Where does the construction of a mansard roof begin. Do-it-yourself mansard roof. Mansard roof frame device
A modern mansard roof is a great opportunity without extra hassle greatly expand the living area of your home. But, if you involve builders in the work, then this can cost a pretty penny. It is quite understandable that each of us thought about the question of whether it is possible to do everything on our own without experience. We assure you that a do-it-yourself mansard roof is more than real. We provide you with comprehensive instructions.
Currently the best way- broken attic. It is quite spacious and can really become a full-fledged living space with a large area. Naturally, for this you need to make accurate calculations.
Building a mansard roof will require you to consider many factors before. Let's list the main ones.
Video about the mansard roof of the house with your own hands
It is quite clear that the smaller the angle of inclination, the more usable space will be in your attic. But it is far from always necessary to strive for the most gently sloping placement. Here are some features of the choice:
- If your house is located in a temperate area, where it is often windy and snow is rare, then you can safely make a roof with a slight slope;
- If snowfalls and downpours are common in your area, a sloping roof should be discarded;
- Do not forget that you need to take care of high-quality heat, sound and waterproofing. The attic is such a living space, like the rest of the rooms in your house;
- The best roofing materials are tiles or slate. Many mistakenly put a metal coating, but with the advent of cold weather they face problems of heat conservation in the attic. Please note that the materials must be fireproof and moisture resistant. The roof is always wooden elements. In order to better preserve, it is recommended to treat all such surfaces with an antifungal solution;
- An outdoor staircase for the attic will significantly save space in the house. An internal staircase is a much more convenient option, but it also takes up a lot of space. Great if you take care of installing a ceiling ladder. She practically does not take up space. As an alternative, you can install a spiral staircase, but its convenience is often questionable.
An outdoor staircase for the attic will significantly save space in the house
- To begin with, you will need wooden beams 10x10 cm in cross section. They are applied over waterproofing. The best material for her is roofing material or roofing felt, which is sold in rolls. Working with them is quite convenient and you do not need any additional skills. If your ceiling is also made of wood, then there is no need to lay an additional beam under the main beams.
- The next step is to install the racks on the beams. The same bar with a section of 10x10 cm will suit you. These racks are a kind of skeleton of the walls of your attic. In order for them to fully fulfill their functions, they must be placed no further than two meters from each other. Make sure each one is perfectly level. We recommend checking each with a level and, if necessary, filing in the right places. When the racks are installed, they must be sheathed on both sides. For the inside great option- drywall or ordinary plywood, for the outside - slab. It is important not to forget this stage lay the insulation between the racks. Each rack is separately fixed with spikes and staples. So that at the same time they do not lean, we recommend that they be properly fixed with temporary braces.
- Next, lay the top beam. Its cross section should be the same as in the previous paragraphs. You can fix it the way you want. But make sure that the beams are held firmly and firmly.
Each rack is individually secured with spikes and staples
- Now you need to install the Mauerlat. This is a kind of support for the rafter leg, which is located at the bottom of the structure. For Mauerlat, you will need a beam with a section of 40x40 cm or a board with the same thickness. Thanks to the Mauerlat, high strength of the roof rafters to the walls will be ensured. It allows you to redirect the weight of the roof directly onto the walls. More than 40 cm cross section is optional. All the same, the Mauerlat lies directly on the wall and the load on it is relatively small. Just remember to put waterproofing under it, otherwise it will start to rot over time.
- A well-mounted mauerlat protects your roof from the effects of wind, snow mass in winter and other loads. Therefore, make sure that it is fixed carefully. To do this, you can use a wire with a diameter of up to 5 mm. It is best to choose annealed wire, which is just designed for strapping. In order to make the walls more durable, the wire is embedded directly into them.
- Now you need to install the rafter legs. Make markings on the rafter frame and Mauerlat in places where the rafters will be installed. Usually the step is 1-1.2 m. For rafters, a board with a section of 4-5 cm and a width of 15 cm is suitable for you. Choose only perfectly flat boards. It is better to overpay a little money for them, but be sure that a do-it-yourself residential attic will not cause you to collapse the roof of the attic.
For rafters, a board with a section of 4-5 cm and a width of 15 cm is suitable for you
- Rafter legs should rest on the ridge beam. If your attic has a large area, then the weight of its roof will be large. Therefore, the beam is an indispensable structural element. It is not needed only if the length of the rafter is less than eight meters. AT this case you can do with the usual stretch marks.
- Filly installation. Produce it in the same way as the rafters. To simplify the process, start with the two extremes, pull the twine between them and align with it when installing the next ones.
- Now it is necessary to nail the hem board to the fillies. It will become an obstacle to wind and almost any precipitation.
- Before you make a mansard roof, you must consider where the windows will be installed. Remember that their area should occupy at least 12-13% of the area of the side walls. Where you decide to put windows, you need to strengthen the rafters. To do this, install the cross bars. They will take on the role of the lower and upper parts of the opening, where the window frame will be installed and attached.
Before you make a mansard roof, you must consider where the windows will be installed.
When the previous ten points are completed, you need to carefully double-check everything that has been done. Already at this stage, you will understand how to make a roof with an attic without any problems, but you always need to play it safe. Especially if you are doing it for the first time.
Carefully go through the level along all the rafters and beams, check whether they really hold tightly and securely, whether there is insulation everywhere, whether problem areas need to be finalized. It will be better if you ask one of the more experienced builders to assess with a trained eye whether everything is really done the way it should. Remember that the roof in your house must be safe and strong. But if everything is fine and the design is held securely, you can proceed to further work:
- You have already created the roof skeleton. Now you need to nail the battens to the rafters. The pitch depends on which roofing material you choose for your roof.
- When the crate is installed, a hydrobarrier must be installed on it. In most cases, plain plastic film works best for this. It is inexpensive, qualitatively protects the attic from moisture ingress and is easily attached with construction brackets. The main thing to remember is that the layers of the film must be laid from the bottom up with the layers overlapping each other.
