scientific speech).

Scientific speech is distinguished by emphasized logic and bookishness. Logic is extremely important at all language levels: in a phrase, a sentence, between two adjacent sentences, in a paragraph and between paragraphs, in the whole text. Consistency is ensured by using the following tools:

1) linking sentences with repeated nouns, often in combination with demonstrative pronouns ( the one given etc.);

2) the use of adverbs indicating the sequence of the flow of thought ( first, first of all, next, then);

3) use introductory words, expressing the relationship between the parts of the statement ( therefore, secondly, finally, so, thus);

4) the use of unions ( because, because, in order to);

5) the use of constructions and turnovers of communication ( now let's dwell on the properties ...; let's move on to the issue ...; further note... etc.)

The requirements of strict logic of a scientific text determine the predominance of complex sentences with an allied connection, especially complex ones.

An abstract, being a summary of any information, is self-sufficient in certain situations and in business communication, since - unlike annotations, abstracts and abstracts - it is a complete text. At the same time, annotation and summarizing, due to their importance in such areas of relevance to modern youth as scientific and business, and certain difficulties in mastering the skills of writing them, require more attention. For this reason, teaching these types of writing is considered separately as, although additional, but very important aspect speech communications.

Word annotation comes from the Latin annotatio - remark, note. Annotation is currently called brief description a book (or article) containing a list of the main sections, topics or issues considered in the work. The summary of the book may also include an indication of the features in the presentation of the material and the addressee (for whom it is intended). Speaking schematically, an annotation for a book (primarily scientific or educational) answers questions about what / from what parts? as? for whom? These are, as it were, its basic, standard semantic elements. Each of them has its own language means of expression, which are indicated below.

Annotation for a book is placed on the reverse side of its title page and serves (along with its title and table of contents) as a source of information about the content of the work. After reading the abstract, the reader decides how much he needs the book. At the same time, the ability to annotate the literature read helps to master the skills of summarizing.

Word essay comes from the Latin referre, which means ʼʼ to report, informʼʼ. Today, an abstract is called, first of all, a brief, most often written, presentation of a scientific work - an article or a book (or several scientific works). The presentation of one work usually contains an indication of the topic and composition of the work being reviewed, a list of its basic provisions with arguments, less often - a description of the methodology and the conduct of an experiment, the results and conclusions of the study. Such an abstract will be called simple, informational. In Russia, special abstract journals are published, which contain abstracts of this kind and thereby introduce the latest Russian and foreign literature in various fields of scientific knowledge: in physics, philosophy, etc.

Students in Russian universities usually write essays on certain topics, which are offered to them in the departments of general engineering and social disciplines. It is worth saying that for writing such thematic abstracts, it should be extremely important to involve more than one source, at least two scientific papers. In this case, the abstract is not only informational, but also an overview.

A simple informational abstract may contain an assessment of certain provisions, which are called by the author of the work being reviewed. This assessment most often expresses agreement or disagreement with the author's point of view.

The abstract contains quotations from the work being reviewed. Οʜᴎ are always put in quotation marks. Three types of quotation should be distinguished, while punctuation marks are placed, as in sentences with direct speech.

1. The quote is after the words of the compiler of the abstract. In this case, a colon is placed after the words of the compiler of the abstract, and the citation begins with a capital letter. For example: The author of the article claims: ʼʼIn our country, there has really been a rapid growth of national self-consciousnessʼʼ.

2. The quotation is before the words of the compiler of the abstract. In this case, a comma and a dash are placed after the quotation, and the words of the compiler of the abstract are written with a small letter. For example: ʼʼIn our country, there is really a rapid growth of national self-consciousnessʼʼ, the author of the article claims.

3. The words of the compiler of the abstract are in the middle of the quote. In this case, they are preceded and followed by a semicolon. For example: ʼʼIn our country, - says the author of the article, - there is indeed a rapid growth of national self-consciousnessʼʼ.

4. The quotation is directly included in the words of the compiler of the abstract. In this case (and it is the most common in the abstract), the quote begins with a small letter. For example: The author of the article claims that ʼʼin our country there is really a rapid growth of national self-consciousnessʼʼ.

Lecture 4. Functional styles of the modern Russian literary language. Scientific style. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Lecture 4. Functional styles of the modern Russian literary language. Scientific style." 2017, 2018.

When building the foundations of stylistics in Russian linguistics, developing the main directions and tasks, the outstanding Russian linguist V.V. Vinogradov relied on the main provisions of the stylistic theory of Ch. Bally and the idea of ​​the functionality of language categories of representatives of the Prague Linguistic Circle, as well as on the traditions of Russian linguistic science. He wrote, in particular, "that the internal differentiation of linguistic styles may not be based on the difference in the functions of the language (communication, message and influence) or on the allocation of certain varieties of the communicative function. It can be carried out on the basis of structural or constructive oppositions and relationships between particular systems of expression within a single structure of the language (for example, the synonymy of paradigmatic forms, synonymy in the circle of forms of phrases and sentences, synonymy of words and phrases, etc.) After all, the word functional contains a double meaning. It can also indicate the connection of styles with different functions of the language, and on the functional differentiation of the spheres of use of these styles "(Vinogradov V.V. Problems of Russian Stylistics, 1981, p. 22).

