Criteria for the hygienic norm of physical activity of children. Norms of motor activity in children. Physical condition map
The works of Soviet and foreign scientists have shown that the improvement of the qualities of motor activity and the progressive growth of sports results are possible with a maximum and high level of motor activity. The maximum level of motor activity is accompanied by the predominant development of qualities that ensure success in the chosen sport. The concept of the maximum remains at the same time very conditional and is determined by age, gender, type of sports specialization.
Optimal impact on development physical qualities provides a high level of physical activity. With such a motor mode, the body's resistance to the action of adverse environmental factors (cooling, overheating, accelerations and overloads) increases. Physical development in this case is harmonious and corresponds to the average age norms. When determining the amount of physical activity available to a schoolchild, one should proceed primarily from the optimal norms that ensure its versatile, harmonious development, and not from the needs of forced sports growth.
Is there any genetically programmed norm of physical activity? Apparently yes. However, it can be blocked many times with targeted training. In 1983, 13-year-old Monika Frisch became the winner of the marathon race in Austria. She blocked the allowable running rate (3 km) by 14 times!
The motor activity of children with an average daily number of locomotions exceeding 30,000 steps exceeds the evolutionarily acquired biological need for movement. At the same time, the number of locomotions within 10,000 steps per day is insufficient. The deficit of the daily need for movements in this case ranges from 50 to 70% (Table 9).
Table 9
Table 10
Approximate age norms of daily physical activity, providing a normal level of vital activity, improvement of somatic, vegetative and natural protective functions of the body, reduced to low-intensity cyclic work (running, walking), range from 7.5 to 10 km for children 8-10 years old, from 12 to 17 km - for 11-14-year-olds of both sexes. The daily range of motion in girls aged 15-17 is significantly less than in boys (Table 10).
The data given in this table can serve as nothing more than conditional indicative norms for schoolchildren. The regulation of physical activity in terms of volume and intensity should be strictly individual. Of course, these standards of physical activity are much inferior to physical activity used in specialized sports.
Fomin A.F. Human Physiology, 1995
RESEARCH OF THE STRUCTURE AND CONTENT OF STUDENTS' MOTOR ACTIVITY
Shikhaeva Marzhamat Vagifovna
2nd year student, specialty "Nursing", GBOUSPOR "Shakhty Medical College. G.V. Kuznetsova, Shakhty
Pavlycheva Maria Alexandrovna
3rd year student, department " Physical Culture and sport”, FBGOU VPO YURGUES, Shakhty
Efremova Tatyana Gennadievna
scientific supervisor, Ph.D. ped. Sci., Associate Professor, Department of "Physical Education and Sport", FBGOU VPO SURGUES, Shakhty
One of the indispensable components of a healthy lifestyle is the optimal level of physical activity.
The definition of a rational motor regimen for various age contingents has long attracted the attention of scientists and educators. Interest in various aspects of this problem is due to the relationship between motor activity and human health, which is especially clearly revealed during the development of the organism.
In accordance with the modern understanding of the mechanism of homeostasis, important indicator health is the constancy of the internal environment of the body, the stability of its indicators. It is known that the basis of all physiological functions of the body, ensuring its interaction with the external environment, is movement. “All the endless variety of external manifestations of brain activity is ultimately reduced to one single phenomenon - muscle movement. Whether a child laughs at the sight of a toy, whether Garibaldi smiles when he is persecuted for excessive love for the Motherland, whether a girl trembles at the first thought of love, whether Newton creates world laws and writes them on paper - everywhere the final fact is muscular movement. This is a statement by I.M. Sechenov confirms the modern idea that at the heyday stage, the full development of the organism is possible only if its natural need for movement is met to the maximum. Failure to comply with this condition leads to the occurrence of defects in physical development, pathology of individual functional systems.
Observed in last years due to the high academic load, most students have insufficient motor activity, which causes the appearance of hypokinesia. It is a significant risk factor in the development various diseases, reducing the mental and physical performance of a person.
Of particular relevance is the organization of motor activity up to the age of 25 (until the peak of motor potential is set), during the period of professional development. young man when high demands are placed not only on mental activity but also physical performance.
The issue of normalization of physical activity, the number of training sessions, their intensity, the optimal motor regimen for people of different age categories in the literature remains open. There is a divergence of opinions both regarding the methods for assessing motor activity, as well as the weekly and daily volume of classes.