- A heat-insulating layer must be placed on top of the film. One of the best materials, which serves for these purposes - mineral wool. It is lightweight, retains heat well and is completely safe for your health, unlike many other heat-insulating materials. In addition, it effectively prevents the spread of rodents in your home.
On top of the film it is necessary to put a heat-insulating layer
- When you get to the roof, proceed in the same way as in the case of plastic wrap. The roofing ball also lies from the bottom up, and the elements are superimposed on each other. Make sure that in those places where there is a break in the roof, the upper ball of the roof protrudes above the lower one. It is very important. Otherwise, with the slightest rain, your roof will leak, and the structure will gradually rot.
- The installation of the ridge should take place in such a way that its design completely excludes the possibility of rain falling under the roof of your roof.
Completion of installation
The main part of the work has come to an end. It is recommended to make mansard roofs multi-layered so that they provide the best heat, noise and waterproofing of the entire attic. Do not forget also that the attic must "breathe". modern windows and doors are an essential element of any such roof.
If you have not fully decided on the installation of stairs, then for a start it is better to install an external one. It will be cheaper and easier that way. In any case, if you feel that this option does not suit you, you can make a staircase indoors at any time, sacrificing space in the house.
Video about a gable roof
Now you know how to build a mansard roof according to all the rules and not resort to the help of an expensive team of builders. Be patient, select high-quality materials and tools, and then follow our instructions. Good luck!
The most probably The best way to increase the useful area of your own house is to replace the gable roof of the house with a mansard. In this way, one, two or even three additional rooms can be purchased without carving out additional space on the site and without getting involved in the very laborious processes of pouring a new foundation and erecting walls. And in order to find out how to make the attic correctly, you need to consider all the stages of its arrangement, starting with calculations and ending with the roofing of the roof and finishing the resulting additional premises.
In order for all work to be successful, first of all, you need to make sure that the existing walls (if the add-on will be built in the old house) are able to withstand the additional load. It will depend on this factor whether it is worth starting such a construction site, and if so, on which design of the mansard roof it would be better to stop.
It should be noted that the load bearing walls will increase significantly - due to the greater number of rafters, due to the mass interior decoration walls and floors, windows and doors, insulation systems, as well as all elements of the interior filling of attic rooms. All these factors indicate that you need to start with choosing the optimal attic design, with calculations, drafting and drawings of the future superstructure.
Types of attic superstructures
According to current building codes, an attic is considered to be a room under a roof that has a height from ceiling to ridge of at least 2500 mm. If this parameter is less than the specified limit, then the room is considered an ordinary attic.
- If the vertical racks that determine the height of the walls of the room are 1500 mm in size, then the attic space can be considered a full-fledged floor.
- A semi-mansard is an attic room in which there are no vertical racks, or if they have a height of 500 to 700 mm.
At the heart of any roof structure are always triangles with their “rigid” structure. There are several types of attic superstructures, but the most popular of them are high gable and broken structures. Their popularity can be explained by simpler calculations, relatively simple installation work and ease of use. In third place, after gable and broken structures, one can name a shed version of the roof, which is also sometimes used to equip the attic. Unfortunately, this type of superstructure can not be used in every house design, since it requires not only the reconstruction of the roof, but also raising the height of already built walls, which significantly increases the load on them and on the foundation.
If erected new house, and the second floor is planned in the form of an attic, then a shed version of the roof is well suited for this purpose. In addition, it will help save on roofing material.
More complex structures - domed, four-pitched, as well as with various protrusions-consoles arranged in the roof slopes (single-level and multi-level), are used extremely rarely and only in exclusive projects, as they have a complex design both in engineering calculations and in installation.
The figure below the numbers shows:
1 - Gable attic.
2 - Broken attic
3 - Single-level console attic
4 - Multi-level attic.
Gable attic
attic space under d with a wuska roof, which is arranged at an angle between the slopes of 80 ÷ 90 degrees on the ridge, it may well be converted into an attic. To create full-fledged living quarters under it, it will be necessary to carry out a number of necessary reconstructions, for example, very often it is not possible without strengthening the attic floor. All these alterations and plus to this - the necessary insulation will certainly “eat up” a significant part of the usable space under the roof, so you should not expect that the rooms in such an attic will be spacious and with high ceilings.
Of course, if the dimensions (length and width) of the house are large enough, and the roof has a significant angle of inclination (45 degrees or even higher), then after the alterations it will be possible to count on a relatively spacious attic room.
broken roof
A room under a sloping mansard roof will be much more spacious and with a fairly high ceiling. Such an attic can be easily divided into two separate rooms.
The interior of the attic, made according to the "broken" type The sloping roof has four planes of slopes. They are located at different angles - the upper slopes are called ridge, and the lower ones are lateral. They, for the most part, play the role of walls.
This type of mansard roof is somewhat more difficult to design and install, but the result will please you with spacious rooms and a respectable appearance Houses.
One-level console attic
This type of attic has an even more complex design than the previous one, as it implies a displacement of the attic space to one side or the other.
Using this version of the attic device, you can get spacious rooms, much larger in area than under a gable roof.
The design of a single-level mansard roof can repeat not only a gable, but also a shed version - this will depend on how much it is supposed to take the console out of the attic and raise its ceiling.
Layered add-on
A multi-level structure is the most difficult to design and install. In its development and construction, the help of qualified specialists will definitely be needed. The supports for the levels of the attic rooms are different truss systems and ceilings, which are combined with the main one. A multi-level system involves the location of rooms at different levels of the attic, which is why the consoles should be located that way.
Having chosen the most desirable type of attic, it is necessary to determine whether it is possible to arrange it on the old walls of the house, or whether they will have to be strengthened. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out accurate calculations and draw up a project.
Roof truss basics
Most roofs, and the attic in this matter is no exception, have one of two types of truss system, or a combination of them. Each of these varieties has its own characteristics, which depend on the location of the load-bearing walls of the building.
Hanging system
hanging rafter system is determined by the fact that it is supported only by two external capital walls located along the length of the building, in which there are no internal capital partitions.