The functional and style system of the modern Russian literary language is multidimensional, that is, its functional varieties are distinguished for various reasons. For example, scientific, official business, journalistic styles are distinguished by focusing on the relevant areas of human activity (science, legislation and office work, politics) that they serve. In addition, the functional varieties that make up the functional-style system are not the same in their significance in speech communication and in their coverage of language material.

In the modern Russian literary language, there are two main varieties - written and oral. It is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of "oral" and "colloquial", "written" and "bookish". Thus, the concepts of "oral" and "written" are broader, since they can include a larger number of texts. For example, the text of a book speech can be oral - a report, a solemn speech, an official information statement, and any colloquial text, including everyday vernacular, can exist on paper, for example, a note or a letter. Consequently, the terms "bookish" and "colloquial" characterize any text from the point of view of linguistic features that are adequate to a particular situation of communication; and the terms "oral" and "written" characterize the form of existence of the text - spoken or written. The most accurate differentiation of functional varieties of texts is presented in Table No. 1 of the Appendix.

The general basis for the selection of functional-style varieties is a set of parameters that appear in various combinations for each functional style. We list the main ones: the social task of verbal communication (the function of communicating information, the function of evaluating information, the function of influencing, forming a certain point of view on what is being reported); the situation of verbal communication (official, informal); the nature of communication (mass, group, interpersonal); form of communication (oral or written speech).

In modern functional stylistics, the direction developed by the Czech scientist V. Mathesius, as well as other representatives of the Prague Linguistic Circle - V. Skalichka and B. Gavranek, is considered a priority. This direction is based on the division of styles depending on the sphere of communication they serve. Thoughts of V.V. Vinogradov about stylistic differentiation are developed more often in other sections of linguistics. The number of styles identified by various researchers ranges from 4 to 8. V.V. Vinogradov, for example, distinguishes the following styles: everyday-everyday, everyday-business, official-documentary, scientific, journalistic and fiction (Vinogradov, 1981, p. 29). In modern linguistics, it is customary to distinguish five main functional styles: scientific, official business, journalistic, colloquial and artistic, which can be divided into sub-styles. Scientific, official business and journalistic functional styles are bookish, serving certain areas of communication. Artistic and colloquial are not styles in the proper sense of the word, they are rather functional varieties of language that serve the spheres of everyday communication and aesthetic.

Usually, from the point of view of the communicative intention of the speaker, texts are distinguished in which the function of the message dominates the function of influence, and texts in which the function of influence dominates the function of the message; these are texts of an objective informative nature (scientific and official business) and texts of a subjective informative nature (publicism, everyday life). Some also note texts where both functions are in equilibrium, these are separate genres of journalism, primarily informational, separate genres of official business texts - instructions, as well as literary texts of various genres.

Thus, there is much in common between the book styles - scientific and official business - since they are equally aimed at the most objectified message. The differences between them are, first of all, for the purposes of communication, in the situation of communication, and in psycholinguistic parameters - ways of presenting content. Between scientific and journalistic texts, one can also note the general and the different, since certain genres of the scientific style - an article, annotation, a review - are very similar to some genres of journalism - an information article, an essay, the proximity of these genres is due, first of all, to pragmatic factors that bring conditions closer situations of communication of this or that text. Apparently, for this reason, disputes are still ongoing about the status of popular science literature, which some researchers attribute to scientific literature, and others to journalism.

Consider, for example, several texts:

1) Article 48

1. The origin of the child from the mother (maternity) is established by the civil registry office on the basis of documents confirming the birth of the child by the mother in a medical institution, and in the case of the birth of a child outside a medical institution, on the basis of medical documents, testimonies or other evidence.

2. If a child was born from persons who are married to each other, as well as within three hundred days from the moment of dissolution of the marriage, its recognition as invalid or from the moment of death of the spouse of the mother of the child, the spouse (former spouse) of the mother is recognized as the father of the child, unless otherwise proven (Article 52 of this Code). The paternity of the spouse of the mother of the child is certified by a record of their marriage.

3. If the child's mother declares that the father of the child is not her spouse (former spouse), paternity in respect of the child is established in accordance with the rules provided for in paragraph 4 of this article or article 49 of this Code.

4. The paternity of a person who is not married to the mother of a child shall be established by submitting a joint application to the civil registry office by the father and mother of the child; in the event of the death of the mother, her recognition as incapacitated, the impossibility of establishing the location of the mother, or in the event of deprivation of her parental rights- at the request of the child's father with the consent of the guardianship and guardianship authority, in the absence of such consent - by a court decision ... (Family Code Russian Federation), with. 22).

2) SCIENCE, the sphere of human activity, the function of which is the development and theoretical systematization of objective knowledge about reality. During historical development science becomes the productive force of society and the most important social institution. The concept of "science" includes both the activity of obtaining new knowledge and the result of this activity - the sum of the present moment scientific knowledge, which together form scientific picture peace. The term "science" is also used to refer to certain branches of scientific knowledge. The immediate goals of science are the description, explanation and prediction of the processes and phenomena of reality that make up the subject of its study on the basis of the laws it discovers, that is, in a broad sense, a theoretical reflection of reality. Being integral to the practical way of mastering the world, science as the production of knowledge is a very specific form of activity. If in material production knowledge is used as a means of increasing labor productivity, then in science their acquisition is in the form of a theoretical description, scheme, technological process, summaries of experimental data, formulas of some drug, etc. - forms the main and immediate goal. Unlike types of activity, the result of which, in principle, is known in advance, scientific activity gives an increment of new knowledge, that is, its result is fundamentally unconventional. That is why science acts as a force that constantly revolutionizes other activities. From the aesthetic (artistic) way of mastering reality, the bearer of which is art, that is, its figurative reflection, science is distinguished by the desire for logical, maximally generalized objective knowledge. Often, art is characterized as "thinking in images", and science - as "thinking in concepts", with the aim of emphasizing that the former develops mainly the sensual-imaginative side of a person's creative ability, while science develops mainly the intellectual-conceptual one. However, these differences do not mean an impenetrable line between science and art, which are united by a creative and cognitive attitude to reality (FES, 1983, pp. 403-404).