Thus, a kind of contradiction arises: on the one hand, the need to form optimal level physical activity as one of the indispensable components of a healthy lifestyle, on the other hand, conflicting opinions in scientific literature about the norms of motor activity, the intensification of the mental work of students in the educational process, the insufficient development of amateur and independent forms doing physical exercises. The formulated provisions determine the relevance of the study.
The object of the study is the motor activity of students of the Shakhty Medical College.
The subject of the study is the volume, content and structure of motor activity of medical college students.
The base of the study is GBOUSPOR Shakhty Medical College. G.V. Kuznetsova.
The purpose of the study is to identify the features of motor activity of medical college students.
To achieve the goal, the main tasks were set:
· determine the hygienic norm of physical activity of students in the learning process;
· to reveal the level of physical activity of students in the mode of training sessions;
· conduct comparative analysis locomotion content of students with different levels of physical activity.
The following research methods were used in the work:
· analysis of scientific and methodological literature;
daily and weekly pedometer;
· methods of mathematical statistics.
Organization of the study
The study involved 22 students (girls) of the Shakhty Medical College of the 2nd year of the specialty "Nursing". 161 measurements were made during the III semester.
The examination included a weekly pedometer, which was carried out using OMRON HJ-005 electronic-mechanical pedometers, with daily registration of the results obtained and fixation of the types of physical activity.
The subjects were asked to wear a pedometer on their belt for a week from the moment of awakening until sleep. Every day, the subjects recorded the results in the protocol. Thus, this made it possible to determine the number and structure of locomotions per day and per week.
Statistical processing of the results was carried out using the method of averages.
It is considered established that people employed in the field of intellectual work have limited motor activity, and energy consumption is 2550-2800 kcal / day. This is also inherent in students whose ratio of dynamic and static components of life activity is in time during the period learning activities 1: 3, and in terms of energy consumption 1: 1; during extracurricular time, respectively, 1: 8 and 1: 2.
AT modern research The most commonly mentioned methods for assessing motor activity are: by time spent per day or per week, by energy costs, by the number of daily locomotions (pedometer). Undoubtedly, the students' motor mode is influenced by many other factors that determine their habitual behavior in Everyday life.
In the scientific and methodological literature, ideas about the norms of students' motor activity differ significantly. Thus, it has been established that, on average, the physical activity of students during the training sessions ranges from 8000-11,000 to 14,000-19,000 steps per day; during the examination period - 3000-4000 steps, and during the vacation period - 14,000-19,000 steps. Obviously, the level of physical activity of students during the holidays reflects the natural need for movement, because during this period they are free from studies. Based on this, it can be noted that the level of their motor activity during the training sessions is 50-65%, during the exams - 18-22% of the biological need. This indicates a real deficit of movements for 10 months a year.
| Researchers |
Norms of physical activity |
| M.Ya. Vilensky, B.N. Minaev, 1975 |
|
| P.A. Nazarov, 1977 |
|
| L.P. Matveev, 1982 |
|
| Vniifk, 1983 |
|
| V.V. Matov, 1984 |
|
| N.M. Amosov, I.V. Muravov, 1985 |
|
| B.G. Fadeev, 1986 |
|
What are the specific indicators of motor activity accepted as the norm? It is known that sports activities do not guarantee health improvement. Optimal boundaries should determine the level of physical activity at which the best functional state of the body is achieved, a high level of performance of educational and labor and social activities. This regimen is of a health-improving character. Hence it follows that in the specified mode it is expedient to orient students to the indicators of motor activity of sportsmen of mass categories. At the same time, for students with a low initial level of physical condition, this can be the level of athletes of the III category (1200 kcal), with a high one - not higher than the II category (1500 kcal), for the rest in this population - intermediate values between the upper and lower limits. To fulfill the specified motor mode, it is necessary to spend at least 1.3-1.8 hours a day on targeted physical exercises. In recommendations for adults, the regimen of 3-5 single sessions per week, lasting 30-40 minutes, is considered optimal.
After analyzing the data obtained on the number of locomotions of medical college students per day and per week, all the subjects were divided into 3 groups according to the level of habitual motor activity (Table 2): motor activity (SDA); Group 3 - low level of motor activity (LDA).