Such a system is used provided that the distance between the main supports is no more than 13 ÷ 14 meters. In any case, this design gives a fairly large load on the walls and foundation of the building.
To reduce the loads in this system, various support structures are used. elements - crossbars, grandmas, struts, puffs, racks and other details.
For example, headstocks, as it were, suspend the entire system to the ridge beam with the help of a puff, and struts pull the overlapping beams to the rafter legs.
For the attic floor in this system, it is necessary to use thick bars, logs or boards that are installed on the edge. Their thickness can be determined from the table given in this publication, based on the distance between the support points.
In order for the floor to be reliable and durable when using a hanging system, you need to carry out accurate calculations, and if it is difficult to do it yourself, then it is better
Layered construction
The layered system is distinguished by the fact that it has supports not only on external main walls, but also on internal partitions, which have a foundation under them.
Therefore, starting the construction of a house in which an attic is planned, you need to think in advance about the location of the internal capital partitions.
For a house with an attic, a layered system is the best option, since the beams overlapping the house will be firmly and securely fixed to the walls and partitions.
When erecting a broken attic roof structure, you can use a combined version of the truss system, that is, use elements of both a hanging and a layered system.
Attic design
When drawing up a project for the construction of any type of attic, it is recommended to consider it in different projections in order to visually determine the location of all supporting elements. Calculating all the parameters of the attic, they must be immediately included in the project.
Based on the calculations made, the places and methods of installation of all structural elements of the truss system are determined. The calculation is also necessary to accurately determine the materials needed for the construction of the attic and their parameters.
Structural elements
Any of the wooden structures of the mansard roof consists of certain elements that are interconnected by connecting nodes that have different configurations. In order to better understand the design of these connections, it is recommended to draw each of them, and when conducting installation work- be sure to have this drawing on hand.
The design of a broken mansard roof includes the following components of the system:
- Mauerlat - element, made from wooden beam and laid on the main walls of the building in its length. It serves to evenly distribute the load from the structure of the truss system to the wall and foundation. Rafter legs are installed and fixed on the Mauerlat. This element is mounted both in a gable and in a broken structure of the attic roof.
- Floor beams, which are laid on the main walls of the building and are the basis for the future floor of the attic and the ceiling of the first floor, as well as for the installation of the entire truss system.
- The rafter leg consists of one straight element - bar or boards in a gable type of roof, or from two parts - in a broken structure. In a broken mansard roof, the upper part fixed to the ridge is called the ridge, and the lower part, which forms the walls of the attic, is called the side. Obviously, the side leg will be installed on a layered basis, while the upper ridge rafter - usually becomes hanging
- For the ridge, a beam or board of a certain thickness is used. Sometimes they do without it, connecting the upper ridge parts of the rafter legs together, which form the ridge.
- Racks are the supporting elements of the system. They support the rafter legs and take some of the load off the walls and foundation of the building. Racks in the future will become a crate for the walls, which will be installed in the process of finishing the attic.
- Bevels or other elements installed diagonally are additional supports that hold the rafters and retaining beams together, making the system more reliable.
- Between the rafter legs for rigidity, bars are installed, called inter-rafter runs - they also give the system rigidity.
Carrying out basic attic calculations
It is quite difficult to develop a mansard roof project on your own, since this process requires certain knowledge and skills in designing and carrying out specific architectural calculations. If you make mistakes at the same time, the design of the attic will be unreliable, and besides, with its weight it can damage the walls and foundation of the building.
Everything must be taken into account in the calculations - from the beginning of construction to the finishing of the premises. However, if a not too complicated design is conceived, then you can try to cope on your own.
Skate Height Calculation
The size usable area of the attic room depends on the height of the roof ridge, and the latter is determined by the selected slope of the slopes - the smaller this angle, the lower the ceiling and, accordingly, less effective area attic space.
H=L×tgα
H- the height of the skate;
L- ½ the width of the building (if we are talking about a gable symmetrical roof);
α - the angle of inclination of the slope of the truss system.
Scheme - for clarity As an example, you can substitute the above data into the formula:
Building size 8×10 m, slope angle 30°, tangent 30°= 0.58
H \u003d 8/2 × 0.58 \u003d 2.32 m
The height of the skate will be 2,32 m.
In great detail, with all possible nuances and necessary reference tables, the process and all other parameters associated with it are described from a separate publication dedicated to this particular issue.
The area of the interior space of the attic
The technique used to determine the area of the attic space will make it possible to calculate the amount required material for the construction of a truss system, for insulation and decoration. Especially accurate calculations are important if the attic will be used to equip additional living rooms, as they require special design.
Usually the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe room under the roof is calculated, that is, both useful and the so-called "deaf". The living space is limited to the installed racks, which will be the basis for the installation and finishing material of the walls. The zone behind them is considered deaf, that is, most often not used.
The total area is calculated quite simply: the width of the overhangs on both sides is added to the width of the building. The resulting amount is multiplied by the length of the building.
It is also easy to find the area of \u200b\u200bliving space: for this you need to measure the width of the attic space between the racks installed under one and the other slope of the roof, and multiply the resulting parameter by the length of the attic from gable to gable.
Roofing area
To determine in advance the amount of roofing material, it is necessary to calculate the total area of \u200b\u200bthe roof slopes.
If a decision is made to install a broken or even more complex structure, it is necessary to calculate the area of \u200b\u200ball sections of the roof. To do this, you need to break it into separate geometric shapes, and then calculate the area of \u200b\u200beach of them and add the results.
For those who do not firmly remember the formulas for calculating the areas of flat figures, a "cheat sheet" scheme is given.
Shed roof area
If the attic roof is pitched, then its area can be calculated using the formula: Sabcd = Lcd × Lbd.
The area of one slope - there is nothing easier Pay attention to the drawing. When calculating, not only the length and width of the roof structure of the slope are taken into account - we must not forget about the cornice overhangs from all sides.
gable roof
With a symmetrical arrangement of roof slopes, for calculating a gable roof, it remains only to multiply the value obtained above by two.