3) For the first time I saw him more than 10 years ago - from an airplane, from an airplane landing at Wat Tai, the airport of the Lao capital. It was August, almost in the middle of the wet season, when the river was so deep and wide that it was hard to tell where the riverbed ended and the water-covered rice fields began. In the light of the setting sun, the water shone red - it seemed to me then that it was a reflection of the sunset. Since then I have seen the Mekong in Laos and Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam, from above and from the shore; I crossed it in boats, on ferries and on bridges, and walked on it in riverboats. I learned that the reddish tint of its water is not a play of sunset colors, but the natural color of the river in its widest part: the continental layer here consists of red clay, and this clay deprives the water of transparency.

The world-famous name of the river is a historical misunderstanding. In fact, its name consisted of a dozen words and began with the definition "Holy Moon River". But the French, who explored in XI10th century the Mekong basin, most often heard from the local population "menam" and "khong", which in the related Thai and Lao languages ​​​​mean the same thing: "river", "channel", "reservoir". The combination of these words was fixed on European maps. (E. Belenky. The river, the course of which was laid by snakes / / Geo. - No. 8. - 2000. - p. 22).

4) At the hour of a hot spring sunset, two citizens appeared on the Patriarch's Ponds. The first of them - about forty years old, dressed in a gray summer pair - was short, dark-haired, well-fed, bald, carried his decent hat with a pie in his hand, and his neatly shaven face was decorated with supernaturally large black horn-rimmed glasses. The other, a broad-shouldered, reddish, shaggy young man with a checkered cap folded at the back of his head, was wearing a cowboy shirt, chewed white trousers, and black slippers. The first was none other than Mikhail Alexandrovich Berlioz, editor of a thick art magazine and chairman of the board of one of the largest Moscow literary associations, abbreviated as Massolit, and his young companion, the poet Ivan Nikolaevich Ponyrev, who wrote under the pseudonym Bezdomny.

Once in the shade of the slightly green lindens, the writers first rushed to the colorfully painted booth with the inscription "Beer and Water". Yes, the first strangeness of this terrible May evening should be noted. Not only at the booth, but in the entire alley parallel to Malaya Bronnaya Street, there was not a single person. At this hour, when, it seemed, there was no strength to breathe, when the sun, having heated Moscow, was falling in a dry fog somewhere beyond the Garden Ring, no one came under the lindens, no one sat on the bench, the alley was empty.

(M.A. Bulgakov. Master and Margarita).

5) “Isn’t there a fresher langetics, dear?” Or softer entrecote?

- You, you see, the grandmother made a mistake with the address, - the saleswoman answers her, - you don’t need to go to cooking, but to the head doctor ... Don’t you see what’s on the counter?

Avdotyushka was offended.

- Thank you, he says, for the advice.

And in another "kilinaria". Comes in - there is! I broke the kidneys of some hat.

These kidneys, as in an anatomist, soaked lonely on a dish, and the hat studied and sniffed them. He takes off his glasses, then he puts them on. Avdotyushka quickly went to the cash register and beat him off.

- Why, - the intellectual shouts, - I am the first.

- You sniffed, and mother repulsed, - says the sales worker.

- What about others?

- But there are no others ... Here, buy a delicacy, it rarely happens.

An intellectual looked - something incomprehensible. I read the label: "Caviar on an egg." I looked closely, really, not fresh, but a hard-boiled egg, cut in half. And on the hydrogen sulfide yolk there is black sparrow dung.

(F. Gorenstein. With a wallet / V. Erofeev. Russian Flowers of Evil: An Anthology. - M., 1997. - P. 244).

Before us are five texts belonging to various functional varieties of the Russian language. The first text represents the official business style, the second is scientific, the third is publicistic, the fourth is an example of artistic speech, and finally, the fifth text, although it is also artistic, clearly illustrates the features of colloquial speech. It is not difficult to note that all texts are different in language, composition, syntax, and each of them is appropriate only in a certain situation.

Formal business style serves the sphere of written official business relations. In accordance with their nature, it is customary to distinguish three sub-styles in it: clerical and business, legal, and diplomatic. This style functions in rigid forms of documents of various genres, generalizing typical situations of official business communication. Along with certain language norms, it also has genre norms that regulate the implementation of the document structure.

The nature of the business relationship determines the high level standardization (establishment of uniform norms and requirements) and unification (bringing to uniformity) language means. Often business documents are a certain sequence of language clichés and expressions, where only certain lines are to be filled in, for example, the text of a contract, agreements, statements, and others. The business style is characterized by the clarity of the functions of each message in accordance with the business situation. Features of business texts are related to the requirements for them: accuracy (unambiguity) of wording; consistency, consistency, reasoning, consistency and brevity of presentation.