Table 2.
Motor mode of students of the Shakhty Medical College
| Activity level |
Group mean (number of steps per day) |
Interval of average daily values |
| |
|
11673,67-14418,71 |
| |
|
8491,43-10963,67 |
| |
|
|
Students who showed the result of 8000-11000 steps per day were classified as the average level of physical activity.
This made it possible to estimate the percentage of students with different levels of physical activity. The first group - girls with low physical activity - 21.74% (Fig. 1). In the hierarchical structure of habitual motor skills, it corresponds to the first level, or the level of motor passivity. The total amount of locomotions accumulated here (for a day, a week, etc.) is entirely imposed by the conditions of the daily educational and everyday activities of students; it lacks elements of the purposeful use of physical exercises. Thus, a fifth of the examined is in a state of hypokinesia.
Figure 1. The ratio of students with different levels of motor activity (in %)
The second group - girls with average physical activity - accounted for 64.60% of the total number of those surveyed. They represent the second level of motor activity, in which, in addition to locomotions, due to the daily activities of students, there are mandatory forms of movements, mainly in the form of physical education lessons.
Students with high physical activity, included in the third group, made up 13.66%. A high level combines the two previous types of motor skills plus the volume of motor actions obtained in the process of independent physical exercises, as well as in sports sections, weekend events, and sports competitions.
Comparative analysis of the content of habitual physical activity showed that the most common types of locomotions of this contingent are: walking, lesson physical education, homework, independent training sessions (volleyball, table tennis, dancing).
Physical education lessons (two academic hours per week) on average provide the possibility of movements in the amount of 3778.44256.56 steps, which cannot compensate for the general lack of motor activity per week. Unfortunately, on weekends, a sedentary lifestyle dominates the majority of students. The results obtained by us are consistent with the literature data on the average volume of compulsory physical education classes (4000-7300 steps per 2 lessons per week) .
Analysis of the above data gives grounds to assume that only 13.66% of the surveyed students observe the motor regime corresponding to the natural need for movement. Most of them experience a lack of physical activity during the school year. In order to form a healthy lifestyle and reduce students' hypokinesia, we have developed the Free Minute: Movement Instead of Smoking project. Its essence lies in the organization of moving changes by senior students using elements of sports games: table tennis, badminton, volleyball, basketball, football.
findings
1. As a result of the literature analysis, the optimal motor mode was determined (motor activity in the amount of 1.3-1.8 hours per day, 14000-19000 steps per day), and it is desirable to spend at least 6-8 hours per week on targeted physical exercises men and 5-7 hours for women. 3-5 one-time sessions per week lasting 30-40 minutes are advisable. The average level of physical activity ranges from 8000-11000 steps per day.
2. Three levels of motor activity of medical college students were revealed: low (4865.44-7597.17 steps per day, 21.74% of the total number of examined), medium (8491.43-10963.67 steps per day, 64.60 %) and high (11673.67-14418.71 steps per day, 13.66%).
3. Everyday educational and everyday activities of a student do not provide the necessary amount of physical activity, creating prerequisites for the development of hypokinesia and hypodynamia.
4. The main and most common types of locomotion for this contingent of students in winter are various types of walking, compulsory physical education, daily homework, independent physical exercises and training in sports.
5. The share of classroom physical education (3778.44256, 56) is more than a third of the average level of motor activity (in the daily number of steps), which indicates the importance and necessity of this discipline in terms of the formation of the needs and skills of organizing one's own motor regime.
Using the results of the study allowed us to develop practical advice , contributing to the realization of the needs of students in the most preferred types of physical activity:
1. In independent activities of students to use various forms motor activity, including "small" ones: morning exercises, micro-pauses in academic work using special exercises, daily walks, weekend hikes.
2. Include in the sports and health work in the college a variety of means, types and forms of physical activity (competitions in traditional and non-traditional sports (volleyball, basketball, athletics, table tennis, aerobics, gorodki, DARTS, Russian lapta);
3. To promote the formation of knowledge and skills of physical self-improvement, taking into account the gender and age characteristics of students and their individual preferences in the classroom and during after hours(participation in campaigning and mass sports events, paramedical paratroopers, hikes, tourist rallies, running days, health days, etc.).
