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The ventilation pipe in a multi-storey building how it functions. Features of ventilation of high-rise residential buildings

According to current sanitary standards, apartment buildings must be equipped with ventilation, in which polluted air is removed from the kitchen and bathroom, and clean air is supplied to the living rooms.

The ventilation of houses built in the last century is based on natural draft. Modern residential complexes put into operation with roof fans and forced air exchange systems. About how the ventilation system in an apartment building is arranged, how to clean and improve it, read on.

The need for ventilation in an apartment building

When washing, washing dishes and taking a shower, water vapor is released into the air. Particles of pile from clothes and carpets, epithelium and hairs of pets form dust. During cooking, odors and tiny droplets of fat evaporate.

If an apartment building is not equipped with a ventilation system, all human waste products remain in the premises. Conditions dangerous for people's health and safety of their property are being created. Mold eats into walls and furniture, and occupants suffer from allergies and asthma. In such apartments, babies and the elderly feel the worst.

Functions of ventilation in a residential area:

Ensure the penetration of clean air into the apartments;
Together with the exhaust air, remove dust and other impurities harmful to health;
Regulate humidity in residential and utility rooms.

If during cooking with an open window, odors spread to neighboring rooms, the ventilation system in an apartment building is not working satisfactorily. Another indicator that the ventilation in the house is not working is an intense accumulation of dust in the corners, on the ventilation grill and under the ceiling. Within a day or two after cleaning, you can notice clouds of dust under upholstered furniture.

Most often, residents of the upper floors suffer from this. The poor draft is explained by the insufficient distance between the ventilation grill in the apartment and the end of the ventilation duct. Normally, it should be at least 2 meters. Often this condition is not met due to the presence warm attic in an apartment building and ventilation does not work as planned by the designers.

The principle of venting air

Most of the complaints about work are caused by ignorance of how ventilation is arranged in a panel house.

There are 2 schemes for removing dirty air from apartment buildings:

Scheme 1. The ventilation duct reaches the attic, here it goes into a horizontal box

Several sealed boxes are combined into one shaft, ending above the roof. With this principle of ventilation in an apartment building, air masses from all floors rush to the horizontal duct, from there to the common shaft and to the street. In the process of movement, the air hits the surface of the box and an area is formed high blood pressure. Air rushes into the nearest hole leading out.

Sometimes the nearest exit is the ventilation duct of the fifth floor. Normally, this should be a common ventilation shaft. Even with an optimal cross-section of the horizontal duct, back draft can be observed if the duct cover is set too low. The air bounces off the lid and "squeezes out" the smells coming from below into the top floor kitchens. To avoid such an undesirable effect, 2 methods are used:

Method 1. It is necessary to increase the diameter of the horizontal box in the attic by 2.5 times. In addition, "cuts" are installed inside the box. All alterations must only be carried out by trained persons. You must first consult with a specialist, since it is not always possible to use this method to improve ventilation;
Method 2. The ventilation ducts of the last floor are arranged separately, they are brought into the ventilation shaft above the duct. A separate channel should be well insulated.

Scheme 2. All ventilation ducts taken to the attic

The attic room is used as an intermediate chamber. A single ventilation shaft leads through the roof.

This method of air removal is very common in modern construction.

Most often, there is no reverse thrust in the network, but on the upper floors it is very weak. This is explained by the low height of the vertical channel (no more than 40 cm). When the attic doors or between the sections are open, there is practically no air movement either.

The standard diameter of the air ducts with such a ventilation system apartment building- 140 mm. To improve its operation, the outlets of the channels are extended due to the pipes put on them. The joints are sealed. It is enough to add 1 meter of pipe and tilt it slightly towards the central shaft.

Apartment supply and exhaust ventilation

In multi-storey buildings, an inflow-blowing ventilation system is equipped in each apartment. The following scheme is usually used: in toilets, bathrooms and kitchens, exhaust duct outlets are located, and clean air is supplied through the vents.

In order for the air to circulate freely around the apartment, gaps of 1–2 cm are left under the interior doors.

Such a plan for the operation of ventilation in an apartment building is quite simple, but not always effective.

If the windows in the apartment fog up, periodically smell unpleasant - it is necessary to examine the ventilation of the apartment building. Often natural ventilation in an apartment building does not work due to clogging. But to clean the ventilation in apartment buildings tenants are not eligible. Repair work also performed by experts. So how to clean the ventilation in the apartment?

Professional ventilation cleaning

Specialists clean the ventilation in apartment buildings with the help of professional equipment. First, a diagnosis of the ventilation of an apartment building is carried out. As a rule, a video camera is involved for this. It detects places of accumulation of debris and dust, destruction. Then the pneumatic brush machine removes all the dirt. At the same time, you can disinfect the mine.

You can conduct an examination of the ventilation of an apartment building in the simplest way: bring a burning candle or match to the ventilation grill. If the flame deviates towards ventilation, then all is not lost. The vertical location of the flame indicates that the natural ventilation in the house is really not working. When examining ventilation, it is necessary to check all ventilation grilles in an apartment building.

Self-cleaning ventilation

Residents of apartment buildings can dismantle the ventilation grill in their apartment and clean the accessible part of the shaft with a broom or vacuum cleaner.

Before you clean the ventilation in an apartment building yourself, it is advisable to wear protective equipment: gloves, a respirator, goggles. Sometimes a perfectly serviceable and clean system does not work effectively.

In this case, you need to resort to additional means:

supply valves;
exhaust fans.

They make it possible to regulate the inflow and exhaust of air from the apartment, they are inexpensive and quite easy to install.

Basement and basement ventilation

The basement is one of the most important elements ventilation system apartment building. After all, the ventilation shafts, penetrating all floors, begin precisely in the basement.

As a rule, the ventilation of the basement floor of an apartment building is organized on natural draft.

To remove raw air from the basement, common ventilation ducts are used, which exit through openings on each floor and in each apartment.

The influx of fresh air is equally important for the ventilation of the basement of an apartment building, where it is often damp and cold. This purpose is served by vents or holes in the walls of the basement, located slightly above the ground. The number of products is calculated based on the area of the building.

The area of the vents is 1/400 of the area of the building.

If the building is located in an area with a high content of radon or a limiting radiation background, the area of the vents increases to 1/100 of the area of the building.

The area of one vent can vary from 0.05 to 0.85 sq. meters.

Products with a diameter of 30 x 30 cm must be reinforced.

The shape of the ventilation holes can be any, but most often they are made rectangular or round. This form is easier to perform and looks better.

Air must be evenly distributed around the perimeter of the foundation to avoid the formation of windproof areas.

The distance from the corner to the nearest vent is 90 cm. It is advisable to make an even number of vents and place them opposite each other. The distance to the ground is at least 20 cm. If you lower the holes below, they may be flooded with rain or spring floods.

The higher above the ground the vents are, the better.

If the foundation of the house has internal load-bearing surfaces, air vents should be made in them so that the entire basement of the apartment building is ventilated.

The vents must not be closed, otherwise the whole principle of the ventilation of an apartment building will be violated. From penetration into the basement of cats and rodents, the holes are closed with a metal mesh.

So, the ventilation of an apartment building is a single system, the device of which starts in the basement and ends above the roof. Any attempts by residents to interfere with its work on their own, such as cleaning the ventilation in the apartment, dismantling its elements or altering it, entail administrative responsibility!