The official business style is characterized by:

In the field of stylistics - the stylistic uniformity of the text, the tendency to use neutral elements and stamps;

In the field of vocabulary - the rejection of the use of obsolete and expressive units, replacing them with neutral ones, as well as the use of specific lexemes characteristic of this style ( due, subject) and phraseological units;

In the field of morphology - the replacement of verbs by verbal nouns of action, the high frequency of forms of the genitive case of nouns, the tendency to not use personal and demonstrative pronouns, since they are not unambiguous;

In the field of syntax - the complexity of constructions, complex sentences with the meaning of cause, effect, condition, concession, the use of complex prepositions, characteristic of written speech: contrary to the fact that ..., on the basis that ... .

A high level of standardization of speech makes the official business style in the minds of speakers a model of standard speech, therefore this style is the main source of the spread of unjustified use of speech cliches in spoken and written speech.

scientific style- functional style of speech, which aims to describe an object, phenomenon, knowledge system; scientific text, therefore, can be the basis for the creation of another scientific text, stimulate cognitive activity some subject. A scientific text is a description of the result of a scientific study with its inherent features. The rational program of the scientific style of speech, of course, prevails over the evaluative one, this is one of the main reasons for the desire of the author of a scientific text to eliminate himself.

Trying to characterize the scientific style of speech, scientists often proceed from various parameters, such as speech quality, syntactic and morphological characteristics, pragmatic features, technical and stylistic techniques. So, speaking about the quality of speech, various authors pay attention to the following properties of the scientific style: clarity, consistency, conciseness of presentation, accuracy and objectivity, standardity and ugliness. So, M.P. Senkevich characterizes the main, in her opinion, properties of the scientific style in this way: "Completeness, accuracy, objectivity of the statement and a strict logical sequence of presentation, the use of intellectual elements of the language" (Sinkevich M.P. Stylistics of scientific speech and literary editing of scientific works. - M., 1976. - S. 144). From the standpoint of analyzing typical situations of scientific speech communication, these qualities are closely related to its main goal setting - a clear, unambiguous and consistent presentation of semantic content to the reader. The author of a scientific text strives for its adequate perception by the reader, that is, the semantic (primary) and connotative (secondary) types of information after the author encodes it, transmits it in the form of some kind of information. text, decrypted by the addressee must remain unchanged. To achieve this goal in the scientific style, a number of special means and techniques have developed, which are expressed in the following: division of the text - its clear compositional organization; communicative clarity, realized with the help of enhanced accentuation; explicitness, unambiguous expression of logical connections; generalization as a way of focusing attention on the action, and not on the actor, on the object, and not on the subject or its relation to the object; activation of the reader's attention, limitedly realized with the help of the author's subjective assessments expressed by specific means; the uniqueness of the expression, eliminating all possible variant interpretations of the semantic content; emphasized unemotional expression.

On the lexical level, this is the use of terms, abstract vocabulary, the use of polysemantic lexical units in a semantically sufficient environment for correct perception, the absence of emotionally colored and expressive vocabulary;

At the syntactic level, full constructions are preferred, while elliptical ones perform special functions; introductory constructions are widely used both for the implementation of interphrase links and for expressing the author's point of view; increases specific gravity complex sentences, indefinitely personal, generalized personal and impersonal sentences, passive constructions are very common;

At the morphological-syntactic level, one can single out the absence of a specific time plan, the special nature of predicates that do not express a specific action, a large number of words in the form of a singular in the meaning of the plural, indicating the generalization of an object, phenomenon; it is possible to form plural forms from lexemes singularia tantum and under.

Journalistic style is a historically developed functional variety of the literary language, serving a wide range of social relations: political, economic, cultural, sports and others. The journalistic style is used in socio-political literature, periodicals (newspapers, magazines), radio and television programs, documentaries, and some types of oratory (for example, in political eloquence).

The use of linguistic means is largely determined by their social and evaluative qualities and capabilities in terms of effective and purposeful impact on the mass audience, this is what determines the evaluative and polemical character of this style. The social appraisal of linguistic means distinguishes the journalistic style from all other styles of the literary language, the invocative nature determines the incentive nature of journalism.

Functional purpose The words and expressions used by the journalistic style are not the same: neutral and stylistically colored vocabulary and phraseology can be distinguished among them. One of the properties of a journalistic text is dialogization; the author of a journalistic text addresses the reader or listener with his thoughts, feelings, assessments, therefore, the author's "I" always appears in his presentation.

In journalism, they are used as standard, clichéd means of language ( to matter, to cause harm, Negative consequences ), as well as expressive, expressive, emotionally influencing the audience by means of language; emotionality and expressiveness is created through tropes and stylistic figures. For expressive purposes, not only language proper, but also compositional logical and stylistic forms and techniques are used: catchy headings, the nature of the alternation of the narrative, descriptions and reasoning, introductory episodes, citation, introduction different types someone else's speech. The constant desire for novelty of expression, aimed at attracting an audience, is manifested in the attraction of words and expressions from various layers of the language, the creation of newspaper metaphors. So, modern newspaper journalism is characterized by the combination of high book vocabulary ( accomplishment, aspiration, self-sacrifice, implement, create, fatherland) with colloquial, reduced ( hype, window dressing, buzz, disassembly, wet).