4. In the educational and daily activities of students, adhere to the recommended optimal level of motor activity in compliance with the requirements of the required volume and intensity, using available sports and means of physical culture.
5. Implement the developed social project in the educational space of the medical college.
Bibliography:
1. Amosov N.M., Muravov I.V. Heart and exercise. - M.: Knowledge, 1985. - 64 p.
2.Vilensky M.Ya. Fundamentals of a student's healthy lifestyle. The role of physical culture in ensuring health. - V. book: Physical culture of the student. - M.: Gardariki, 2001. - S. I3I-174.
3. Kobyakov Yu.P. Motor activity of students: structure, norms, content / Yu.P. Kobyakov // Theory and practice of physical culture. - 2004. - No. 5. - S. 44-46.
4. Kobyakov Yu.P. The concept of human motor activity norms / Yu.P. Kobyakov // Theory and practice of physical culture. - 2003. - No. 11. - S. 20-23.
5. Kozlov D.V. Increasing motor activity of students based on the integration of forms of physical education in the university: dis. cand. ped. Sciences: 13.00.04 / D.V. Kozlov. - Krasnoyarsk, 2009. - 157 p.
6.Sechenov I.M. Reflexes of the brain / Elements of thought. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2001 - S. 5-6.
Norm of physical activity
The amount of motor activity that meets the needs of the body in a variety of movements and contributes to health promotion is recognized as the norm. This concept includes the volume and intensity of movements and is the basis of the physical education of children and adolescents. Distinctive feature normalizing the motor activity of children and adolescents is to take into account their age and sex differences. How older child, the greater the amount of physical activity (both in volume and intensity) is recommended as a norm.
To solve the problems of controlling the daily value of the motor activity of children and adolescents, they are combined into several age and sex groups. After all, the hygienic norm was developed for children's and adolescent groups, and not for individuals with their individual psychophysiological characteristics and the specifics of the development of physical qualities. In this regard, the following groups were identified: children of preschool age (3–4 and 5–6 years old), younger schoolchildren (7–10 years old), middle school students (11–14 years old) and older children (15–17 years old).
Differentiation of the norm of daily physical activity depending on gender is carried out only in the senior school age. The fact is that the motor dominant becomes more pronounced in adolescence, and in young men the biological need for movement is 20–25% higher than in girls of the same age.
The total value of locomotions (steps) increases with age. However, it should be taken into account that in boys and girls aged 15–17, natural locomotion can be adequately replaced by other movements performed in the course of labor and sports activities.
The duration of the motor component decreases with age. Such a decrease in the time allotted for the motor component indicates an increase in their intensity at an older age.
Motor activity during the day should be distributed over the entire period of wakefulness. This distribution should not be the same: the largest number of movements should be performed between 9 and 12 and between 15 and 18 hours in accordance with the daily biological rhythms. The functional state of the body, as you know, changes throughout the day.
Physical activity is unevenly distributed not only during the day, but also during the week and in different seasons. Children do not have an innate "weekly" rhythm, but this is manifested in the functioning of the student's body.
Some decrease in motor activity during the day on certain days of the school week and a subsequent increase on Sunday, i.e. a free day, can be considered as a normal phenomenon.
The possibility of changing the average value of motor activity during the day in different seasons has a biological basis. Many biologists have noted its seasonal periodicity in animals. In children, it is higher in summer than in other seasons (especially winter). Fluctuations in the daily motor activity of children during the school week or at different times of the year should not go beyond the hygienic norm. As soon as these indicators go beyond its upper or lower limits, there is a danger of hypo- or hyperkinesia.
A prerequisite for building a motor mode is a variety of movements.
This text is an introductory piece.schoolchildren
Motor activity in hygiene is the sum of movements performed by a person in the process of life. The motor activity of children and adolescents is conditionally divided into three parts, performed:
in the process of physical education and during training;
in the process of socially useful labor activity;
in free time.
These components, complementing each other, provide a certain level of daily physical activity of schoolchildren of different age and sex groups.
The influence of physical activity on the health of schoolchildren. There is a close relationship between daily physical activity and the health of schoolchildren. Movement deficit, or hypokinesia, causes diverse morphological and functional changes in the body. The complex of such changes refers to pre-pathological and pathological conditions. The leading signs of hypokinesia are a violation of the mechanisms of self-regulation of physiological functions; decrease in the functional capabilities of the body; violation of the musculoskeletal system; activity of vegetative functions.