For example, take the same example as discussed above. The size of the building is 10×8 m. The angle of the slope is 30 °, the height of the ridge H = 2.32 m. It is easy to determine the length of the rafter - S
S = H / sin α = 2.32 / 0.5 = 4.64 m
We accept cornice overhang 0,7 m, gable overhang 0,7 m. According to the shed roof formula, the area of \u200b\u200bone slope is calculated.
(10 + 2 × 0.7) × (4.64 + 0.7) = 60.88 m²
Then, to get the total area of the two slopes, the resulting result is multiplied by two.
Q = 121.76 m²
This technique is designed to calculate the continuous surface of slopes, excluding windows, ventilation channels and a chimney.
If the roof has a very complex structure, then it is better not to take risks and still seek the help of professionals who will make the necessary calculations using special computer applications.
When using slate, soft roofing, other profile materials, you can use a simplified calculation formula.
Starting from the drawing:
So, the following formula is applicable for calculation:
Q\u003d K × (B + 2A) × (L + 2C)
Q— required amount roofing;
AT — the width of the building (along the gable wall);
BUT- the width of the planned eaves of the roof;
L- total length of the building;
C- the width of the side overhangs of the roof.
To is a coefficient that takes into account the angle of inclination of the slope with respect to the horizon (α). By and large, it is a trigonometric function of secant (sec), equal to the reciprocal of cosα.
In order not to delve into the theory, it is easier to give a coefficient table To in absolute, that is, numerical measurement:
| Tilt angle, degrees | K factor | Tilt angle, degrees | K factor | Tilt angle, degrees | K factor | Tilt angle, degrees | K factor |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1.0002 | 18 | 1.0515 | 36 | 1.2361 | 53 | 1.6616 |
| 2 | 1.0006 | 19 | 1.0576 | 37 | 1.2521 | 54 | 1.7013 |
| 3 | 1.0014 | 20 | 1.0642 | 38 | 1.2690 | 55 | 1.7434 |
| 4 | 1.0024 | 21 | 1.0711 | 39 | 1.2868 | 56 | 1.7883 |
| 5 | 1.0038 | 22 | 1.0785 | 40 | 1.3054 | 57 | 1.8361 |
| 6 | 1.0055 | 23 | 1.0864 | 41 | 1.3250 | 58 | 1.8871 |
| 7 | 1.0075 | 24 | 1.0946 | 42 | 1.3456 | 59 | 1.9416 |
| 8 | 1.0098 | 25 | 1.1034 | 43 | 1.3673 | 60 | 2.0000 |
| 9 | 1.0125 | 26 | 1.1126 | 44 | 1.3902 | 61 | 2.0627 |
| 10 | 1.0154 | 27 | 1.1223 | 45 | 1.4142 | 62 | 2.1301 |
| 11 | 1.0187 | 28 | 1.1326 | 46 | 1.4396 | 63 | 2.2027 |
| 12 | 1.0223 | 29 | 1.1434 | 47 | 1.4663 | 64 | 2.2812 |
| 13 | 1.0263 | 30 | 1.1547 | 48 | 1.4945 | 65 | 2.3662 |
| 14 | 1.0306 | 31 | 1.1666 | 49 | 1.5243 | 66 | 2.4586 |
| 15 | 1.0353 | 32 | 1.1792 | 50 | 1.5557 | 67 | 2.5593 |
| 16 | 1.0403 | 33 | 1.1924 | 51 | 1.5890 | 68 | 2.6695 |
| 17 | 1.0457 | 34 | 1.2062 | 52 | 1.6243 | 69 | 2.7904 |
| 35 | 1.2208 | 70 | 2.9238 |
Let's go back to our example:
Q= 1.1547 × (8 + 2 × 0.7) × (10+2 × 0.7) = 123.74 m²
With considering overlaps slate sheets - it turns out almost the same as in calculations carried out by a different method. Of course, on the advice of experienced builders, another 10 ÷ 15 %
(The figure shows a gable roof, however, the formula is fully suitable for calculations with the required level of accuracy for shed or hip roofs. True, with a caveat - at the hip roof, the steepness of the main and side slopes must match. If not, then the calculation is carried out for each pairs of rays separately, and then the value is summed).
Total weight from truss system and roofing
It is equally important to correctly choose the optimal material for roofing and correctly make a crate for it. This calculation is carried out taking into account the length of the rafters and the angle of their slope.
The crate for roofing material can be sparse, mixed or solid. For example, a metal tile, corrugated board or slate is fixed to a sparse crate, and soft roof- only on a continuous one.
When choosing a roof, you need to get information about it performance characteristics. It is from them that the durability and reliability of the roof structure will depend. Roofing material must also be selected taking into account the specific region and its climatic conditions, especially factors such as temperature changes and strong winds.
An important factor is the weight of the roofing, especially if the mansard roof is installed on old walls. Therefore, you should estimate the weight of the roof in advance and find out how much the load on the building structure will increase, and whether it will be acceptable.
| Roofing material for mansard roof | Roof pitch | Material weight kg / m² |
|---|---|---|
| Asbestos cement slate sheets with medium profile | 1:10 to 1:2 | 11 |
| Slate with reinforced profile | 1:5 to 1:1 | 13 |
| bituminous tiles | From 1:10 and more | 6 - 8 |
| Soft roofing, taking into account the continuous lathing | From 1:10 and more | 9 - 15 |
| Galvanized metal sheets with single seam | From 1:4 and more | 3 - 6,5 |
| With double folds | From 1:5 and more | 3 - 6,5 |
| Ceramic tiles | 1:5 to 1:0.5 | 50 - 60 |
| Cement-sand tiles | 1:5 to 1:0.5 | 45 - 70 |
| metal tile | From 1:5 and more | 5 - 7 |
| Ondulin | From 1:10 and more | 3 - 3,5 |
Most often, soft roofing or ondulin is used to cover attics, since these materials are one of those that have the lightest weight and are easy to install.