In the journalistic style, socio-political vocabulary is widely used ( society, society, democratization), borrowed vocabulary ( corruption, conversion, monitoring), semantically reinterpreted words ( perestroika, model, periphery), including scientific terms and professionalisms ( clamp, agony, finish). Since journalism reflects the social diversity of modern Russian speech, it is permissible to use elements of other styles in it. The syntax of the journalistic style is characterized by elliptical constructions (with omitted members), nominative sentences, segmented constructions, since the syntax of journalism reflects a tendency towards colloquialism.

In real communication, mixing is often carried out, the imposition of one style on another, especially in oral speech, which is characterized by non-strict normalization, which, however, is also functionally conditioned: the oral statement is instantaneous, it cannot be returned to, it cannot be analyzed again, therefore the speaker is forced to formulate his thought more intelligibly, to use all means of influencing the listener, not only verbal, but and intonation, paralinguistic, in some cases - figurative and expressive. Many scientists do not deny the undoubted presence of a two-way connection between functional styles and individual author's styles. In the scientific sphere of communication, as in any other, all functional and stylistic varieties of speech can appear: bookish - official business and actually scientific, colloquial - journalism and actually colloquial. It is quite obvious that the official business style in the scientific field can act only in normative situations; formalized scientific reports, patent texts can be cited as an example; journalistic texts are usually found in non-standardized speech situations (scientific controversy, advertising article, some types of reviews, popular science article).

Along with the concept of functional style, the concept of the functional-style system of the language is singled out, which can combine a number of styles. So, one of the functional and stylistic systems is book speech, which includes journalistic style, scientific style, official business style, the language of fiction, oral public speech, the language of radio, cinema and television.

Sometimes the language of fiction is considered a special functional variety, along with official business, scientific, journalistic styles, but this is not true. The language of science or business documentation and the language of artistic prose and poetry cannot be considered as phenomena of the same order. A literary text does not have a specific lexical set and grammatical tools that usually distinguish one variety from another. The peculiarity of the language of fiction is not that it uses some specific language means that are unique to it. Language of fiction- a functional type of speech, which is an open system and is not limited in the use of any language features. The author of a literary text boldly uses all the resources of the language, and the only measure of the legitimacy of such use is only artistic expediency. Not only those lexical and grammatical features that are typical for business, journalistic and scientific speech, but also the features of non-literary speech - dialectal, colloquial, jargon - can be accepted by an artistic text and organically assimilated by it.

On the other hand, the language of fiction is more sensitive to the literary norm, it takes into account a large number of prohibitions (the meaning of the gender of inanimate nouns, subtle semantic and stylistic shades, and much more). For example, in ordinary speech the words horse and horse-synonyms, but in a poetic context they are irreplaceable: Where are you galloping, proud horse, and where will you lower your hooves?; in a poem by M.Yu. Lermontov " A golden cloud spent the night On the chest of a giant cliff…” noun gender cloud and rock contextually significant, serves as the basis not only for the personification, but also for the creation of the artistic image of the poem, and if we replace them with synonyms, for example, cloud and mountain we get a completely different poetic work. The linguistic fabric in a literary text is created according to more stringent laws, which require taking into account the smallest stylistic and expressive properties of a word, its associative links, the ability to divide into constituent morphemes, and have an internal form.

A work of art may include such words and grammatical forms that are outside the literary language and are rejected in non-artistic speech. So, a number of writers (N. Leskov, M. Sholokhov, A. Platonov and others) widely use dialectisms in their works, as well as rather rude turns of speech characteristic of colloquial speech. However, replacing these words with literary equivalents would deprive their texts of the power and expressiveness that these texts breathe.

Artistic speech allows any deviations from the norms of the literary language, if these deviations are aesthetically justified. There are an infinite number of artistic motives that allow the introduction of non-literary linguistic material into a literary text: these are the recreation of the atmosphere, the creation of the necessary color, the “decrease” of the narrative object, irony, the means of designating the image of the author, and many others. Any deviations from the norm in a literary text occur against the background of the norm, require the reader to have a certain “sense of the norm”, thanks to which he can assess how artistically significant and expressive the deviation from the norm is in a particular context. The “openness” of a literary text brings up not disregard for the norm, but the ability to appreciate it; without a keen sense of general literary norms, there is no full-fledged perception of expressive, intense, figurative texts.

The "mixing" of styles in fiction is due to the author's intention and content of the work, that is, stylistically marked. Elements of other styles in a work of art are used in an aesthetic function.

M.N. Kozhina notes: “The removal of artistic speech beyond the limits of functional styles impoverishes our understanding of the functions of the language. If we take artistic speech out of the number of functional styles, but consider that the literary language acts in a variety of functions - and this cannot be denied - then it turns out that the aesthetic function is not one of the functions of language. The use of language in the aesthetic sphere is one of the highest achievements of the literary language, and because of this, neither the literary language ceases to be such, getting into a work of art, nor the language of fiction ceases to be a manifestation of the literary language ”(Kozhina M.N. Stylistics of the Russian language. M., 1993. - S. 79-80).

The language of fiction, despite the stylistic heterogeneity, despite the fact that the author's individuality is clearly manifested in it, still differs in a number of specific features that make it possible to distinguish artistic speech from any other style.