The concept of "hypokinesia" also refers to the limitation of the number and volume of movements associated with the movement of the body in space, due to lifestyle, features of professional activity.
The main causes of hypokinesia in schoolchildren:
· restrictions on motor activity associated with the mode of study and congestion of the curriculum;
lack of systematic and sufficient physical exercises;
· chronic diseases and developmental defects that limit motor activity.
In schoolchildren 6-8 years old, hypokinesia is observed in every second, among 9-12-year-olds it is not observed only in 30%, only 25% of high school students do not suffer from it.
Excessive motor activity is referred to as "hyperkinesia". One of its main reasons is the early sports specialization of children. Hyperkinesia is characterized by a specific complex of functional disorders and changes in health status: central nervous system and neuroregulatory apparatus. In this case, the sympathetic-adrenal system is depleted and the general nonspecific immunity of the body is reduced.
The healing effect of the daily physical activity of schoolchildren primarily depends on its total value, i.e. 0 t organization of not only physical education, but also the entire educational process, as well as the organization of free time by the schoolchild.
One of the conditions for the formation of the health of a particular student is familiar to him daily motor activity, which includes a variety of forms, methods and means of physical education in certain hygienically rational ratios. Habitual is considered such motor activity, which is steadily manifested in the process of life.
Methods for studying and evaluating motor activity. In everyday life, a student performs various movements (walks, runs, jumps, i.e. moves in space), labor and play motor actions, also accompanied by various changes in the position of his body in space.
The student expends certain physical efforts on these motor acts, accompanied by constant muscle contractions of varying intensity, while the accumulated chemical energy released in the skeletal muscles is converted into mechanical work.
In this regard, the most informative and accurate method of hygienic assessment of both quantitative and qualitative motor activity is the determination of energy expenditure. The most accurate, but at the same time the most expensive - indirect calorimetry method, i.e., determining the amount of oxygen consumed by the body.
In hygienic practice, the calculation method for determining the magnitude of energy costs is more often used.
For this, indicators such as:
time duration (in minutes, hours or as a percentage of the length of the day) of the motor component in the daily time budget;
the number of movements of the body in space (locomotion) per unit of time;
the sum of movements (locomotions), expressed as the distance traveled per day (in km).
These indicators make it possible to obtain sufficiently objective and reliable information about the nature and volume of physical activity of schoolchildren. It does not require the use of special expensive equipment.
In hygienic studies devoted to the normalization of motor activity, the methods of continuous recording of heart rate, determining the pulse "cost" of various activities, the total value of motor activity per day using telemetric devices are widely used.
Timing. In the hygiene of physical education, timekeeping is used to study and evaluate the daily regimen of schoolchildren, and not the physical activity itself.
The timing technique is based on the registration of the activities of a particular student at a certain time of the day or even during the day. Timing is used when the student is in an organized team. The possibilities of timekeeping of schoolchildren's free time are limited; therefore, it is recommended to supplement such observations with data from the schoolchild's self-observation, obtained either by the student himself or by the researcher.
shagometry- this is the calculation of the student's locomotion with the help of special devices. In practice, simple pedometers are widely used. different types. With each step of the student, the movable part of the device - the anchor device - sets in motion a counter connected to the dial of the device.
All hygienic standards of physical activity of schoolchildren are calculated in relation to the daily cycle of life, i.e. for 24 hours. Sometimes, for the hygienic characteristics of the physical activity of schoolchildren, longer observation intervals are chosen - a week, a month, an academic quarter. But such data can only be used for a comparative assessment. various options motor activity of schoolchildren.
Formation of physical activity of schoolchildren
Motor activity is essential component way of life and behavior of schoolchildren, it is determined both by socio-economic conditions and the level of culture of society, and by the organization of physical education, as well as by individual typological features of higher nervous activity, physique and functional features and capabilities of schoolchildren.
The level of habitual motor activity may not correspond to the body's biological need for movement and the existing age-sex hygiene standards (harmonic physical development, increasing the functional state of the body's leading adaptive systems, maintaining and strengthening health).