For example, you can calculate the weight 1 square meter roofs where ondulin is used for coating, taking into account the crate and insulation - sprayed polyurethane foam. To do this, you need to find the sum of the weight of each of the materials and multiply by a factor of 1.1 (this factor takes into account the overlap on adjacent sheets of roofing material).
- The weight from a flat crate, 20 mm thick (plywood or OSB) is 14 kg / m².
- Insulation - polyurethane foam, 100 mm thick, has an average weight of 3 kg / m²
- The average weight of ondulin is 3.3 kg / m²
We get in total:
(14 + 3 + 3.3) × 1.1=22.3kg /m²
To calculate the total weight load of the roof on the walls, you need to multiply the weight of one square meter by the area of \u200b\u200bthe entire coating. In our example, this will work:
M = 123.74 × 22.3 = 2751.82 kg.
A lot - almost 3 tons gives only a very light roofing with a crate and also a very light type of insulation.
But that's not all! The roof is affected by snow loads in the winter, plus wind pressure, all year round. These parameters are also necessarily taken into account when calculating the necessary wooden structural elements of the truss system and floor beams, and when taking into account the total load of the roof structure on the walls and foundation of the building.
- Then, the whole system is closed with a vapor barrier film, which is fixed on the logs with brackets.
- Boards or plywood sheets can be laid on top of it.
- A decorative coating is laid on them - it can be linoleum, laminate, parquet board and other materials.
Additional insulation can be created by laying an electric cable or infrared warm floor under the decorative coating. It is better to read about these possibilities separately in the article devoted to
- If the floor is mounted on floor beams, you will have to work from the side of the first floor.
- From the side of the lower room, boards are mounted on the floor beams. It is desirable that they be even, you can even use a floorboard for the subfloor.
- After that, a vapor barrier film is laid on these boards from the attic side, which will cover not only the subfloor, but also the floor beams.
- On top of it, another layer of vapor barrier is laid and attached to the beams.
- Then, logs are fixed to this coating perpendicular to the beams.
- Another layer of insulation is mounted between the lags, for it it is better to choose mineral wool, since, when straightened, it is tightly installed between the bars, leaving no voids.
- Then it should also be covered with vapor barrier material.
If it is decided to cover the floor with one of decorative coatings, then plywood sheets are laid on top of the log, and then laminate, linoleum or other materials are laid on them. Again, nothing prevents in this case from using, for example, film floor heating.
Installation of insulation on the walls and ceiling of the attic
Having finished the installation of the floor, you can proceed to the installation of insulation on the walls.
- If material in mats is chosen for this process, then before laying it, sheets of vapor barrier material are fixed on the rafters.
It is fixed in such a way as to close the entire space and deepen it between the rafters.
If the vapor barrier is fixed on the other side of the rafters, then the mats will independently hold between two wooden surfaces.
- If one of the is selected, then it is not necessary to fix the vapor barrier film under it. It will be enough waterproofing, which is laid on the rafters outside the structure.
Spraying polyurethane foam - quickly and efficiently, but requires special equipment and work skills To use this insulation technology, you must have special technological equipment, or you will have to invite a specialist who will do the work in one day. It is not easy to carry out this operation on your own without experience - in order to do the work without harming your health, you need to know the process technology and have the necessary protective devices.
After carrying out insulation work, wall cladding is carried out.
Prices for popular types of heaters
insulation
Attic wall decoration
Before you start finishing the walls, you need to resolve the issue of electrical wiring, the cable of which must be well insulated with double-layer corrugated pipes.
After the wiring of the electrical cable is done, you can safely proceed with the installation of the finishing material.
For decoration, they usually use wooden lining, drywall or plywood with a beautiful textured pattern.
For any specified materials preferably on rafter legs and uprights make a crate of slats with a cross section of approximately 20 × 70 mm. These guides are fixed in increments of 500 ÷ 600 mm. In addition to the fact that the crate of the slats becomes the basis for fixing the finish, it also forms a ventilation gap between the finishing material and the vapor barrier.
- made quite simply. It leaves walls smooth and neat, ready for painting, traditional wallpapering or even liquid wallpapering.
Therefore, drywall finishing should be chosen by those homeowners who like to often change the interior design of the premises.
- Clapboard wall decoration is a longer and more laborious process than. For such a sheathing, a crate with the above parameters is also perfect. The only thing to think about is the direction of the lining boards, that is, it should be located vertically with the horizontal orientation of the crate and vice versa.
If desired, after installation, the wood can be varnished with a water-based varnish or give it a deeper color using a stain.
Wood is an amazing material that can create a special atmosphere in the room with the aroma of the forest, which has a positive effect on the structure and well-being of the residents. That is why natural lining is very often chosen for flooring, walls and attic ceilings.
Video: insulation of the attic room and finishing it with clapboard
- You can come up with a beautiful plywood finish. But that's only if it will not be covered with paint on top, then you need to choose a quality material that has a beautiful natural pattern. Plywood is mounted much faster than lining, and makes the walls even, covering large surfaces at once.
This material can be covered with varnish, paint or any kind of wallpaper, but you can leave the walls in their natural state only by carefully cleaning possible defects in the form of protruding splinters or burrs.
The construction of an attic is a rather laborious and complex process that requires high experience in the construction craft. If there is no one to understand about the above technological operations, then you should not take it on your own - it is better to invite professional masters to perform the work. They will save you from unnecessary problems and build an attic according to the project conceived by the owner of the house.
Video: an example of the construction and decoration of the attic
With the help of the attic, you can not only increase the number of usable rooms. A building with a high roof slope looks more solid and presentable, while its construction is less expensive than the construction of a full-fledged two-story building. How to make a mansard roof with your own hands, read this article.
Choosing the type of roof and truss system
For the arrangement of the attic, two types of roofs are most often used:ordinary gable: the roof has two inclined slopes, its ends are closed by triangular walls - gables;
broken line: each of the slopes is additionally divided into two more, located at a different angle; while the angle of inclination of the upper is much smaller; the ends (pediments) have the shape of a pentagon.