The features of the language of fiction as a whole are determined by several factors. It is characterized by broad metaphor, figurativeness of language units of almost all levels, the use of synonyms of all types, ambiguity, different stylistic layers of vocabulary. In artistic speech, there are their own laws of perception of the word, the meaning of which is largely determined by the author's target setting, genre and compositional features of that artwork, of which this word is an element: firstly, in the context of a given work, it can acquire artistic ambiguity that is not recorded in dictionaries; secondly, it retains its connection with the ideological and aesthetic system of this work and is evaluated by us as beautiful or ugly, sublime or base, tragic or comic.

Research M.M. Bakhtin (Bakhtin M.M. Aesthetics of verbal creativity. - M., 1986) showed that a work of art is inherently dialogic: it contains the voices of the author and characters, which are unusually difficult to correlate with each other. Therefore, it becomes fundamentally important to consider how the speech of the characters is depicted and how the interaction with the speech of the narrator takes place. The stylistic use of elements of colloquial, official business and scientific styles in the text is directly dependent on the opposition of the characters' speech to the author's. Thus, a special language structure is created, sometimes including entire fragments of various functional styles. In the structure of a work of art, the author's speech is usually distinguished, direct, non-authorial and non-self-direct.

In direct speech, the conversational style is most actively manifested. The author's speech, reflecting the reality external to the author, is built with a predominance of book and written elements. In non-proprietary-author's and non-properly-direct speech, the actual author's speech and the speech of the characters are combined in various proportions.

In other functional styles, the aesthetic function does not have such a large share, does not develop the qualitative originality that is typical for it in the system of a work of art. The communicative function of the style of fiction is manifested in the fact that information about the artistic world of the work merges with information about the world of reality. The aesthetic function closely interacts with the communicative one, and this interaction leads to the fact that in the language of a work of art the word not only conveys some content, meaning, but also emotionally affects the reader, causing him certain thoughts, ideas, it makes the reader an empathy and to some extent an accomplice of the events described.

The dynamics inherent in artistic speech, in contrast to the statics of scientific and official business speech, is manifested in the high frequency of the use of verbs. It is known that their frequency is almost two times higher than in scientific, and three times higher than in official business texts.

The breadth of coverage of the means of the national language by artistic speech is so great that it allows us to assert that all existing language means can potentially be included in artistic speech.

Colloquial variety, or colloquial style, serves the sphere of easy communication of people in everyday life, in the family, as well as the sphere of informal relations at work, in institutions, etc.

The main form of implementation of the colloquial style is oral speech, although it can also be manifested in writing (informal letters, notes, diaries, replicas of characters in plays). Oral and colloquial speech should not be identified, since part of oral speech can be attributed to various book styles: scientific discussion, public lecture, business negotiations, etc.

The main extralinguistic features that determine the formation of a conversational style are: ease , which is possible only with informal relations between speakers and in the absence of an attitude towards a message that has an official character, immediacy and unpreparedness communication. Both the sender of speech and its recipient are directly involved in the conversation, often changing roles, the relationship between them is established in the act of speech itself. Such speech cannot be preliminarily considered, the direct participation of the speaker and the listener determines its predominantly dialogic character, although a monologue is also possible.

A conversational monologue is a form of a casual story about some events, about something seen, read or heard, and is addressed to a specific listener with whom the speaker must establish contact.

A characteristic feature of colloquial speech is emotionality, expressiveness, evaluative reaction. An important role in colloquial speech is played by the environment of speech communication, the situation, as well as non-verbal means of communication (gestures, facial expressions).

The extralinguistic features of the conversational style are associated with its most common language features as a standard, stereotyped use of linguistic means, their incomplete structure at the syntactic, phonetic and morphological levels, discontinuity and inconsistency of speech from a logical point of view, weakening of syntactic links between parts of the statement or their lack of formality, sentence breaks different kind insertions, repetitions of words and sentences, the widespread use of linguistic means with a pronounced emotional and expressive coloring, the activity of language units with a specific meaning and the passivity of units with an abstract generalized meaning.

Conversational speech has its own norms, which in many cases do not coincide with the norms of book speech, fixed in dictionaries, reference books, grammars (codified). The norms of colloquial speech, in contrast to the book ones, are established by usage (custom) and are not consciously supported by anyone. However, native speakers feel them and any unmotivated deviation from them is perceived as a mistake. This allowed the researchers to assert that modern colloquial speech is normalized, although the norms in it are rather peculiar. In colloquial speech, to express similar content in typical situations, ready-made constructions, stable turns, various kinds of speech cliches(formulas of greeting, farewell, appeal, apology, gratitude, etc.). These ready-made standardized speech means are automatically reproduced and contribute to the strengthening of the normative nature of colloquial speech, which is the hallmark of its norm. However, the spontaneity of verbal communication, the lack of preliminary thinking, the use of non-verbal means of communication and the specificity of the speech situation lead to a weakening of the norms.

Thus, in a colloquial style, stable speech standards coexist, reproduced in typical and repetitive situations, and general literary speech phenomena that can be subject to various mixtures. These two circumstances determine the specifics of the norms of conversational style: due to the use of standard speech means and techniques, the norms of conversational style, on the one hand, are characterized by a higher degree of obligation compared to the norms of other styles, where synonymy is not excluded, free maneuvering with a set of acceptable speech means. . On the other hand, general literary speech phenomena characteristic of the colloquial style can be subjected to various displacements to a greater extent than in other styles.