More about how the ventilation of an apartment building works video:

GUIDELINES FOR VENTILATION SYSTEM LAYOUT IN MULTIFAMILY RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

Introduction date 2012-04-04

1 DEVELOPED by a creative team of specialists of the non-profit partnership "Engineers for heating, ventilation, air conditioning, heat supply and building thermal physics" (NP "AVOK"):

Yu.A.Tabunshchikov, Doctor of Engineering Sciences (NP "AVOK") - Head;

M.M. Brodach, Ph.D. tech. Sciences (MARCHI);

A.N. Kolubkov (PPF "Alexander Kolubkov");

L.V. Ivanikhina, Ph.D. tech. Sciences (JSC "TsNIIPromzdaniy");

V.A. Ionin (Moscow Architecture Committee);

V.I.Livchak, Ph.D. tech. Sciences (NP "ABOK");

E.G.Malyavina, Ph.D. tech. Sciences (MGSU);

A.L. Naumov, Ph.D. tech. Sciences (NPO "Termek");

E.O. Shilkrot, Ph.D. tech. Sciences (JSC "TsNIIPromzdaniy").

2 APPROVED AND PUT INTO EFFECT by the order of the head of the Department of urban planning policy, development and reconstruction of the city of Moscow dated February 24, 2004 N 14.

3 AGREED with Gosstroy of Russia, Moskomarchitectura and Moscomexpertiza.

4 REVISION. April 2012

Introduction

Organized air exchange (ventilation) is the main way to ensure the purity of the air in the apartments of residential buildings. The comfort of living, people's health, safety and durability of building structures depend on the quality and reliability of ventilation.

In housing construction in the USSR and Russia, as a rule, natural supply and exhaust ventilation systems were used. Outside air entered the apartments through leaks in window frames, vents, transoms or openable windows and was removed through the ventilation ducts of sanitary facilities and kitchens. The use of natural ventilation in buildings of mass construction was due to its simplicity and low cost, as well as the practical absence of the need for its maintenance with the then existing sealing of the external fences of apartments. The disadvantages of natural ventilation were the unstable air regime of the apartments, caused by the significant influence of the outdoor temperature and the influence of the wind, discomfort from the use of vents at low outdoor temperatures. Opening the windows usually leads to excessive ventilation and cooling of the premises, which is especially evident in the cold season.

The high tightness of modern windows has made natural ventilation systems practically inoperable. The comfort of living has deteriorated in the apartments. High humidity and low air quality are observed, which is often the cause of fungal infections of structures. Attempts to organize ventilation by opening vents in hermetic windows do not allow providing the required microclimate of the premises and significantly reduce the efficiency of using heat, the cost of which is spent on heating the supply air in modern apartment often exceed the heat loss through external enclosures. The opening of the vents contributes to the penetration of noise through the windows of apartments facing the street.

High requirements for the quality of ventilation have led to the need to use other design ventilation schemes, such as a controlled ventilation device with natural air inflow through special supply valves that provide standard air exchange and prevent street noise from penetrating into apartments; a device for mechanical exhaust or mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation, including with the utilization of the heat of the exhaust air. These schemes make it possible to normalize the air-thermal regime of apartments, ensure the required air exchange, and also, in the case of air exchange regulation according to demand and the use of exhaust air heat recovery, reduce heat costs for ventilation.

The requirements of federal laws and regulations of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation also pay attention to improving indoor air quality.

Thus, the requirements include the following provisions:

"Article 10. Requirements for living and staying in buildings and structures that are safe for human health

<…>

2. A building or structure must be designed and constructed in such a way that during the operation of the building or structure, safe conditions are provided for the residence and stay of a person in buildings and structures according to the following indicators:

1) air quality in industrial, residential and other premises of buildings and structures and in working areas industrial buildings and structures;

<…>

5) protection against noise in the premises of residential and public buildings and in the working areas of industrial buildings and structures;

6) indoor microclimate;

7) regulation of humidity on the surface and inside building structures;

8) the level of vibration in the premises of residential and public buildings and the level of technological vibration in the working areas of industrial buildings and structures ...

<…>

Article 20. Requirements for ensuring air quality

1. The design documentation of buildings and structures must provide for the equipment of buildings and structures with a ventilation system. The design documentation of buildings and structures may provide for the equipment of premises with an air conditioning system. Ventilation and air conditioning systems must ensure the supply of air containing harmful substances, not exceeding the maximum permissible concentrations for such premises or for the working area of industrial premises.

2. In the design documentation of buildings and structures with premises for the stay of people, measures must be provided for:

1) limiting the penetration of dust, moisture, harmful and unpleasantly smelling substances from the atmospheric air into the premises;

2) ensuring air exchange sufficient for the timely removal of harmful substances from the air and maintaining chemical composition air in proportions favorable for human life;

3) preventing the penetration of harmful and unpleasantly smelling substances into premises with permanent residence of people from pipelines of sewerage systems and devices, heating, ventilation, air conditioning, from air ducts and technological pipelines, as well as exhaust gases from built-in car parks;

4) preventing the penetration of soil gases (radon, methane) into the premises, if in the process engineering surveys their presence was found in the territory where the construction and operation of the building or structure will be carried out.

The order of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation, as the minimum requirements for the energy efficiency of buildings, structures, structures, prescribes that the building put into operation during construction, reconstruction, overhaul must be equipped with devices that optimize the operation of ventilation systems (air vents in windows or walls that automatically provide outdoor air on demand, exhaust air heat exchangers for supply air heating, use of recirculation).

The Decree of the Government of Moscow sets the following as the main tasks:

- implementation in the design and construction of buildings and structures of energy-efficient technological and technical solutions and "active" energy saving equipment, including mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation systems with heat recovery from ventilation emissions, heat pump heat supply systems, thermal energy storage systems, efficient heating devices with controlled heat output, automated energy consumption metering and microclimate control systems, etc. .;

- development and implementation of standards and regulations for the refrigeration supply of residential and public buildings, including requirements to reduce summer peaks in electrical load and regulations for equipping both residential buildings under construction and in operation with air conditioning systems.

For the products of house-building factories, this regulation allows the use of controlled exhaust ventilation with mechanical stimulation and with natural inflow through ventilation * valves in windows or external enclosing structures.
_______________
* In this technical note, the term "supply valves" is used instead of the term "vent valves".

The requirements of the Decree of the Government of Moscow in the list of measures to save energy and improve the energy efficiency of the common property of owners of premises in designed, new, overhauled and reconstructed apartment buildings prescribe the following measures for ventilation systems:

"5. The use of auto-regulated exhaust ventilation with mechanical stimulation and natural inflow through ventilation valves in external enclosing structures.

6. Recovery and utilization of heat from ventilation emissions, including with the help of heat pump heat supply systems.

7. Use of non-traditional renewable energy sources and secondary energy resources".

1 area of use

1.2 Technical recommendations were developed in the development of SP 60.13330.2010 "Heating, ventilation and air conditioning", SP 54.13330.2011 "Multi-apartment residential buildings" and taking into account the requirements of SP 7.13130.2009 "Heating, ventilation and air conditioning. Fire safety requirements".
_______________
* As SP 60.13330.2010 Rosstandart registered SNiP 41-01-2003. It should be taken into account that the project documentation and (or) the results of engineering surveys, accepted by the developer or technical customer, the development of which began before 07/01/2015 and which are submitted for primary or repeated state or non-state examination of project documentation and (or) results of engineering surveys are checked for compliance according to SP 60.13330.2010. Otherwise, it is necessary to apply SP 60.13330 2012

When designing, constructing and operating ventilation systems for residential buildings, one should be guided by the regulatory documents in force in the Russian Federation, as well as the provisions of these technical recommendations.