The main factors that form the habitual physical activity of schoolchildren. All factors that determine a particular the level of habitual physical activity of schoolchildren, are conditionally divided into three groups: biological, social and hygienic.
biological factors. The leading biological factors that form the human body's need for movement are age and gender.
The average daily activity of schoolchildren, expressed by the number of locomotions and the amount of physical work performed while walking, increases with age. For example, if boys of 8-9 years old with a free mode make 21 ± 0.6 thousand steps per day, and at 10-11 years old - 24 ± 0.5, then at 14-15 years old it is already 28.7 ± 0.3 thousand steps. The volume of work during walking in boys aged 8-9 years is 560 kJ/day, and in 14-15 years old - 1470 kJ/day, i.e. it increases almost 3 times.
The level of physical activity of girls aged 8-9 is practically the same as that of boys. However, with age, the differences become significant. For example, in girls aged 14-15, the average daily number of steps is 4.9 thousand less, and the amount of work performed is 217 kJ less.
With age, the energy needs of schoolchildren increase. In boys aged 9 and 10, they do not differ and amount to 9000 kJ/day, while in girls they differ and amount to 4940 and 8900 kJ/day, respectively. During the period of the so-called puberty jump, basal metabolic rate and average daily energy consumption are extremely variable. In boys, they progressively increase with age (especially in puberty), while in girls they reach a maximum at 11 years of age and then practically do not change or even decrease slightly.
Age changes quantitative indicators of daily motor activity are determined by the genetic code and are a biological feature of a growing organism.
Another biological factor that forms the habitual motor activity is the constancy of the internal environment of the body.
The level of daily physical activity, which contributes to normal growth, biological development and the preservation and strengthening of health, is considered a physiological norm and is used as a hygienic criterion to optimize the organization of physical education for schoolchildren of different age and sex groups.
Social factors affect the value of the usual motor activity of schoolchildren: lifestyle, organization of the educational process, physical education.
Schoolchildren who do not go in for sports or other additional forms of physical education have the least physical activity. Especially sharply it decreases at first-graders. They have 30-40% fewer locomotions than their peers who do not attend school. The level of daily physical activity decreases in high school students during the final exams at school, and among school graduates - in preparation for the entrance exams to the university.
The formation of a stable positive motivation of schoolchildren for active motor activity is promoted, first of all, by the lifestyle of the family, its motor mode. In adolescence, one of the most important social factors that shape habitual motor activity is mass physical culture and sports events and the creation of favorable conditions for regular training sessions in various sports, taking into account the interests of the students themselves. Setting for regular physical education - required condition formation and maintenance of a healthy lifestyle.
hygiene factors. The most important hygienic factors that form the habitual physical activity of schoolchildren include:
favorable hygienic factors (rational daily regimen; correct alternation of work and rest, physical and mental work; variety of means and forms of physical education used; normal hygienic environmental conditions; sufficient hygiene skills; correct family lifestyle);
unfavorable hygienic factors (learning overload at school and at home; violation of the daily routine; lack of conditions for the proper organization of physical education; the presence of bad habits; unfavorable psychological climate in the family and class).
The combination of unfavorable social, biological and hygienic factors that form the habitual motor activity of schoolchildren leads to the formation of a very low level of it and, as a result, to an increased risk of various disorders of morphological and functional development, the emergence of various chronic diseases.
Basic hygienic principles of motor activity optimization schoolchildren. Hygienically optimal physical activity of schoolchildren can be achieved by observing two fundamental principles:
1. targeted correction of the total daily motor activity by means of physical education within the limits of hygienic age and gender norms;
2. the use of such a hygienically justified model of the physical education process, which would best correspond to the age, gender and individual functional characteristics and abilities of schoolchildren.
These hygienic principles can be implemented using a complex model of physical education for schoolchildren, containing various means, forms and methods of physical education (morning hygienic gymnastics, gymnastics before classes, physical education minutes in class, a dynamic hour, out-of-class and out-of-school forms of mass physical culture and health improvement noah work, lesson of physical culture).
Hygienic age-sex standards of motor activity of schoolchildren
The hygienic norm of physical activity of schoolchildren is its scientifically based, quantitative parameters that correspond to the biological need of a growing organism for movements and, being realized in everyday life, contribute to the harmonious physical development, preservation and strengthening of the health of schoolchildren.