Sloping and gable roofs
Building a gable roof is certainly much easier. But the attic rooms in it, unfortunately, will be cramped, and the ceilings will be too low. Therefore, for arranging a comfortable attic, broken gable roofs with a small (40-45 °) slope angle are more often used. Moreover, the smaller this angle, the more spacious the attic rooms will be. However, when erecting a more complex broken structure, it will be necessary to make additional connections between the rafters (inclined beams that serve as the roof frame).
There are two types of truss systems:
layered: rafters rest only on the outer walls;
hanging: additionally rely on capital partitions.
The first option is used only in the absence of such partitions. But, since the load on the load-bearing walls in this case is quite high, it is possible to build layered structures only with a distance between the main walls of up to 8 m. In other cases, it is better to use more durable hanging structures.
Overhead and hanging truss systems
On broken mansard roofs, they are most often mounted combined systems, in which the rafters coming from the ridge are made hanging, and the lower side rafters are layered. Such a device is especially effective for roofs with a slight slope.
Combined truss system
Gable sloping roof frame
To get a full-fledged attic with a ceiling height of 2.5 m roof height before breaking should be equal to 3.1 m. Recommended tilt angles- 60 and 30 ° (it is allowed to tilt the upper part of the rafters 15-45 °).
Mauerlat device
Mauerlat- the lower roof support, laid on the upper part of the load-bearing external walls:1. When device gable roof Mauerlat is attached on both sides of the building at the locations of the rafters. Thanks to him, the load from the weight of the roof is evenly distributed over the entire surface of the wall. With a small mass of the roof, it is allowed to lay it only under the rafters, but in our case it should be laid along the entire perimeter of the wall.
Mauerlat mount
2. For the manufacture of Mauerlat, a bar is used coniferous wood 100×150 mm. So that the tree does not rot, it is better to separate it from the wall. waterproofing layer. For these purposes, roofing material or bitumen is most often used.
Mauerlat waterproofing
3. Mauerlat is attached to the base with threaded studs for a wide washer. To do this, holes are drilled in it exactly the size of the fasteners. At the same time, their frequency should not be less than the number of rafter legs, but no more than 2 m.
4. In brick walls, it is attached to wooden plugs. To strengthen the fastening of the Mauerlat in the masonry, it is possible to provide special pockets where it will be placed. It is allowed to bookmark a special masonry wire (rolled wire), with which the Mauerlat is screwed to the base. During the construction of buildings made of aerated concrete or concrete slabs in the walls, an armored belt with inserted thick metal studs is provided for it. Their length should be enough to girth the Mauerlat and tighten the locknut.
5. in wooden buildings as a Mauerlat, the upper log of a log house or timber is used.
AT wooden houses maeurlat can serve as the upper log of the log house
Installation of runs and struts
The most common way to build a mansard roof is the following algorithm:1. Mauerlats are laid first.
2. For ease of movement on the roof, a temporary flooring is being prepared to replace scaffolding.
Installation of a U-shaped frame for the roof
Terms used in construction
Runs are called additional horizontal beams. They may be:
skating: the upper part of the rafters rests on such a run; they may not be used in broken mansard roofs;
lateral: are evenly distributed along the entire slope of the roof, their number can be different and depends on the size of the roof itself and its angle of inclination.
4. Rafters made of durable timber 50×150 mm. Additional rigidity to the rafter legs is given with the help of braces(diagonal beams that serve to reinforce the structure, installed at an angle of 45 °, sometimes they are called rafter legs).
Rafter leg attachment
There are two types of fastening rafters:tough: on metal staples, bolts or with a combination of wire and nails;
sliding (articulated): in the case of house movement, the rafters move along the Mauerlat along the "sled" provided in the mounts.
Rigid connection of rafters
The hinged version is more reliable, as it allows you to avoid displacements or even ruptures of roof elements during seasonal ground movements. When erecting wooden houses subject to shrinkage, such fastening also helps the roof to “adjust” to the new position of the walls.
Articulated rafter legs
Types of rafter fastenings
Advice. To determine the location of the upper rafters, a temporary rack should be made from several beams and nailed to the Mauerlat so that the upper part falls exactly on the center line of the roof. On it, you can easily align the upper rafters.
The upper part of the Mauerlat should be bevelled. To avoid mistakes, it is better to make a template from a thinner board, which is applied to the run and a washed down shape is drawn on it. If the lower part of the rafters is attached to the cuts, they are cut out already in place.
Watch a video on how to make a mansard roof with your own hands:
The attic design of the attic space allows not only to increase the living space of the house, but also to make the structure unusual and beautiful. Moreover, a building with this type of roof can be made in almost any style. A mansard-type roof, the variants of which can be very different, is found both in urban areas and in rural areas. Consider how to create such a design yourself, and find out what its features are.
Mansard roof - options
Such a roof has a special design of slopes, usually consisting of an upper sloping part and a steeper lower one. Thanks to this shape, a fairly spacious room appears inside, which can be used as an attic or even turn into a very cozy living room.
The history of mansards began in the 17th century, such a design of roofs was invented by the architect Francois Mansart - such a roof was named after his last name. But this Frenchman was far from being the first to implement the idea of economical use of the attic floor of the house. The mansard roof was first built by Pierre Lescaut, also a Frenchman who worked on the construction of such famous buildings as the Louvre and Notre Dame de Paris.
On a note! In the 19th century, poor people usually lived on the attic floors, but now this floor can appear in housing and is quite wealthy.
Now attics are quite often built during construction. country houses or small two-story cottages, but the idea may well be implemented when creating other types of buildings. The attic has several advantages:
- building a house with an attic is cheaper than with two full floors and a roof;
- foundation costs during the construction of such a structure are also reduced;
- the attic can significantly increase the living space of any building;
- it gives the house an unusual and beautiful look;
- it is not difficult to build a structure, the work can be completed quite quickly;
- the attic is always associated with comfort;
- a house with an attic is warmer by reducing heat loss through the roof.