1.3 Technical recommendations apply to the design of ventilation systems for apartment premises, in which the air permeability of windows, balcony doors, entrance doors to an apartment, doors and hatches of communication shafts meets the requirements of SP 50.13330.2010 "Thermal protection of buildings".
_______________
* As SP 50.13330.2010 Rosstandart registered SNiP 23-02-2003. It should be taken into account that the project documentation and (or) the results of engineering surveys, accepted by the developer or technical customer, the development of which began before 07/01/2015 and which are submitted for primary or repeated state or non-state examination of project documentation and (or) results of engineering surveys are checked for compliance according to SP 60.13330.2010. Otherwise, it is necessary to apply SP 50.13330.2012, hereinafter in the text. - Database manufacturer's note.

2 Normative references

In these technical recommendations, references are made to the following regulatory documents:

GOST 12.1.003-83 * SSBT. Noise. General requirements security

GOST 30494-96 Residential and public buildings. Indoor microclimate parameters

SanPiN 2.1.2.2645-2010 Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for living conditions in residential buildings and premises

SN 2.2.4 / 2.1.8.562-96 Noise at workplaces, in residential, public buildings and in residential areas

SNiP 23-01-99 * Building climatology

SP 7.13130.2009 Heating, ventilation and air conditioning. Fire requirements

SP 23-103-2003 Design of soundproofing of enclosing structures of residential and public buildings

SP 50.13330.2010 Thermal protection of buildings

SP 51.13330.2011 Noise protection

SP 54.13330.2011 Residential multi-apartment buildings

SP 60.13330.2010 Heating, ventilation and air conditioning

GN 2.1.6.1338-2003 Maximum allowable concentrations (MPC) of pollutants in the atmospheric air of populated areas

GN 2.1.6.2309-2007 Approximate safe exposure levels (SHLI) of pollutants in the atmospheric air of populated areas

3 Terms and definitions

3.1 ventilation: Artificially organized exchange of air in the premises to ensure the parameters of the microclimate and air quality in the serviced area of the premises within acceptable limits.

3.2 natural ventilation: Organized exchange of air in rooms under the influence of thermal (gravitational) and / or wind pressure.

3.3 mechanical ventilation (artificial): Organized exchange of air in the premises under the influence of pressure created by fans.

3.4 outside air: Atmospheric air taken in by the ventilation system for supply to the serviced premises.

3.5 supply air: The air supplied to the room by the ventilation system.

3.6 air removed: Air taken from a room and no longer used in it.

3.7 deflector: An element of the exhaust ventilation system located above the exhaust shaft.

3.8 permissible indoor air quality (air purity): The composition of the air in which, as defined by the authorities, the concentration of known pollutants does not exceed the maximum allowable concentrations and for which more than 80% of people who are exposed to it have no claims.

3.9 umbrella: An element of the exhaust ventilation system located above the exhaust shaft.

3.10 room microclimate: The state of the internal environment of the room, characterized by the following indicators: air temperature, radiation temperature, speed of movement and relative humidity of the air in the room.

3.11 adjustable ventilation: Controlled air exchange in the room with the help of devices that create it.

3.12 collection channel (air duct): A section of duct to which ducts from 2 or more floors are connected.

3.13 satellite: A vertical section of an air duct that changes the direction of air movement and prevents it from flowing from one apartment to another.

3.14 warm attic Attic, into the space of which air enters, removed from the premises of the building with its further removal to the outside.

4 Types and types of ventilation systems

4.1 The following types of ventilation systems are used in apartments of residential buildings:

- systems of natural ventilation with natural inflow and removal of air;

- ventilation systems with mechanical removal and natural air supply;

- ventilation systems with mechanical inflow and with natural air removal;

- mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation systems.

There are the following types of ventilation systems: centralized and decentralized.

4.3 Natural ventilation systems are performed with air removal through a warm attic with a single shaft on the roof (Figure 1) or through separate channels leading to the roof (Figure 2).

Figure 1 - Scheme of a natural ventilation system with separate and common prefabricated exhaust ducts in a building with a warm attic

Figure 1 - Scheme of a natural ventilation system with separate and common prefabricated exhaust ducts in a building with a warm attic: 1 - supply unit; 2 - exhaust device; 3 - heater; 4 - satellite; 5 - prefabricated exhaust channel; 6 - exhaust shaft; 7 - exhaust fan (individual); 8 - pallet

Figure 2 - Diagram of a natural ventilation system with separate and prefabricated exhaust ducts

Figure 2 - Scheme of a natural ventilation system with separate and prefabricated exhaust ducts: 1 - supply device; 2 - exhaust device; 3 - heater; 4 - satellite; 5 - prefabricated exhaust channel; 6 - exhaust shaft with a deflector; 7 - exhaust fan (individual)

Natural ventilation systems with air removal through a warm attic should not be used in buildings below 7 floors.

When designing ventilation systems in buildings with a warm attic, one exhaust shaft per section should be arranged, provided that the sections are hermetically separated from each other. The exhaust shaft is made with an aspect ratio of not more than 1:2 with an open head and a height of at least 4.5 m from the top of the ceiling above the last floor. The air speed in the mine should not exceed 1 m/s, which ensures that the resistance of the general sections of the ventilation system is limited to 1 Pa and thereby increases the stability of its operation. To collect atmospheric precipitation on the floor of the attic under the shaft, a pallet with a depth of 0.25 m should be placed. Under the design conditions, the air temperature in the attic should not be lower than 14 °C.

When designing natural ventilation systems, measures should be taken to intensify air exchange during the warm season by installing a mechanical exhaust on the bypass duct of the exhaust shaft in buildings with a warm attic (Figure 3).

Figure 3 - Scheme of the natural ventilation system with the intensification of air exchange during the warm period of the year

Figure 3 - Scheme of the natural ventilation system with the intensification of air exchange in the warm season: 1 - supply device; 2 - exhaust device; 3 - heater; 4 - satellite; 5 - prefabricated exhaust channel; 6 - exhaust shaft; 7 - exhaust fan (individual); 8 - exhaust fan; 9 - air valve with a drive; 10 - pallet

In buildings without a warm attic, exhaust shafts on the roof should be equipped with deflectors. It is allowed to combine shafts from different ventilation systems under one umbrella or deflector (Figure 4). In aerodynamic terms, the deflector is preferable to an umbrella installed above the block of ventilation ducts, brought out above the roof in the form of a pipe.

Figure 4 - Scheme of a natural ventilation system with a common prefabricated exhaust duct

Figure 4 - Scheme of a natural ventilation system with a common prefabricated exhaust duct: 1 - supply device; 2 - exhaust device; 3 - heater; 4 - satellite; 5 - prefabricated exhaust channel; 6 - exhaust shaft with a deflector; 7 - exhaust fan (individual)

The air supply to the apartments is carried out through supply valves installed in the window frame or in the outer wall. As an exception, it is allowed to use air vents, transoms or opening window sashes equipped with position locks for air supply, if the level of street noise does not exceed the permissible level.

Removal of air from the premises of the apartment is carried out through exhaust devices - exhaust grilles or valves. Exhaust devices in buildings above 6 floors are connected to a vertical collection channel through a satellite with a height of at least 2 m. The resistance of the satellite at the estimated air flow in it should be at least 6-9 Pa. It is allowed to provide vertical collection channels both common and separate for kitchens and sanitary facilities located one under the other on the floors of the building. In the case of using a common vertical collection duct, exhaust devices from kitchens and sanitary facilities should be connected via separate satellites. For air inflow under the doors of kitchens and sanitary facilities, a gap of 0.03 m high should be left or a grate with a living area of at least 0.03 m should be installed near the floor.

Removal of air from the premises of apartments on the upper floors of the building, as a rule, is carried out using individual exhaust fans through separate channels. The number of floors, the apartments of which must be equipped with individual fans, is determined by the calculation. For buildings with more than 6 floors, the upper third of the building, but not more than 4 upper floors, is equipped with fans.