In colloquial style, in comparison with scientific and official-business, the share of neutral vocabulary is much higher. A number of stylistically neutral words are used in figurative meanings specific to this particular style, for example, cut off- "answer sharply" fly- “move quickly”, “break, deteriorate” ( the engine flew, flies at full speed); household vocabulary is widely used. The use of words with a specific meaning is common in colloquial speech, the use of terms and foreign words that have not yet become common is uncharacteristic. A characteristic feature of the colloquial variety is the richness of emotionally expressive vocabulary and phraseology; a special kind of colloquial phraseology is made up of standard expressions, the usual formulas of speech etiquette: How are you?, I'm sorry! and under.

The use of non-literary vocabulary (slang, vulgarism, rude and abusive words and expressions) is not a normative phenomenon of colloquial style, but rather the same violation of its norms as the abuse of book vocabulary, which gives speech an artificial, strained character.

Expressiveness and evaluativeness are also manifested in the field of word formation. So, in colloquial speech, certain word-building models with subjective evaluation suffixes, prefixes are very productive: little hand, house, furious, bouncer, imagined, running around, kind, whispering, fashionable, pushing, throwing away and under.

In the field of morphology, one can note grammatical forms that function predominantly in a colloquial style, for example, the -a forms in the nominative plural ( bunker, searchlight, inspector), forms in –y in the genitive and prepositional singular ( a glass of tea, a bunch of grapes, in the workshop, on vacation), null-terminated forms in the genitive plural ( five grams, a kilogram of tomato).

One of the characteristic features of the colloquial style is the widespread use of pronouns, which not only replace nouns and adjectives, but are also used without relying on context. In colloquial style, verbs predominate over nouns, personal forms of the verb are especially active in the text, participles are used extremely rarely, the only exception is the short form of passive participles of the past tense.

The immediacy and unpreparedness of the utterance, the situation of verbal communication and other characteristic features of the colloquial style especially affect its syntactic structure. At the syntactic level, more actively than at other levels of the language system, the incomplete structure of the expression of meaning by linguistic means is manifested. The incompleteness of structures, ellipticity is one of the means of speech economy and one of the most striking differences between colloquial speech and other varieties of the literary language. Since the conversational style is usually implemented in conditions of direct communication, everything that is given by the situation or follows from what was known to the interlocutors even earlier is omitted in speech. A.M. Peshkovsky, describing colloquial speech, wrote: “We always do not finish our thoughts, omitting from speech everything that is given by the situation or the previous experience of the speakers. So, at the table we ask: “Do you have coffee or tea?”; when we meet a friend, we ask: “Where are you going?”; when we hear boring music, we say: “Again!”; offering water, we say: “Boiled, don’t worry!”, seeing that the pen of the interlocutor does not write, we say: “And you with a pencil!” etc." (Peshkovsky A.M. Objective and normative point of view on the language / / Peshkovsky A.M. Selected works. - M., 1959. - P. 58).

In colloquial syntax, simple sentences predominate, and they often lack a verb-predicate, which makes the statement dynamic. In some cases, statements are understandable outside the situation and context, which indicates their linguistic consistency ( I'm going to the shop; I would like something hot; In the evening at home.); in others, the missing verb is suggested by the situation.

Of the complex sentences in this style, compound and non-union sentences are the most active; they often have a pronounced colloquial coloring and are not used in book speech ( Thank you friend - did not disappoint; so many people - nothing to see). The emotionality and expressiveness of colloquial speech is due to the widespread use of interrogative and exclamatory sentences. Intonation, closely related to the tempo of speech, melody, voice timbre, pauses, logical accents, in a colloquial style carries a huge semantic load, giving speech, naturalness, emotionality, liveliness and expressiveness. It makes up for what is left unsaid, enhances expressiveness. The order of words in colloquial speech, not being the main means of expressing semantic shades, has a high variability: often the most important element in the semantic sense is put forward in the first place.

Functional styles of speech are divided into two groups: the content and the formal parameter of the language. In a story or a poem, artistic language can be traced, on the street - colloquial, in a newspaper - journalistic, and so on. Thus, the category under consideration seems to be general, where substyles, genre styles and their substyles are distinguished.

Functional styles of speech are a kind of literary language in which some task is realized. Hence the name. Most scientists prefer to divide them into five types:

• colloquial;
• journalistic;
• official business;
• scientific;
• art.

Each of the styles reflects language flexibility with expression and variety of thought. Through language:

• the law is being written;
• the concept is given;
• a table is compiled;
• a scientific fact is stated;
• writing a poem, and so on.

Thus, semantic functions that are aesthetic, business and scientific in nature are performed. Phrases are selected from the language and individual words; designs that better suit their exterior style.

There are semantic contexts. The conversational style is characterized by the discussion of everyday or everyday subjects. The journalism covers the topics of politics and public opinion, and the system of official business speech is used in diplomatic activity and lawmaking.

Peculiarities

Functional styles of speech are described by highlighting the following properties:

• Each reflects some side of life with its own scope and range of topics covered.
• It is characterized by certain conditions. For example, official or informal.
• It has a corresponding single task, installation.

The first property is defined by typical words and expressions.