But lofts also have several disadvantages. This type of attic space has sloping ceilings, which results in a small wall height, which makes it difficult to choose furniture. Also, the roof must be well mounted so as not to leak and release heat from the house - you will have to spend money on good hydro- and heat-insulating materials. Yes, and building attics is still more difficult than, for example, the usual gable roof.
Design features
The attic is a universal element. It was used both for ordinary houses and for the construction of country houses, often this type of attic space was chosen even for the construction of palaces. Of course, she could decorate workshops, commercial buildings, etc. And despite the fact that different materials, were selected different styles, the attic still remained an attic - it has certain design features.
So, this building can have a different geometric shape - triangular, broken, have symmetrical or, conversely, geometrically complex and non-standard slopes. It can be located both along the entire width of the building, and only on one side of it relative to the longitudinal axis.
Bar prices
On a note! If the roof is broken, then the lower part will have very steep slopes with an angle of inclination of about 60-70 degrees, and on the top slopes, on the contrary, will be gentle (about 15-30 degrees).
But whatever the attic, it will be located within the walls of the main building. Relative to the outer walls, the attic may be somewhat wider, but then it relies on the extensions of the ceilings. If the offset is large, then you will have to install additional supports (for example, columns, walls, etc.).
The height of the attic roof cannot be less than 2.5 m, otherwise it will not work to make a spacious room under it. Windows, which also need to be provided here, will be manufactured using special technologies using tempered durable glass and a reliable frame. They will cost several times more than usual. And load-bearing structures can be made of reinforced concrete, metal or wood. But in the case of the latter, it is important to carefully consider fire safety measures.
mansard roof- the structure is multi-layered, which complicates installation. It can be insulated completely or only in the area of \u200b\u200bthe presence of a living room - where there is heating. But in any case, the design of the attic implies the presence of rafters, a ridge, directly roofing material, heat and waterproofing, and a vapor barrier layer. An interfloor overlap will act as a base under the roof.
Mansard roof rafters must have good bearing capacity. The cross section of the materials used will depend on the angle of the roof slope and cannot be less than 5x15 cm at a step of 100 cm. If the slope angle is 45 degrees, then a step of 140 cm is maintained.
Attention! In areas where it often snows and the amount of precipitation is high, it is recommended to install rafters with a step of no more than 80 cm.
If the attic will be used as a living space, then it is important to consider that in this case there is a risk of formation a large number roof condensation. Because of this, foci of mold may appear inside the structure, a fungus may develop, etc. The presence of a large amount of moisture will also negatively affect the insulating properties of the material. That is why it is important to follow all the rules for installing a mansard roof, and the heat-insulating material must be reliably protected from moisture, not only from the outside, but also from the inside, that is, a layer of vapor barrier material is also located on this side.
Important! Do not forget about the creation of roofing products that will allow air to circulate calmly inside the roof structure and help remove condensate.
Types of mansard roofs
There are 4 main types of mansard roofs that differ from each other design features. They can be divided into single-level and two-level. The former are the simplest in execution, usually combined with a broken or gable roof with a slope angle of 35-45 degrees. The second ones involve the arrangement of two rooms at different levels. Here a system of mixed supports is used.
On a note! When building an attic under a gable roof, the height of the walls can be no more than 1.5 m, followed by sloping ceilings. With a broken roof, the height of the ceiling along the perimeter near the walls is up to 2.5 m.
When building a house, you can stop at one of the types of attics - a single-level attic when arranging a gable roof, single-level with a broken roof, with remote consoles, or a two-level with a special mixed type of support.
Table. The main types of attics.
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| In this case, the attic has one level and is equipped under a conventional gable roof. The simplest option, in the design of which you can not use complex calculations. Precipitation with a gable simple roof comes off on its own, there is no need to equip any additional elements. |
| In this case, the attic also has one level, but the truss system is performed differently. Formed, as it were, four slopes of the roof. A much more spacious room can fit under it, but creating such a roof is more difficult. |
| Of the single-level attics, this is the most difficult option. Here the room under the roof is even more spacious. Usually in this case, the attic room is shifted to one of the edges of the house. This design allows you to make large vertical windows on one side. The main disadvantages are the complex shape, the complexity of construction. But on the other hand, under the edge of such an attic, you can make a functional canopy, where a terrace, garage or other extension can be located. |
| The most difficult option is the attic, since at least two rooms under the roof are located here, located at different levels. Such a design, when designing a house, immediately enters into its structure. |
The mansard roof can also have a balcony. It is created on the principle of building a window. The main thing is that the bearing capacity of the walls allows you to equip it. By the way, columns can also support the balcony, but in this case it is built above the entrance.
Types of rafters for attics
Roof trusses can be of two types - and layered. You will have to choose between them depending on the method of attachment to the walls of the house. Hanging ones are simpler and are usually used for houses that do not have an average load-bearing wall. The rafters rest only on the main walls of the house, without intermediate supports. The width of the span between the walls cannot be large - usually it does not exceed 6 m. If the span is larger (over 9 m), then the arrangement of struts and attendants will be required.
Rafter rafters are usually used when creating houses with two spans, that is, those that have a load-bearing wall in the middle. In this case, the rafters have three points of support - directly this wall, as well as the main ones along the perimeter of the house.
Material for the manufacture of the truss system
Rafters can be made of metal, reinforced concrete or wood. Each material has its own advantages and disadvantages. Wooden rafters are environmentally friendly, they are easy to work with, easily adjusted to the desired size. But wooden structures are afraid of excess moisture and are prone to the formation of mold and fungus on them.
On a note! Before construction, wooden materials are recommended to be treated with protective compounds that will extend their service life.
metal and reinforced concrete structures you can not cover with such compounds - fungus and mold do not appear on them. Due to this, they are considered more reliable and durable. But the main disadvantage is that, if necessary, fit them on the spot to the right size it will be difficult, and the slightest mistake in the calculations can lead to the fact that the roof will be skewed. Also, a master working with reinforced concrete or metal rafters may face other difficulties - this is a large mass of products, which forces the use of special equipment even to lift elements.