In natural ventilation systems, it is allowed to install household individual exhaust fans on the exhaust devices of each apartment in systems with separate vertical ducts.

4.4 Mechanical exhaust ventilation systems with natural air supply are designed with central (Figure 5) or individual (Figure 6) exhaust fans.

Figure 5 - Scheme of a mechanical exhaust ventilation system (centralized) with a natural air supply

Figure 5 - Scheme of a mechanical exhaust ventilation system (centralized) with a natural air supply: 1 - supply device; 2 - exhaust device; 3 - heater; 4 - satellite; 5 - prefabricated exhaust channel; 6 - exhaust fan; 7 - exhaust shaft with an umbrella; eight - fire damper

Figure 6 - Scheme of a mechanical exhaust ventilation system with individual fans with natural air supply

Figure 6 - Scheme of a mechanical exhaust ventilation system with individual fans with natural air inflow: 1 - supply device; 2 - exhaust fan; 3 - heater; 4 - exhaust channel; 5 - exhaust shaft with an umbrella

The air supply to the apartments is carried out in the same way as in natural ventilation systems.

4.5 Mechanical supply ventilation systems with natural air removal are designed with a central supply fan (Figure 7) or individual supply fans (Figure 8).

Figure 7 - Scheme of a mechanical supply ventilation system (centralized) with natural air removal

Figure 7 - Scheme of a mechanical supply ventilation system (centralized) with natural air removal: 1 - supply device; 2 - exhaust device; 3 - heater; 4 - exhaust channel; 5 - supply channel; 6 - supply unit; 7 - over-slab umbrella with an individual fan; 8 - exhaust shaft; 9 - fire damper

Figure 8 - Diagram of a mechanical supply ventilation system (decentralized) with natural air removal

Figure 8 - Scheme of a mechanical supply ventilation system (decentralized) with natural air removal: 1 - supply device; 2 - exhaust device; 3 - heater; 4 - exhaust channel; 5 - prefabricated exhaust channel; 6 - supply individual installations; 7 - over-slab umbrella with an individual fan; 8 - exhaust shaft; 9 - check valve

The air flow into the apartments is carried out into the living quarters or through the piping of the indoor units of ducted air conditioners, if any.

Systems are designed with both common and separate collection channels for kitchens and sanitary facilities located one below the other on the floors of the building.

4.6 Mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation systems must have devices for utilizing the heat of the exhaust air for heating the supply air (Figures 9, 10 and 11), as well as devices for cooling and humidifying (conditioning) the air based on the climatic conditions of the construction area.

Figure 9 - Scheme of the mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation system (centralized) with the recovery of the heat of the exhaust air (utilization with an intermediate coolant

Figure 9 - Scheme of the mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation system (centralized) with the recovery of the heat of the exhaust air (utilization with an intermediate coolant): 1 - supply device; 2 - exhaust device; 3 - heater; 4 - satellite; 5 - supply channel (outside the apartment); 6 - supply unit with a heat recovery unit with an intermediate coolant; 7- exhaust unit with a heat recovery unit with an intermediate coolant; 8 - intermediate coolant pipeline; nine - circulation pump; 10 - over-slab umbrella with an individual fan; 11 - exhaust shaft; 12 - fire damper

Figure 10 - Scheme of a mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation system (decentralized) with heat recovery from the exhaust air

Figure 10 - Scheme of a mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation system (decentralized) with heat recovery from the exhaust air: 1 - supply unit; 2 - exhaust device; 3 - heater; 4 - exhaust channel; 5 - prefabricated exhaust channel; 6- air handling unit(individual) with recuperator; 7 - over-plate umbrella; 8 - exhaust shaft with an umbrella; 9 - check valve

Figure 11 - Scheme of a mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation system (centralized) with heat recovery of the exhaust air

Figure 11 - Scheme of a mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation system (centralized) with heat recovery of the exhaust air: 1 - supply unit; 2 - exhaust device; 3 - heater; 4 - satellite; 5 - prefabricated exhaust channel; 6 - air handling unit with heat exchanger; 7 - supply air duct; 8 - fire damper; 9 - exhaust shaft

As heat recovery devices for mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation systems, it is recommended to use plate heat exchangers, heat exchangers on heat pipes, systems with an intermediate coolant (Figure 12). In apartment de centralized systems the use of regenerative utilizers is allowed.

Figure 12 - Schematic diagram of the piping of ventilation units when using the heat recovery of the exhaust air with an intermediate coolant

Figure 12 - Schematic diagram of the piping of ventilation units when using the heat recovery of the exhaust air with an intermediate coolant: 1 - supply unit; 2 - exhaust installation; 3 - circulation pump; 4 - boost circuit pump; 5 - three-way control valve; 6 - a tank for preparing an antifreeze solution; 7 - expansion tank

Air diffusers for supplying fresh air are installed in residential premises, exhaust devices - in utility rooms (kitchens, sanitary facilities, laundry rooms, pantries, etc.).

To supply fresh air to rooms, a network of air ducts is used or fresh air is supplied to the piping of indoor units of ducted air conditioners located in the space of the false ceiling of apartments.

The kitchen-niche room is subject to mandatory equipment with mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation systems.

Note - A kitchen niche is a room or part of it without a dining area, intended for cooking.

5 General technical requirements

5.1 Ventilation systems for living quarters of apartments should be designed to ensure that the air exchange rates for outside air (outside air flow rates) are not lower than the minimum ones that maintain the required air quality in the serviced premises.

The air quality in the premises must be ensured regardless of the adopted ventilation system and the scheme for organizing air exchange, with maximum allowable concentrations of pollutants in the atmospheric air not lower than those given in Appendix A.

5.2 Materials and design of the ventilation system, intake devices for outside air intake and devices for air removal in mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation systems must comply with the requirements of SP 60.13330.2010.

5.3 Ventilation systems for living quarters of apartments are recommended to be designed with the possibility of individual regulation of the amount of air exchange. Adjustable supply and exhaust devices should be used, which also work to control the humidity of the air in the room. It is allowed to provide for the possibility of intensifying air exchange during periods of use of sanitary facilities and kitchens by installing household exhaust fans in these premises. Fans of centralized systems mechanical ventilation must have an adjustable drive and provide the ability to change the air exchange on demand, creating a design pressure drop at the most remote adjustable device. The minimum air exchange in the apartment must be at least 25% of the calculated one and not less than the sanitary standard for exhaust from sanitary facilities and kitchens.

5.4 The energy efficiency of ventilation systems is ensured by reducing the amount of air exchange depending on the intensity of operation of individual premises and the apartment as a whole, using the heat of the exhaust air to heat the supply air (in mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation systems).

5.5 To ventilate apartments during the warm season, opening windows (casement windows), vents or transoms should be provided.

5.6 Supply air must be supplied to the living quarters of the apartment; air should be removed from the utility rooms.

5.7 Inlet devices should be placed in the living quarters of apartments and kitchen-dining rooms in the upper part of the window or outer wall or above a heater installed under a window. When placing the supply unit above the heater, it must be ensured that it does not freeze.

In systems with natural air supply, adjustable supply valves should be used as supply devices; in systems with a mechanical air supply - adjustable air distributors.

The dimensions, number and placement of supply devices must provide the required air parameters in the serviced area of the premises at the estimated outdoor air flow rates.

In systems with natural air inflow, the temperature and speed of the supply air at the entry of supply jets into the serviced area of the premises should not exceed the permissible values according to SP 60.13330.2010 at the calculated values of the outdoor air temperature for heating design.