The scientific language is full of specific terms, the colloquial one - with the corresponding turns, the artistic one - with words that form images, and the journalistic one - with social and political phrases.

The main words and phrases they have in common, suitable for different types. They are usually called interstyle vocabulary. It preserves linguistic unity, and combines functional styles.

The common part is also called grammatical means. But, in all styles, its own special system and form is used. The scientific style is characterized by a direct verbal order, the official business style is dominated by recurrent and vaguely personal constructions, and the journalistic style is rich in rhetorical figures.

Distinctive features

Styles vary in degree:

• emotional coloring;
• imagery.

Such properties are not characteristic of official business and scientific styles. However, there are certain features in the language of diplomats or writings on scientific topics. Other styles apply these properties much more often. Artistic speech consists more of images and emotions. They are also used in journalism, but in a different way. Conversational speech is disposed to this, with a greater degree of emotionality.
Each of the styles at the same time:

• individual;
• has standardization stamps.

For example, greetings and farewells have a corresponding form, albeit in several versions. The rules of speech can be traced in all styles. Thanks to these rules, it becomes easier to use the language.

Scientific and business are individual to a small extent. And here artistic speech the richest in this regard. The standardized table and the abundance of stamps that the official business style is endowed with are inappropriate here.

It is followed by journalism, where the system of personal self-expression coexists with standard phrases. The conversational level occupies a separate place. Studies have shown that much of what is said at the household level is automated. Thus, this speech is characterized by a high degree of regulation, due to which communication becomes easy.

Functional style is characterized by another feature - the norm. There are the following rules:

• language;
• style.

The first one is the same for everyone. But the second one is different. Stationery is natural for a formal business style, but their use in other forms is considered inappropriate. Style characteristics are applied in genres. They persist, have a different speech structure.

Let us consider the functional styles of the modern Russian literary language separately.

Art style

It is called a reflection of the literary language. Russian writers and poets come up with forms and images for him, which are then used by ordinary people. Artistic functional stylistics is a system of applying the possibilities and achievements of the language.
The difference is in the aesthetic function. Artistic speech brings up a sense of beauty. This is present in other styles, but in this case, expressiveness plays a major, defining role.
The vocabulary freely includes both a scientific term and a business phrase, if the narrative requires it. The main thing is that the words in the artistic style describe concepts, translating them into images. Bright visual and expressive language means are created. Let's list them:

• epithet;
• metaphor (comparison in a hidden form);
• allegory (idea or concept in a concretized image);
• personification (when human properties are transferred to inanimate objects);
• antithesis (opposition);
• gradation (words are arranged with increasing meaning);
• paraphrase.

Journalistic style

Journalism is sometimes called a chronicle or chronicle of modern life. It reflects the hot topics of today. It is close to the artistic language, but at the same time differs from it. This style is fact oriented. And artistic speech is imaginary.
The topics and vocabulary in the journalistic style are diverse. Journalism invades life and contributes to the formation of public opinion. This style performs two important semantic functions:

• reporting;
• affecting.

Genres include:

• Reportage. The reader is given general concept about the event that happened.
• Feature article. The replayed story contains the thoughts of the author.
• Feuilleton. Reflects reality in a satirical light, ironically analyzes facts, actions, participants.

scientific style

It is widely used. This style seriously affects the language. With progress, new terms are introduced into mass use, previously found only on the pages of specialized publications. As a result, new genres are formed.

Scientific language shields itself from amateurish methods. He is intelligent and therefore logical. This is expressed in thinking through, presenting information and sequencing the transfer of material. Science is objective, so the author is given a minor role. The main thing is the material itself, research and their actual data.

The requirements also dictate the use of the language. Scientific vocabulary is characterized by:

• General use. The use of words used in scientific texts.
• General scientific. An immediate area that describes objects and events.
• Terminology. The closing, inner layer, which embodies the main differences that the scientific language carries.

Formal business style

Functional style is realized in writing. Orally, it is used when speaking at meetings, receptions, and so on.

Official business style is used in solemn and business relationships. The importance of the content of speech characterizes the language with accuracy and limited subject matter.
It distinguishes two sections, each of which has substyles.

In the official-documentary section, languages ​​are distinguished:

• diplomacy. It has its own terminology and is full of international definitions.
• laws. The language of the power of the state, communicates with the population.

In the everyday business section, there are:

• Office correspondence. Sometimes it contains the concept of a telegraphic style, where the syntactic system is rationally built.
• Business papers. Compiled according to a given form, without the use of complex structures.

Conversational style

This language meets several conditions:

• relations are informal;
• immediacy, interlocutors communicate with each other directly;
• speech is improvised (it develops naturally, with interruptions, repeated questions, pauses, etc., due to unpreparedness).

Style is realized orally in a dialogue form. The main semantic quality is verbal vagueness, instability of meaning and indeterminacy of boundaries. The conversation uses:

• neutral words equally used in book and oral speech;
• condensates, when phrases are replaced by one word (utility room - utility room);
• doublets - replacement of official names with colloquial ones ( freezer- freezer);
• pointers, designate different objects;
• "Sponges" - something indefinite, includes different meanings, but is revealed in the context.

The functional styles of the Russian literary language largely influence it with themes, genres, phraseology and vocabulary. Each of their types whole tongue any area, and together they form a single literary. Such a variety of species enriches and expands the boundaries of the language.