Difficulties and features of the arrangement of the attic roof
When designing and building a mansard roof, a number of design features should be taken into account, on the basis of which a number of work rules are formed. For example, the Mauerlat must be fixed very securely. anchor bolts. It is he who will experience maximum load, and therefore, to keep the entire roof on itself. Anchors are additionally recommended to be walled up with a cement mixture if the main walls of the house are made of stone, brick and other similar materials.
It is also important to remember about the correct design and layers of the roof. For example, mansard roofs cannot be covered with metal roofing materials. They get very hot and it will be too hot on the top floor in summer, there can simply be no question of any comfort of living. As waterproofing material it is not advised to use roofing material - when heated, it begins to smell specifically. It is best to cover the mansard roof with slate or soft tiles. For thermal insulation, it is usually recommended to purchase mineral wool, which is laid with a waterproofing film on both sides.
The attic device allows you to expand the usable space of the house. A structure with a high roof slope will look solid, and its construction will require less effort than the construction of a two-story building. The article will discuss how to make a mansard roof at home with your own hands.
Varieties of roof structures and roofs
How to make a mansard roof at home depends primarily on the intended design of the roof.
There are 2 types of roof for the organization of the attic:
- Standard double slope. The roof structure has 2 inclined slopes. The pediments in this case are triangular.
- broken roof. Both slopes in this design are divided into 2 more. The gables have a pentagonal shape.
How to make a mansard roof
The device of a gable roof is much simpler. But it should be understood that the attic in this design will come out small and with low ceilings. Therefore, to complete the task, a sloping roof with a slope angle of 40 to 45 degrees is preferable. And the smaller the slope, the larger the attic room will turn out. But in this case, additional strengthening of the structure is necessary, adjacent beams between the rafters.
There are 2 types of roof structures:
- Layered structures. In this case, only the outer walls serve as a support for the rafters.
- Hanging structures. In them, additional strength is given due to the capital partitions on which the rafters rest.
The layered version can be implemented if there are no such partitions. But in this case, the load-bearing walls will have a very high load. Therefore, it is allowed to install layered structures only if the distance between the main walls is not more than 8 meters. If this is not the case, then it is preferable to organize hanging truss systems.
How to build a mansard-type roof with a broken slope? For this purpose, combined types of structures are mainly installed. In them, the upper rafters are mounted in a hanging manner, the rest - in a layered manner. This design is the most rational for buildings with a small roof slope.
To organize an attic room with ceilings of 2.5 meters, you need to make a roof with a height of 3.1 meters to a break. The preferred design slope is 60 and 30 degrees. At the top of the rafters, angles from 15 to 45 degrees are possible.
Do-it-yourself Mauerlat installation
Mauerlat in construction is the lower roof support, which is installed on top of the load-bearing outer walls. It allows you to support the roof structure, taking on a certain part of the load. Let's figure out how to make a mansard roof yourself.
To organize a gable structure, it is necessary to fix the Mauerlat on both sides of the building where the rafters are located. In this case, the load from the roof will be distributed over the surface of the walls. If the roof structure is relatively light, then it is possible to install a power plate under the rafter legs. In other cases, it is placed around the entire perimeter of the walls.
It is necessary to prepare a beam of coniferous wood, which will be used for the manufacture of Mauerlat. It is recommended to apply a waterproofing layer on the material. Roofing felt or bitumen are great for the task.
For do-it-yourself installation of a mansard roof to the base, threaded studs are used, designed for a wide washer. In its design, you need to make holes corresponding to the size of the mount. The drilling step should not exceed 2 meters.
Now consider the option of how to make an attic roof with your own hands, if the house is brick. To install the Mauerlat on brick walls wooden plugs are used. It is advisable to leave pockets in the masonry - special gaps for laying the structure. In this case, the installation procedure will be easier. AT brickwork you can place a wire rod, to which it will be possible to screw the Mauerlat to the base without any problems. If it is planned to build a house from concrete slabs or aerated concrete, then it is necessary to install an armored belt with metal studs. Moreover, their length should be such that it is enough to install the Mauerlat, followed by tightening with a lock nut.
AT wooden structures it is possible to replace the standard support with a beam or an upper log of a log house. This is another way to properly make a mansard roof.
Installation of runs and struts
Runs - additional horizontal beams designed to strengthen the structure.
Types of runs:
- Side. Such runs are placed along the entire slope of the roof. Their number depends on the surface area, as well as its slope.
- Skate. Used as a support for the top of the rafters. Ridge runs do not have to be used for broken roofs.
Instructions for the construction of a mansard roof with your own hands step by step:
- The first step is laying the Mauerlat.
- Then you need to place a temporary flooring on the roof so that it is convenient to move along it.
- Now the installation of a U-shaped frame of racks, crossbars and girders is underway.
- When the frame is completed, 50x150 mm rafters must be laid on it. Struts will add rigidity to the structure.
Installation of rafter legs
There are 2 types of fastening rafters:
- sliding(it is also called hinged). It provides for the so-called sled in the mount, along which the rafters move along the Mauerlat. It is suitable for the possibility of settling at home.
- Rigid. In this case, staples with bolts or wire with nails are used for connection.
The option of how to properly make an attic with a sliding mount demonstrates greater reliability, since it takes into account the mobility of the roof elements when the soil subsides. Sliding mount will be useful during construction wooden house, for which shrinkage is possible. It will help the roof "adjust" to the movement of the building.
How to build a roof correctly
Recommendation: to understand the location of the upper rafters, it is worth making a temporary rack of bars. It is fixed on the Mauerlat so that its top is located along the center line of the roof. This design will be a hint when aligning the upper rafters, which will greatly facilitate the task.
It is necessary to make the upper part of the Mauerlat bevelled. It is advisable to pre-make thinner boards. Then it must be attached to the run and circle its contours. And already according to the received form, drink it down. This approach will allow you to do the job more accurately. Now you know how to build a mansard roof with your own hands.