In apartments of residential buildings located in places with an increased level of noise and dustiness of the outside air, valves with silencers and air filters accessible for cleaning should be used.

5.8 Exhaust devices should be placed in the upper area of utility rooms. Adjustable grates and valves should be used as exhaust devices.

5.9 In ventilation systems with heat recovery of the removed air within one apartment, regenerative or recuperative heat exchangers can be used; for centralized systems with heat recovery - only recuperative ones, including those with an intermediate coolant.

In ventilation systems with mechanical air removal in the absence of a supply unit, measures should be taken to utilize the heat of the removed air, using its potential for other engineering systems buildings (DHW, heating, underfloor heating, etc.).

5.10 Local exhaust ventilation systems (over-stove hood or similar devices with the removal of air into the atmosphere) must have a separate collection channel for their connection.

In kitchens equipped with an over-the-stove umbrella or similar device, as well as in the case of using an increased exhaust mode during cooking, a counterbalance damper should be installed in the outer wall to provide additional air flow to the kitchen room.

5.11 Mechanical ventilation systems must be maintained by the building maintenance service or a specialized organization.

5.12 When designing ventilation chambers, it is recommended:

- use low-speed motors and do not overestimate the circumferential speed of the fan rotors;

- connect the suction and discharge openings of the fans with air ducts using flexible connectors;

- install the motor and the fan on the same shaft;

- use radial fans with backward curved blades;

- install ventilation units on a vibration-isolating base with a "floating floor" device;

- arrange ventilation chambers with fans above or below utility rooms.

6 Sanitary and hygienic and fire safety requirements

6.1 The materials and design of ventilation ducts and chambers should minimize conditions that allow the growth and spread of microorganisms through the ventilation system.

6.2 Buildings should be located in areas where the concentration of harmful substances in the outdoor (atmospheric) air used for ventilation (conditioning) does not exceed the maximum permissible concentrations in the air of populated areas.

The values of maximum permissible concentrations should be taken in accordance with GN 2.1.6.1338-2003 and GN 2.1.6.2309-2007.

The values of the maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants most often present in the atmospheric air are presented in Appendix A.

If the level of outdoor air pollution exceeds the indicators given in Appendix A, it is necessary to clean it.

In cases where existing purification technologies do not provide the required air purity, a short-term (for example, during rush hours on roads) decrease in the amount of outside air is allowed, but not more than 75% of the calculated one.

6.3 The calculated air exchange in apartments is determined according to Appendix B, it can also be determined in accordance with the standards of STO NP "ABOK" 2.1-2008 (table 2) regardless of the adopted ventilation scheme.

6.4 The noise level in the apartments must comply with the requirements of SP 51.13330.2011, SN 2.2.4 / 2.1.8.562-96.

6.5 Ventilation systems should be provided separately for each fire compartment.

6.6 Air ducts made of non-combustible materials should be designed for laying within rooms for ventilation equipment, as well as on technical floors, attics and basements. The fire resistance limit of air ducts, including transit ones, must be selected in accordance with SP 7.13130.2009.

6.7 Places of passage of air ducts through walls, partitions and ceilings of buildings (including in casings and shafts) should be sealed with non-combustible materials, ensuring the rated fire resistance limit of the crossed fence.

7 Materials and equipment

7.1 Ducts and ducts

7.1.1 Channels of natural ventilation systems are made of thin-sheet galvanized steel or floor unified concrete, aerated concrete and the like blocks. At the junction of the floor blocks, tightness must be ensured.

7.1.2 Channels and air ducts of mechanical exhaust ventilation systems with natural air supply and mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation systems are made, as a rule, from thin-sheet galvanized steel.

7.2 Supply and extract air

7.2.1 Inlet valves should be used as supply devices in natural ventilation systems and mechanical exhaust ventilation systems with natural air supply.

7.2.2 Inlet dampers must provide for changing the inlet air flow in manual or automatic modes. The change in air flow can be smooth or stepped. In the fully closed position, the inlet valves must provide a minimum required air flow equal to 25% of the calculated one.

7.2.3 Sensors for pressure drop, indoor air humidity, illumination, presence of people, etc. can be used as sensors for controlling inlet valves with automatic air flow control.

7.2.4 Supply valves should be installed in each residential area; in each apartment - at least 2 supply valves.

7.2.5 Inlet valves of the same type should be used in the building. The size or number of valves in different apartments on different floors may be different. The number of valves is determined by calculation.

7.2.6 It is recommended to use adjustable grilles as exhaust devices in natural ventilation systems; in mechanical exhaust ventilation systems with natural air supply, adjustable grilles or exhaust valves should be used.

7.2.7 Adjustable grilles must provide for changing the flow rate of exhaust air in manual mode, exhaust valves - in manual or automatic modes. The change in air flow can be smooth or stepped.

As sensors for controlling exhaust valves with automatic air flow control, sensors of differential pressure, humidity of indoor air, illumination, presence of people, etc. can be used.

7.2.8 Exhaust devices of the same type and standard size should be used in the building.

7.2.9 In the outer walls of basements, technical undergrounds and cold attics that do not have exhaust ventilation, ventilation should be provided with a total area of at least 1/400 of the floor area of the technical underground or basement and cold attic, evenly spaced along the perimeter of the outer walls. The area of one vent must be at least 0.05 m.

7.3 Fans

7.3.1 It is recommended that individual exhaust fans be equipped with a check valve to prevent air from flowing between apartments through the collection duct. Turning on fans installed in sanitary facilities can be combined with turning on lighting or carried out by a presence sensor. In this case, the fans will be turned off automatically, with a specified delay after the lighting is turned off or the tenant leaves the room.

7.3.2 Central exhaust fans in systems with natural air intake should provide variable flow air in the system. Fans should be selected for the calculated flow rate of the removed air; the depth of regulation should be 100-30%. The calculated air flow in the exhaust ventilation system is maintained by a signal from a static pressure sensor installed in the lower part of the collection duct in front of the fan.

7.3.3 Fans should be redundant, which should be done either by installing an additional fan (in centralized systems) or by having a standby motor in the fan compartment.

8 Calculation of ventilation systems

8.1 Calculation of the natural ventilation system

8.1.1 The estimated air flow in the apartment, m / h, is taken according to Appendix B.

8.1.2 The design temperature of the outside air, °С, and the design wind speed, m/s, are taken in accordance with SP 60.13330.2010: 5 °C; 0 m/s.

8.1.3 Estimated available pressure Pa, for apartments of each floor is determined by the formula

Where is the free fall acceleration, m/s;

and - respectively, the density of outdoor and indoor air at design temperatures, kg/m;

- vertical distance from the center of the air intake device to the top of the exhaust shaft, m.

8.1.4 The resistance of the air path (pressure loss) of the ventilation system, Pa, is determined by the formula

Where - pressure loss in supply devices, Pa;

- pressure loss in exhaust devices, Pa;

- pressure loss in satellites, Pa;

- pressure loss in the collection channel, including pressure loss in the tee, Pa;

- pressure loss in a warm attic, Pa;

- pressure loss in the exhaust shaft, Pa.

It is recommended to take the following air velocity values in the network elements:

- air velocity in satellites 1.0 ... 1.5 m/s;

- air speed in the collection channel 2.0 ... 3.0 m/s;

- air speed in the exhaust shaft 1 m/s; 1 Pa.

The resistance of the air path (pressure loss) of the ventilation system, Pa, should not exceed the value of the available (calculated) pressure with a margin of 10%.

8.1.5 If the cross sections of the satellites and the prefabricated exhaust duct are specified, then the calculated pressure losses in the remaining elements of the system are determined from formula (2).