Each student has an individual need for daily physical activity. It depends on age, sex, state of health, individual typological features of higher nervous activity, local climatic conditions, organization of the educational process, daily routine and many other factors. A measure of motor activity that takes into account all of the above individual characteristics and having a beneficial effect both at the cellular, tissue and organ level, and at the level of the whole organism, should be called a hygienic norm. With a hygienically optimal amount of motor activity, harmonic interaction is achieved in the "organism - environment" system.
The biological criteria for optimal motor activity are the efficiency and reliability of the functioning of all body systems, its ability to adequately respond to constantly changing social, biological and hygienic conditions. environment. Violations of the body's homeostatic balance, excessive tension of the mechanisms of self-regulation of its leading adaptive systems, manifested in its inadequate adaptive reactions, indicate a discrepancy between motor activity and the value of its hygienic norm.
The hygienic norm of daily physical activity for each indicator is a certain limit - from the minimum required value (lower limit) to the maximum allowable (upper limit). Outside of these values, motor activity is assessed as either hypokinesia or hyperkinesia. Here is a scale for assessing the daily motor activity of children and adolescents according to six age and sex groups (Table 53).
Makhida Kasenova Nazirovna
Motor activity of young children and its features
Kasenova Mahida Nazirovna
Kazakhstan North-Kazakhstan region
Petropavlovsk KGU CHILD'S HOUSE
« Motor activity of young children and its features»
(from the experience of the educator)
Movement is life. Nothing is so exhausting and
does not destroy a person like prolonged
physical inaction,” taught the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle.
Education and training program preschool children highlight the main goal of developing the individual unique personality of each child of preschool institutions.
The problem of social development young children designed to implement more global ideas, development socially active and responsible personality of the preschool child age will educate in him a man-citizen who able transform the environment.
Physiologists note that movement is an innate vital human need, which is why its complete satisfaction in preschool is important. age when all the basic systems and functions of the body are formed.
So for the immobile children there is a lag in motor neuropsychic development and often these children are prone to colds. Thus, the intensity and nature of psychophysical development children and health depends on motor activity.
Adults are deeply mistaken in thinking that mastering walking - vertical movement in space is a very easy achievement that comes to a baby. "by itself"! Child stubborn "labor" acquires this skill. Therefore, you need to create comfort for kids to move in a group. The central part of the playroom should be free, children should see the paths of movement well, a well-visible space forms the initial orientation in the immediate environment and elementary independence. Children try again and again to repeat the action that he succeeded in, they seem to "training". children attract everyone's attention fixtures for classes, these are tracks, modules, hoops, balls, stumps, slides and others; they often fall, rise and, with the help of a teacher, start over.
Thus, the types of movement of the child in space, coordination and stability in an upright position, a sense of balance are formed. Special importance for children from 1 year to 3 years has the development of movements, the improvement of the child's walking. Limitation motor activity can turn into a nervous breakdown children. They start showing off "disobedience", irritation, nervousness and often lethargy, indifference to everything. It is very important to start the development of the 2nd year of life in a timely and correct manner. children in the morning exercises to encourage children to independent walking in space without bumping into each other, to teach walking after the teacher, walking on limited surfaces and other types of walking.
Create situations that encourage children to change the body in space for example; turns, bends, squats when performing certain exercises to give children light hands allowances for example; colored balls diameter 20, colored flags, sultans, cubes, rubber balls diameter 20, rattles, cubes, gymnastic sticks (length 55 - 60 cm, diameter 3 cm) other benefits which are available.
Children are happy to perform exercises with sultans with flags, even if not everyone succeeds, but they try to repeat after the teacher. During various classes motor activity in children expanding vocabulary babbling is activated,For example: top-top, roll-roll, catch-catch, run, give, fly-fly. When performing certain exercises, children should constantly hear encouraging words from the teacher, see the smile of the teacher, all this promotes the development of motor activity of the child. Restrictions children in an effort(run, crawl, climb, jump) lead to anxiety, irritability, aggressive behavior. AT age 1 to 3 years development children depends not only on his state of health and temperament, but also on the system of his upbringing and care. In development 1 year to 3 years can be divided into three periods:
1. period (from 1 year to 1.5 years)- the child has learned to walk, becomes more independent, explores and learns the world, he climbs around and everywhere, falls, fills himself with bumps, runs awkwardly, knows how to throw the ball, kicks the ball, gets up from the floor on his own.