8.1.6 The type and size of the inlet valve is selected according to its characteristics (manufacturer's data) depending on the value.

If the amount of available pressure is insufficient to install supply valves, for example, on upper floors, air vents should be used or individual exhaust fans with check valves should be installed.

The number of floors on which individual exhaust fans should be installed is determined by calculation.

If the installation of a valve is mandatory for sanitary and hygienic requirements, the cross-section of the exhaust duct should be increased or mechanical exhaust ventilation should be used.

8.1.7 Estimated heat consumption for ventilation, W, is determined by the formula

Where is the heat capacity of air; 1.005 kJ/(kg °C);

- the same as in formula (1);

- estimated air flow in the apartment, m/h; accept according to Appendix B;

and - respectively, the temperature of the external and internal air in the apartment under the conditions calculated for the design of ventilation, ° С.

When calculating the heat consumption for ventilation, the air flow rate removed by the over-slab umbrella is not taken into account.

8.2 Calculation of mechanical exhaust ventilation system with natural air supply

8.2.1 The calculation is carried out at an estimated wind speed of 0 m/s.

8.2.2 Air velocity in ducts and exhaust devices should be taken according to acoustic requirements. Before and after the fan, if necessary, the installation of silencers should be provided.

The standard size of supply channels, supply valves and adjustable grilles and valves is selected according to acoustic requirements.

8.2.3 The exhaust fan, central or individual, is selected in accordance with the manufacturer's data. In systems with centralized exhaust ventilation, a backup fan should be installed.

8.2.4 Estimated heat consumption for ventilation is determined by formula (3).

8.3 Calculation of the mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation system

8.3.1 The calculation is carried out similarly to that presented in 8.2.

8.3.2 In ventilation systems with exhaust air heat recovery, the heat exchanger must be equipped with a supply air heating system when its temperature is below 15 °C.

Annex A (informative). Maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants in the air of settlements

Annex A
(reference)

Table A.1


Substance	Maximum allowable concentration in outdoor air, mg/m
	maximum single	average daily
nitrogen dioxide
Dust non-toxic
Lead
Sulfur dioxide (sulfur dioxide)
Hydrocarbons (benzene)
Carbon monoxide

Carbon dioxide*:
Populated area (village)
Small towns
Big cities
* MPC for carbon dioxide is not standardized, this value is for reference only.

Appendix B (informative). The rate of air exchange in the premises of residential buildings

Annex B
(reference)

B.1 The air exchange rate in the premises of residential buildings and single-family houses of a dwelling of category I should be taken in accordance with Table B.1.

Table B.1


Premises	Air exchange rate or air flow
	inlet	deleted
Common room (living room), bedroom, dorm living room	Not less than 0.35 fold with an area of more than 20 m per person; Not less than 1.0 times with an area of less than 20 m per person; Not less than 30 m/(h person)
Kitchen of the apartment and hostel with stoves: An error has occurred The payment was not completed due to a technical error, funds from your account were not written off. Try to wait a few minutes and repeat the payment again.

During the construction of a multi-storey building, many important engineering points must be taken into account. One of those things is air conditioning. The ventilation of an apartment building is a complex air circulation scheme. Therefore, the correct operation of this system depends on the design of this system. Air conditioning combined with heating creates a microclimate in your home that affects your health and good mood. The main sources of indoor air pollution are: stove, washing machine and a bathroom. As a result, the air is formed a large number of harmful vapors and gases that have a detrimental effect on the human body.

To know if your ventilation system is working properly, you need to pay attention to the following signs:

fogging of glasses in windows;
condensation on windows and walls;
dampness in the corners of the room;
the appearance of the fungus.

Important! high humidity and fungus can lead to respiratory disease.

There is the easiest and most effective way to check your hood. It is enough just to go up to it and attach a small piece of paper. When working correctly, the paper will begin to be drawn into the air valve.

Features of ventilation in a multi-storey building

These features are as follows:

the air must move in such a way as to vent unpleasant odors from rooms, kitchens and bathrooms;
for each building specifically calculated its own exhaust system;
some buildings are equipped with exhaust fans, so additional sound insulation should be provided in such houses;
air conditioning in high-rise buildings should be controlled to reduce air heating costs.

Types of ventilation system design

Natural ventilation is of the following types:

individual - each apartment has its own exhaust duct facing the roof. But now this method of ventilation is not popular;
exhaust ducts of all apartments are connected by one horizontal duct facing the roof;
ventilation communications of the whole house lead to one room, from which air is vented to the outside with the help of special equipment.

In order to better understand how ventilation is arranged in an apartment building, consider what are the ways of air movement:

natural;
combined;
mechanical.

The natural method involves the penetration of fresh air into the apartment through the windows, and the exit through the ventilation ducts due to the difference in pressure and temperature.

The combined method involves the creation of an artificial air flow and its natural outlet, or vice versa.

The mechanical method or forced ventilation provides air conditioning of the room with the help of supply and exhaust equipment. This type of ventilation is used in almost all modern buildings and structures.

House ventilation

The simplest method of ventilation in an apartment building is a supply and exhaust ventilation system. According to this system, air enters the room through the windows, and exits through the ventilation ducts located mainly in the bathroom and kitchen, which, in turn, are connected by one common air duct. In this way, ventilation has been established in almost all old multi-storey buildings. This is not surprising, the system is simple and inexpensive, but not entirely effective.

But in modern multi-storey buildings it has become fashionable to use a new ventilation system, moreover, it is more efficient. The principle of operation of ventilation in an apartment building is carried out mechanically. On the roof of such a house, supply and exhaust fans are provided. These devices work like a clock, there is no need to take into account atmospheric pressure and building design features. This method of ventilating the room has become the most effective and popular, but forced ventilation has two drawbacks: the high cost of construction and dependence on electricity. However, when you want to breathe fresh and clean air at home, no one thinks about these shortcomings.

Interesting! The mechanical ventilation system of the premises creates an optimal microclimate for your home.

Existing ventilation schemes

To understand how ventilation works in an apartment building, a diagram is simply necessary. In such a house, one common prefabricated exhaust duct is constructed, to which the exhaust ducts of each of the floors are attached. The air exchange organization scheme provides for two types of ventilation - mixing or squeezing air.

Agitation air conditioning is suitable for homes that do not allow air to pass through. These are brick and concrete buildings. Ventilation in these houses is carried out with the help of small vents. Air currents mix fresh and dirty air and exit through these openings. Only a properly designed ventilation system will allow it to be operated efficiently.

Advice! For effective ventilation, supply and exhaust devices must be equipped in each room and connected to the central unit.

Ventilation system project

The project of ventilation of an apartment building must be done before the start of construction of the building for more efficient operation of this system. True, if the building has already been built, you can try to establish efficient work air conditioning systems. The exhaust system is a complex engineering structure, the installation of which requires special skills and special equipment. This project helps to regulate the air sphere of each room. Therefore, the design of ventilation requires taking into account the characteristics of each floor of the building. The most important thing in this project is the choice of reliable equipment that can work without failures and overloads for a long time.

During design, the following points must be considered:

technical and architectural aspects. Equipment must be selected taking into account all fire safety requirements;
the exhaust system should not spoil the facade and interior of the building;
air circulation in the room must meet all sanitary standards;
The price of the selected equipment should not be reflected in its quality. On the economic side, no one wants to throw a lot of money on this project, so everyone is trying to choose more cheap option, but in this case, the main thing is not to overdo it.

Main design stages:

it all starts with calculating the volume of air exchange in your premises;
according to them and all the nuances of your project, a scheme is developed that includes aerodynamic and acoustic calculations: air sections in the exhaust ducts and the noise level of all special equipment;

In accordance with existing standards, any residential premises must be equipped without fail, which is designed to eliminate polluted air from non-residential rooms (toilet, bathroom, kitchen). In the event of a malfunction, the glass on the windows begins to fog up, condensate flows down the walls, the corners become damp, and mold forms in the rooms; if the ventilation system is working properly, such troubles are invisible. If the house is Small child, then the consequences of poor-quality air exchange can cause the baby to develop bronchial asthma or other respiratory diseases.

Diagram of a forced ventilation device in a multi-storey building

To check the performance of the ventilation system, you need to take a small piece of soft paper (about 10x10 cm), open a window in the room, and then bring a piece of paper to the ventilation grill. In the event that the leaf sways, the ventilation works well. In turn, if the sheet is not attracted, this is an indicator of poor-quality operation of the ventilation system.

Ventilation problems in apartment buildings, especially on the upper floors, are quite common. The reason for the problems lies in the fact that in order to ensure normal circulation in the apartment, the air must pass through the ventilation duct at least 2 meters vertically. On the top floor, this condition is problematic, since the attic space acts as an obstacle. You can bring ventilation to the street using three different methods.

The first - ventilation ducts, in the form of a pipe head, directly go to the roof. Houses were built in this way until the beginning of the 20th century, but the increased number of storeys of buildings gradually pushed this method aside.
In the second method, ventilation, upon reaching the attic, was covered with horizontal sealed boxes connected to a shaft that went out over the roof.
With the third method, the most modern, ventilation first enters the attic, which plays the role of an intermediate ventilation chamber. After that, the air enters the outside, passing through one common ventilation shaft.

We will not consider the first option, since it is not currently used - we will focus on the second and third methods.

In the second option, the following happens: air from all floors rises up through the channels, to the level of the attic, falling into a horizontal connected box, equipped in the attic room. During this, the air flow hits the cover of the horizontal ventilation duct. The air flow is slightly deviated towards the ventilation shaft, but if the internal section of the horizontal attic box is insufficient, an area of increased pressure appears in the box, due to which the air seeks an outlet through any nearby opening, for example, a ventilation shaft and an upper floor channel.

In the event that the section of the box is sufficient, but the cover is mounted very low, then the same process occurs - reverse thrust - the air flow does not have time to deviate towards the ventilation shaft, which entails a blow. The ventilation of the upper floor is “pressed through” by the reflected air flow, which is why odors from the lower floors fall into this particular room. To get rid of this, you can resort to two methods - global and local.

The global method involves an increase in the cross section of the attic horizontal junction box by changing its height by about 2-3 times, followed by the installation of some devices inside the box, called "cuts". Keep in mind that all these works must be carried out by experienced professionals. In addition, remember that it is not recommended to increase the section of the box in cases where exactly the same boxes are attached to the ventilation shaft from the back.

Natural supply and exhaust ventilation of a residential building

High-quality work of supply and exhaust ventilation is able to fully provide a microclimate suitable for a person in the room. If unpleasant odors regularly appear in the room, and the windows fog up, this is a good reason to check the work. ventilation work. If the test showed poor system performance, then it is likely that the ventilation shaft is clogged.

Scheme of the device of natural supply and exhaust ventilation in an apartment building

How to make the ventilation work in the apartment with your own hands

How to clean the ventilation in the apartment

If you decide to clean the ventilation, then keep in mind that residents of apartment buildings do not have the right to independently install utilities used by other people. Cleaning or repair of the ventilation shaft must be carried out only by specialists from the relevant organizations. If the ventilation and air conditioning of your home is not working, the only thing you can do is to remove the grate from the vent and remove the debris in it with a vacuum cleaner (or by hand).

In some cases, it happens that the exhaust system is in good condition, but unpleasant odors and misted windows still make themselves felt. This can often be observed in apartments where plastic windows. In this case, there are two ways to solve the problem: regular ventilation of the rooms or installation of additional supply valves.

Drawing and installation diagram of the ventilation valve on the window

Supply valves are usually installed in holes behind radiators, which allows fresh air to warm up a little when it enters the room. The diameter of the holes is usually in the range of 6-10 cm. According to the types of construction, valves are divided into several types. Some, for example, have a plug that can be opened manually if necessary. More modern models are equipped with special sensors that can respond to changes in the level of humidity in the room, at the right time opening a valve that lets in fresh outdoor air. Many valves have a set of filter elements.

In most cases, natural ventilation in old houses is not able to provide the necessary amount of fresh air, so many people install air conditioners. This device cannot completely replace the ventilation system, but it can purify and humidify the air in the apartment.

Forced ventilation in a panel house

Forced ventilation comes to the rescue in cases where the natural is not able to cope with the tasks assigned to it. It is impossible to completely install it on your own, since in each case its project has its own characteristics. In the event that you need to install ventilation in one-room apartment, you can purchase a simple monoblock device.

For the most high-quality ventilation of each room, it will be necessary to install air ducts, the installation of which can be carried out by any person. Typically, air ducts are installed under a false ceiling or built into walls.

Comfortable living of a person in an apartment is possible in the presence of all communications necessary for his life - water supply, sewerage, lighting, ventilation. modern building multi-storey buildings is aimed at minimizing their heat loss, so the facades are lined with high-quality heat-insulating materials, windows and doors are made as airtight as possible. This necessitates the organization of ventilation of the premises. What ventilation system to choose and how to properly equip it - you will learn from this article.

General rules for ventilation of apartments

According to SNiP, air exchange must be organized in each residential building. Therefore, the apartments are provided with a ventilation system designed to remove air from service premises, such as a bath, toilet, kitchen.

Scheme of organizing ventilation in an apartment building

Each member of the family uses these rooms several times daily, as a result of which the air in them is polluted, moisture accumulates in it. With proper ventilation, these consequences of human activity are invisible. But if the air exchange in the apartment is disturbed, this manifests itself:

, the formation of condensate;
the appearance of dampness in the corners, mold;
air stagnation, spread unpleasant odors by premises.

All this negatively affects not only the state of furniture, decoration, but also human health. Excess moisture and heat is a favorable environment for the reproduction of pathogens.

We check the performance of ventilation in the apartment

How efficiently is your home ventilated? This can be found out on your own. It is necessary to open the window in one of the rooms and attach a thin sheet of paper to the vent. If it starts to be sucked in, the ventilation works, if not, there are problems with air exchange in the housing.

Note: the thrust is checked in the same way if a lit match is presented to the hole.

Ventilation can be measured with an anemometer. This device shows the speed of movement of air through the channels. The resulting value, together with the cross-sectional indicator of the ventilation hole, is entered into a special calculation table, and as a result, they find out how much air passes through the grate in 1 hour (m 3 / h).

Ventilation work in the house, check

How ventilation works in a typical apartment

All multi-storey buildings are equipped with natural supply and exhaust ventilation. On its basis, air exchange rates for city apartments are calculated. According to this system, air should enter the housing through door, window openings / leaks, open vents, and be removed through the ventilation ducts.

This principle of air exchange worked before the appearance on the market of PVC windows equipped with sealed double-glazed windows, and metal doors equipped rubber seals. On the one hand, they strengthen, but on the other hand, they block the flow of fresh air into the rooms. Opening windows (especially in winter) is impractical, since heat leaves the apartment, and cold air and dust enter from outside.

The problem of ventilation is especially acute on the upper floors. In order for the air to be effectively removed from the room, it must pass through a vertical channel of at least 2 m. This is possible on any floor except the last one (because there is an attic above it).

Bottom line: supply and exhaust apartments, based on natural air supply, are ineffective today. It needs to be improved by using additional devices.