2. period (1.5 years to 2 years)- more and more improved in acquired skills, shows his character, runs confidently, climbs and descends several steps holding an adult’s hand, bends down and picks up objects from the floor, climbs a hill and slides down from it, jumps in place.
3. period (from 2 years to 3 years)- active the mental development of the child is able to jump, independently climbs and descends the stairs. Jumps over low objects, throws and catches the ball, plays outdoor games, knows how to coordinate his movements and maintain balance.
Children try to imitate the actions of an adult, but at the same time they do not adhere to a precisely given form of movement. For them, the main thing is to repeatedly independently repeat movements and actions and at the same time feel great joy. The child's actions can be performed in various combinations. (different directions, speed, pace). It is important for the teacher to find the right combination allowances and movements, avoiding their monotony, in such conditions the child quickly develops the ability to transfer already well-known movements to a new environment. During motor activity child should pay attention to that. What is he doing, and if necessary, switch him from one type of activity to another.
Children from 1 to 3 years old love to run errands for adults, so you need to often involve the kids in arranging and cleaning benefits the children of my group before the physical education lesson, at the request of the teacher, get the necessary benefits lay them out on the carpet and on the floor, For example:
- “Kolechka, bring the hoops, Andryusha, get the sultans. Alinochka lay out the tracks "- (if benefits the teacher helps the heavy ones, the rest take off their shoes, put them neatly to the side so as not to interfere with the lesson, sit on the chairs and wait for the instructions of the teacher. Children get great pleasure from performing various movements and from emotional positive contact with the teacher. At the same time children attention is not yet stable, he is often distracted and moves from one type of activity to another. By the age of three, children are producing a large number of movements, imitating an adult, they imitate the actions of birds, animals, transport. Great place in motor activity of children play various outdoor games, where the child's high need for movement is fully realized, it increases significantly in the process of outdoor games using physical education benefits. Actions children with benefitsvery simple he beats them:for example: in the hands of the flags we wave up and down, and now they hid (handles behind the backs, walking along the path - cubes in the hands, sat in the pits (children sit inside hoops) in the hands of bumps we massage the palms and many other actions, showing these actions and variety benefits arouses interest in children to movements, it is important for the educator to show these actions and play with them.
Here are some easy games to play allowances:
1. Run to me. Children stand against the wall in the hands of small cubes or balls. A command is given "run to me!" children run up to the teacher and throw allowances in the basket held by the teacher.
2. Collect the balls. Children stand in a large circle. The teacher, raising the basket or box high, pours colored balls or balls "quantity 15-20 pieces"and says: - One, two, three, collect the balls! Children are happy to run after the rolling balls and collect them in a basket or a box that stands on a high chair.
3. I have a checkbox. Children stand in a large circle at a distance of 1 meter from each other, the teacher distributes two flags each. Raise high - one, lower low - two, hidden behind the back - three.
4. Hit the target. Children stand in a circle in their hands with balls in the center of a deep soft module in the form of a hole at the signal of the teacher “One, two, three ball fly” - throw the balls into the basket or into the module.
5. Jump like a bunny. The teacher holds a soft toy bunny and jumps with him, the children try to repeat the jump-jump, jump-jump. After 4-6 jumps, the children rest.
6. The locomotive goes on rails. Children become one after another holding on to clothes, the teacher is the first - let's go - pu-u-u-u-u-chih- chi-chi moving on in all directions on the game.
Children gradually learn in play conditions different types walking, develop attention, balance, enrich your active vocabulary with repeated repetition, the correct posture is formed.
After mastering any movements, the educator changes the situation by increasing the requirements, that is, creates conditions favorable for the development of the formation of consolidation and the use of still insufficiently entrenched motor skills. It is very important to take into account their individual capabilities and abilities of each child. For children with some delay motor development, the physically weaker need to be often involved in the games available to them, gradually complicating them.
Literature
1. Layzane S. Ya. Physical culture for kids. – M. : Enlightenment, 1978
2. Shishkina V. A. Movement + movement. - M. : Enlightenment, 1992.
4. Osokina E. I. Games and entertainment children in the air. - M. : Enlightenment, 1982