Supply and exhaust ventilation of apartments

How to organize the ventilation of the apartment

Determination of air exchange rates

The choice of ventilation system is based on the calculation of air exchange rates for different rooms. To determine the optimal volume of inflow, it is necessary to compare the norms of ventilation of the apartment with its area and the number of inhabitants. For 1 m 2 of housing, 3 m 3 of air should flow in 1 hour. One adult needs 30 m 3 of air for every 60 minutes. The air exchange rate is:

for kitchen with gas stove- 90 m 3 / h, with electric - not less than 60 m 3 / h;
for - 25 m 3 / hour,
for a toilet, or a combined bathroom - 50 m 3 / hour.

Air exchange

Ways to organize ventilation in the apartment

There are two methods for installing ventilation in an apartment building:

natural (natural) way - based on the use of traction resulting from the temperature difference inside and outside the structure;
forcibly - when traction is organized artificially, mechanically. It can be supply, exhaust, or combined.

To achieve the indicators of the optimal microclimate in the apartment, it is necessary to analyze the parameters of each system.

How Masses Circulate Naturally

This is the simplest, low-cost method of organizing ventilation, which is used in most multi-storey buildings. Air enters the premises through vents, gaps in windows and doors, and is removed through ventilation ducts arranged in the walls of the building.

But since modern technologies construction exclude the formation of gaps for air supply, they must be equipped additionally. To do this, special valves are installed in the walls or windows to let air in from the outside. These devices do not spoil appearance design, and, thanks to sound-reflecting visors, do not let in noise from the street.

Install supply valves in the walls, at the level of radiators. Pre-make a hole of the required diameter (50-100 mm). A valve is inserted into it, the gaps between it and the wall are sealed. All work takes about 15 minutes.

Note: by placing the supply valves near the radiators, you will provide partial heating of the air coming from the street.

Air circulation naturally

The main advantages of this type of ventilation are low cost, ease of installation and maintenance. But the effectiveness of the functioning of the valves depends on how well the ventilation ducts in the house work. The system provides high-quality air exchange in winter, when the temperature difference inside and outside the building is large, and the draft is stronger. In summer and when the temperature difference is less than 15˚С, its work is almost imperceptible. A significant drawback of natural ventilation is the lack of control over the volume of incoming and outgoing air, the microclimate in the apartment.

Arrangement of forced-type exhaust ventilation

When the removal of exhaust air from the premises in a natural way is not possible, it is pumped out mechanically. For these purposes, fans are used, which are built into the ventilation shafts of bathrooms and kitchens. They create a rarefaction of air in the premises, due to which it is drawn in from the outside (through open windows or supply valves).

The disadvantage of such a system is the uncontrolled volume of inflow coming naturally. It may not be enough for the needs of people living in the apartment. To prevent part of the heat from being spent on heating fresh air, supply valves are installed near radiators. Also, supply devices can be equipped with special electric heaters.

forced ventilation

Influx organized forcibly

If the amount of air coming from the street is not enough for the needs of the residents, it can be forced in. For this, special supply units are used. They consist of:

fan;
filter;
shut-off valve;
air heater;
silencer.

To install equipment in the main wall of the building, a hole is made corresponding to the diameter of the supply unit. After installing the system, it is connected to a power source. It begins to supply fresh air into the room, and the exhaust is removed by natural draft through the ventilation ducts. In order for air to be supplied to all rooms, to the lower part interior doors install gratings, or cut them by 1.5-2 cm.

Forced supply ventilation in the apartment useful in that clean air enters the apartment in any weather all year round. The unit operates silently, and due to the heating of the inflow, condensation and mold do not form in the room. The disadvantage of the system is an uncontrolled air outlet. If the exhaust ducts cannot cope with the load, or there is no draft, the exhaust air begins to stagnate in the apartment.

Supply ventilation in the apartment

Full forced air exchange

To ensure the comfort of people living in the apartment, to create a microclimate favorable for their health, it is necessary to constantly supply fresh air from the outside and regularly remove processed masses. Forced-air ventilation is designed to ensure this. With the help of special installations, air is not only supplied / removed, but also undergoes multi-stage purification.

by the most effective way ventilation of the apartment is a forced-air supply and exhaust system with heat recovery. The air supplied from the street is heated by the masses removed, which saves 70-80% of the heat that could be used to heat it. AT summer time the fresh stream is cooled, which reduces the load on the air conditioner.

Forced supply and exhaust system

Forced supply and exhaust ventilation consists of:

air ducts - a network of pipes and connecting elements through which the masses enter and exit the premises;
fans providing forced air supply and output;
air intake grilles through which outdoor air enters the building;
an air valve that prevents the entry of masses from the outside when the system is turned off;
filters that ensure the quality of the supplied air;
heater - a device that heats the flows entering the premises;
recuperator - a special cylinder with many channels, where the supply air is heated by the heat of the exhaust;
silencer;
air intakes and distributors (vent grids);
control systems - mechanical (represented by a switch), or automatic (consisting of hygro- and thermostats, pressure gauges that respond to changes in weather conditions in a certain area).
safety system to prevent equipment overheating.

The power of the units is selected to ensure optimal air exchange in all rooms of the apartment. The equipment is mounted in false ceilings, or in a separate utility room (storage room, insulated balcony).

Stages of arranging the ventilation of an apartment

To organize ventilation, you must:

analyze the feasibility and possibility of its use in the apartment. This will require expert judgment. The specialist will be able to evaluate the operation of the existing ventilation system, give recommendations for improving its operation, or installing forced installations, analyze the possibility of laying additional ventilation ducts;
make calculations to determine the optimal air exchange in different rooms;
determine the type of ventilation system that meets the conditions of a particular apartment;
draw up a ventilation scheme, including network wiring, indicating the length and cross-section of air ducts, locations and dimensions of installations;
buy necessary equipment, materials;
install and configure the system.

Tip: the type of ventilation system, its calculation, selection and installation of equipment should be carried out by experienced specialists - this is a guarantee of arranging effective air exchange in the apartment, health, well-being of all inhabitants.

Air exchange in the apartment

Arrangement of exhaust ventilation in the kitchen

The kitchen room is designed for cooking, so it often has high humidity, various odors accumulate. To neutralize them, an exhaust hood is provided above the stove. But does it manage to ventilate the room?

Using a range hood

There are two ways to arrange the removal of used air from the kitchen room using an extractor hood:

by changing the air. Fresh flow enters the room through leaks, or supply valves, and the exhaust is removed by the hood into the ventilation duct;
by cleaning the air in the exhaust device and returning it back to the room. For this, recirculation type hoods are used.

These methods have one drawback - the hood removes only the exhaust air above the stove and nearby it, it cannot cover the entire kitchen space. Therefore, in addition to the exhaust hood, it is necessary to additionally organize the removal of exhaust air in the cooking room.

Other ways to organize kitchen ventilation

Ventilation ducts in apartments have a cross section of 130x130 mm, so their throughput is on average 130-180 m 3 / hour (maximum 300 m 3 / hour). If the exhaust power is higher, this will disrupt the functioning of the air exchange system in all apartments connected to this shaft (stagnation of air will appear, odors will spread).

You can arrange the ventilation of the kitchen in a natural way. To do this, the room must have two exhaust ducts - to remove the exhaust air above the stove and for the rest of the room.

Tip: if the system does not work naturally, it is forced to organize it by installing a fan in the ventilation duct.

Apartment ventilation is an important factor in ensuring a healthy and comfortable life for all its inhabitants, maintaining the integrity, presentable appearance of furniture and premises. Well-coordinated, well-thought-out work of air exchange, air conditioning and heating systems will create a favorable microclimate in housing with minimal energy consumption.